• P. 256 #’s 1-4

Thursday, February 28, 2008

• EQ: – What were the major battles of the Civil War?

• WU: – P. 254 #’s 1 & 2

• CW:– Power Point: Major Battles & Leaders to Know– Notes

• HW: – Read Chapter 12 sections 5

Quick Quiz…

• Name two causes of the war.

• Who is fighting each other?

• Who were the main leaders of each group? (last names)

• Where was the first shots of the war?

• What was the first major battle of the war?

• Name three advantages the north had over the south?

Civil War

Fort Sumter Charleston, South

Carolina

Life of a Soldier

• Little to no food• Clothing shortage• Poor shelter• No sanitation• Little personal

hygiene• Lived outside for

months on end

Our daily bread…

• Soldiers were given daily rations (food) for most of the war.– Salt pork, coffee, and hard tack

• Towards the end of the war when food ran low or supply lines had been destroyed, soldiers would go on illegal scavenger missions to search for food in the homes surrounding their battles fields, usually taking what they wanted from enemy homes.

Hard Tack (a.k.a. worm castles)

• 2 cups flour• ¾ cup of water• 6 pinches of salt• Flatten to ½ inch• Bake for 30 minutes

@ 400 degrees• Turn over and bake

30 more minutes.

Confederate Uniforms

• Grey• CS (Confederate

States) engraved on the buttons

Union Uniforms

• Blue• US (United States)

engraved on the buttons

• A surgeon recalled: "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats, we used undisinfected instruments from undisinfected plush lined cases. If a sponge (if they had sponges) or instrument fell on the floor it was washed and squeezed in a basin of water and used as if it was clean"

The injuries to be dealt with were dreadful and the fault of the soft lead Minie Ball. With the capability to kill at over 1,000 yards, this soft lead bullet caused large, gaping holes, splintered bones, and destroyed muscles, arteries and tissues beyond any possible repair. Those shot with them through the body, or the head, would not be expected to live. Almost all wounds were caused by the bullet, with canister, cannonballs, shells, and edged weapons next down on the list.

•   Since they crushed and smashed bone so badly, the docs didn't have much choice but to amputate a limb. Wounds to the stomach were almost always a death sentence.

Battle of Fort Sumter

• At 3:20 A.M., April 12, 1861, the Confederates informed U.S. General Anderson that they would open fire in one hour. At 4:30 A.M., a single mortar round fired from Fort Johnson exploded over Fort Sumter, signaling the start of the bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie,

• Fort Sumter FlagNo one from either side was killed during the bombardment, with only five Union and four Confederate soldiers severely injured. During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson’s one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, killing one soldier and seriously injuring the rest of the gun crew, one mortally; this was the only confirmed fatality from the siege. The salute was stopped at fifty shots. Anderson lowered the Fort Sumter Flag and took it with him to the North, where it became a widely known symbol of the battle, and a rallying point for supporters of the Union.

• The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War. Following the surrender, Lincoln called for militia from the remaining states to retake the seized federal properties. The ensuing war lasted four years, effectively ending in April 1865, with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. However, the local and short-term aftermath was that Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands.

• On April 14, 1865, four years to the day after lowering it in surrender, Anderson (by then a major general) raised the National flag again

General-in-chief of the C.S.A Robert E. Lee

Lieutenant-General Thomas Jonathan Jackson

“STONEWALL JACKSON”

“Stonewall” the Man, the Legend

• Powerful, Lieutenant General for the Confederate States of America

• The true story will be often repeated that on being notified of the Federal advance to break the Confederate line he called out, "We will give them the bayonet," and a few minutes later the steadiness with which the brigade received the shock of battle caused the Confederate General Bee to exclaim: "There stands Jackson like a stone wall.“

• Shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run (of Manassas in the North), he received a promotion to Brigadier General.

Confederate Army General, P.T. Beauregard

Beauregard

• Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (May 28, 1818 - February 20, 1893), best known as a General for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. Beauregard was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to a white Creole family.

• Beauregard's first assignment from the Confederate Government was command of the forces in Charleston, South Carolina, where on April 12, 1861 he opened fire on the Union held Fort Sumter, regarded as the start of the American Civil War.

Southern Army Leaders under the command of Robert E. Lee

Army- Brigadier General, Joseph Anderson Army- Major

General, Benjamin Cheatham

Army- Brigadier General, Richard

Beale

Navy- Commodore,

Franklin Buchanan

General Ulysses S. Grant

Northern military leaders under U.S. Grant

William Tecumseh Sherman

George Armstrong Custer

George McClellan

The First Battle of Bull Run

• Known as the First Battle of Manassas in the North• 5,000 Killed, wounded, or captured.

– 3,000 north, 2,000 south– South led by Beauregard, north led by Johnston

• The result of the battle was published with great exaggeration on both sides. It produced great joy among the Confederates and their friends, and the loyal people were, at first, greatly depressed by it. While the Confederates saw their victory here as evidence of their superior skill and courage, and thousands flocked to the standard of revolt from all parts of the Southern States, the loyalists were stunned by the great disaster, and the 75,000 men, whose three months' term of service was about to expire, were, for the moment, made eager to leave the field, and return home.

