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Ownership and memory: the ‘ Me ’ is in Remembering, not in Knowing. Mirjam van den Bos University of Aberdeen 2 nd September 2009. Self-reference effect. Memory advantage for information that has been encoded with reference to the self How can it be explained: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ownership and memory: the ‘Me’ is in Remembering, not in Knowing
Mirjam van den BosUniversity of Aberdeen
2nd September 2009
Self-reference effect
• Memory advantage for information that has been encoded with reference to the self
• How can it be explained:
• - self as superordinate schema (Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977)
- ‘any well-differentiated person will do’ (Bower & Gilligan, 1979)
- level of processing effect (Ferguson, Rule, & Carlson, 1983)
- organization & elaboration (Klein & Kihlstrom, 1986; Klein & Loftus, 1988;
Symons & Johnson, 1997 )
Remembering and Knowing
• Conway and Dewhurst (1995)
‘self-relevant information is important and needs to be available for recollective experience’
‘self-schemas enable integration with episodic memory’
• Distinction between Remembering and Knowing (Tulving, 1985)
(Conway & Dewhurst, 1995)
• Participants judge adjectives (self, other, valence)
• Remember-Know paradigm
• Self-Reference Recollection Effect (SRRE) Conway, Dewhurst, Pearson, & Sapute (2001)
Activation of self-concept in a less explicit way
• Association between Self and owned objects (Belk, 1988; Beggan, 1991)
• Beggan (1992): owned objects more favourable
• Shopping paradigm (Cunningham, Turk, Macdonald, & Macrae, 2008)
• What does it tell us? What does it NOT tell us?
Current experiment
• Stimuli: 150 images:
- 50 self-owned targets
- 50 other-owned targets
- 50 distractors at test
• Single-factor (Ownership) within-subjects design
Test: 2-step RKG
• 1: ‘yes’ or ‘no’
• 2: Remember (specific memory, with details)
Know (strong feeling of familiarity)
Guess
Prediction:
ownership effect in recognition accompanied by recollective experience (similar to SRRE)
Results
Ownership: F(1,27) = 6.389, p = .018
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
ov
era
ll h
it r
ate
Ownership
Self
Other
(Results)
Ownership x Response Type F(1,27) = 11.422, p = .002
Remember: F(1,27) = 10.444, p = .003Know: F(1,27) = 2.444, p = .130
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
hit
ra
te
Remember Know
Response Type
Self
Other
Discussion
• How do the present data relate to Conway and Dewhurst’s SRRE?
• How about other studies that only examined ‘overall’ data?
(Discussion)
• Spontaneous elaboration
• Arousal?
• Ecological function?
Thank you
Beggan, J. K. (1991). Using what you own to get what you need: The role of possessions in satisfying control motivation. [Special Issue]. Journal of Social Behavior and
Personality, 6, 129-146.
Beggan, J. K. (1992). On the social nature of nonsocial perception: The mere ownership effect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 229-237.
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139-168.
Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one's self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 420-432.
Conway, M. A.,& Dewhurst, S. A. (1995). The self and recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1-19.
Conway, M. A., Dewhurst, S. A., Pearson, N., & Sapute, A. (2001). The self and recollection reconsidered: How a ‘failure to replicate’ failed and why trace strength accounts of recollection are untenable. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 673-686.
References
(references)
Cunningham, S. J., Turk, D. J., MacDonald, L. M., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Yours or Mine? Ownership and memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 312–318.
Ferguson, T. J,, Rule, G. R., & Carlson, D. ( 1983 ). Memory for personally relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 251-261.
Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. E (1986). Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115, 26-38.
Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1988). The nature of self-referent encoding: The contribution of elaborative and organizational processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 5-11.
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N.A., & Kirker, W.S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677-688.
Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 371–394.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 25, 1-12.
Raw dataMeans and Standard Deviations of Overall Recognition, Remember Hit Rate (HTR) and Know HTR, by Ownership Conditions.
XXXX
Ownership
Self Other
Overall HTR X SD
.781
.209.746.192
Remember HTR X SD
.561
.221.479.235
Know HTR X SD
.178
.128.218.178
Guess HTR X SD
.042
.066.050.060
(Raw data)
Means and Standard Deviations of Remember, Know and Guess False-Alarm Rates.
X
False-Alarm Rates
Remember Know Guess
X SD
.009
.018.042.064
.026
.040