• First Battle in Georgia: Fort Pulaski- April 10-11 1862• The Confederacy lost this important fort to the Union.• There is no doubt that the loss of Fort Pulaski had a

long-term negative affect on the ability of the Rebels to sustain the war effort and led to the defeat of the Confederacy. But the battle actually had a significant long-term effect on how people fought wars. No longer were the goliath forts of stone an effective defense against an invader. In less than two days the United States Army had changed the face of warfare that had lasted for 1,000 years.

The war comes to Georgia…

Battle of Fort Pulaski

Photo taken April 1862

The Battle of Shiloh

• April 6, 1862• The 1st conflict that

showed how fierce later battles would be.

• U.S. Grant & Sherman brought 60,000 troops

• Beauregard, Johnston, and Lee brought 40,000 troops

Battle of Shiloh

North- 13,000 CasualtiesSouth- 10,700 Casualties

Shiloh cont…

• Sherman wrote that, there were “piles of dead soldiers’ mangled bodies… without heads and legs… (That the) scenes on this field would have cured anybody of (wanting to go to) war…”

• Grant stated, “A person can walk in any direction without stepping on ground.”

• The battle convinced Northerners that the war was going to last a long, long, long, long, long, long time.

Battle of Antietam

• September 16, 1862• Sharpsburg, Maryland

• Lasted 2 days• South retreated

• 23,000 Union and Confederates dead or

wounded

The Emancipation Proclamation

• September 22, 1862• Made all slaves in the rebellious states “forever

free”.• Did not apply to slaveholding states that were

loyal to the union- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia

• The South didn’t follow Lincolns’ order because they felt they were already a separate nation.

Gettysburg

• Pennsylvania• Lasted 3 days• It seemed like the south was

winning for the 1st two days.• On the 3rd day the union

soldiers were ready and killed 13,000 rebels in a matter of minutes.

• 51,000 dead or wounded• Devastation caused President

Lincoln to make his powerfully important Gettysburg Address.

The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaNovember 19, 1863Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Copy info. in red

Abe giving the Gettysburg Address

• On June 1, 1865, Senator Charles Sumner commented on what is now considered the most famous speech by President Abraham Lincoln. In his eulogy on the slain president, he called it a "monumental act." He said Lincoln was mistaken that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here." Rather, the Bostonian remarked, "The world noted at once what he said, and will never cease to remember it. The battle itself was less important than the speech."

The Civil War in Georgia

• For the rest of the unit we will be focusing on the war in Georgia, Sherman’s March to the Sea, the end of the war, and its effects on America.

The Price in Blood!Casualties in the Civil War

•         At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000. The number that is most often quoted is 620,000. At any rate, these casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.         The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates:– Battle deaths:110,070 Disease, etc.:250,152 Total 360,222

•       The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:– Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.:164,000 Total 258,000       

The Five Costliest Battles of the Civil War

• #1Battle of Gettysburg Date: July 1-3, 1863

• Location: Pennsylvania Confederate Commander: Robert E. LeeUnion Commander: George G. Meade Confederate Forces Engaged: 75,000 Union Forces Engaged: 82,289Winner: Union Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063 Confederate)

• #2 Battle of Chickamauga Date: September 19-20, 1863

• Location: Georgia Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg

Union Commander: William Rosecrans Confederate Forces Engaged: 66,326 Union Forces Engaged: 58,222  Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 34,624 (16,170 Union and 18,454 Confederate)

• #3• Battle of Chancellorsville

Date: May 1-4, 1863 • Location: Virginia

Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Joseph Hooker Confederate Forces Engaged: 60,892 Union Forces Engaged: 133,868 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 30,099 (17,278 Union and 12,821 Confederate)

• #4 Battle of Spotsylvania Date: May 8-19, 1864

• Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 50,000 Union Forces Engaged: 83,000 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 27,399 (18,399 Union and 9)000 Confederate)

• #5 Battle of Antietam Date: September 17, 1862

• Location: Maryland Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: George B. McClellan Confederate Forces Engaged: 51,844 Union Forces Engaged: 75,316 Winner: Inconclusive (Strategic Union Victory)Casualties: 26,134 (12,410 Union and 13,724 Confederate)

Random Causes

• Deaths in Prison 24,866• Drowning 4,944• Accidental deaths 4,144• Murdered 520• Suicides 391• Sunstroke 313• Military executions 267• Killed after capture 104• Executed by enemy 64• Unclassified 14,155

Minority Casualties

• One authority reports that Of 3,530 Indians who fought for the Union, 1,018 were killed, a phenomenally high rate. Of 178,975 Negro Union troops, this expert says, over 36,000 died.       

The January 5, 1861 edition of Harper's Weekly is filled with important details of the critical precursors to the civil war.  Below is an enlarged view of the Georgia Delegation in Congress at the start of the Civil War.

Toombs, Iverson, Love, Hill Jackson, Underwood, Hardemen, Jones, Gartell, and Crawford