OVERVIEW BASIC CONCEPT

Yuni Kusminanti, 2011

TOPIK

• Basic concept in safety : definition of Hazards Accident Risk Loss

Work process

Material

Individual

Hazard Incident/Accident

Outcome

Consequences

Basic Concept

Risk

Work environment

Definition

Harm: physical injury or damage to health, property or to the environment

Hazard: source of potential harm or a situation with a potential for harm

Hazardous event: event which can cause harm

Hazard identification: process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics

Risk: Combination of the frequency, or probability, of occurrence and the consequence of a specified hazardous event

Definition Hazards

Hazards “anything (including work practices or procedures) that has

potential to harm the health or safety of a person” (Workcover, Australia)

“a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property, damage to the environment, or a combination of these” (AS 4801)

Definition

hazard represents a source of energy with the potential of causing immediate injury to personnel and damage to equipment, environment or structure (Zimolong and Trimpop, ILO encyclopedia )

Hazard (bahaya) adalah sifat-sifat intrinsic dari suatu zat atau proses yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan atau membahayakan.

Hal ini termasuk bahan kimia (toksisitas, korosifitas), fisik (daya ledak, listrik, dapat terbakar), biologis (dapat menginfeksi), dan lain-lain. Definisi dari hazard (bahaya) mengindikasikan adanya suatu ancaman, dan hazard bisa hadir tanpa risiko

Definisi

•Physical•Chemicals•Biological•Mechanical/electrical•Psychological•Ergonomics

Hazard Types

•Sifat-sifat intrinsic dari bahaya•Sifat alamiah dari peralatan atau wujud material (seperti uap, mist, cair, debu).•Hubungan pajanan-efek (exposure-effect relationship)•Aliran/jalur bahaya dari proses ke individu•Kondisi dan frekuensi penggunaannya•Aspek perilaku pekerja yang mempengaruhi pajanan bahaya•Mekanisme aksinya

Komponen yang terkandung dalam bahaya

adalah likelihood (kemungkinan) bahwa bahaya dan cedera karena suatu hazard akan terjadi pada individu tertentu atau kelompok individu yang terpajan bahaya. Ukuran dari risiko tergantung pada seberapa mungkin (how likely) hazard tersebut membahayakan dan besarannya (magnitude)

Risiko (risk)

adalah (the probability of a specific adverse effect to occur) : Risiko adalah probabilitas/kemungkinan dari suatu efek buruk tertentu untuk terjadi (Holmberg, et al., ) – ILO Encyclopedia

Definisi lain dari risiko

Hazard and riskHazard and risk

Inherent properties: toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness

Factors relating to exposure such as the probability, duration, frequency and intensity of exposure

Hazard

Risk

HAZARDS & RISK

•Variasi individu dalam susceptibility (kerentanan)•banyaknya orang yang terpajan•frekuensi pajanan•derajat risiko individu•kemungkinan untuk menghilangkan/mengganti dengan zat/proses yang lebih kurang berbahaya•kemungkinan untuk mencapai level yang aman•tanggung jawab financial dari suatu bahaya (the financial liability of hazard)•opini publik dan tekanan kelompok•tanggung jawab sosial

Komponen yang terkandung dalam risiko

Risk = harm/injury x probability of injury

Harm/injury = Hazard x Exposure

Exposure = Concentration x Duration

Risk = Hazard x Concentration x Duration x Probability of Injury

Risk formulation

Risk = Consequence x Likelihood

R = C X L

RISK MANAGEMENT

Opportunity to control the risk

ACCIDENT THEORY

ACCIDENT

AN UNPLANNED, UNEXPECTED EVENT THAT INTERFERES WITH OR

INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY & POTENTIALLY LEADS TO PERSONAL

INJURY OR DOLLAR LOSS (EQUIPMENT DAMAGE).

TERMS

• ACCIDENTResult from contact with a substance or source of energy above the threshold limit of the body or structure

• INCIDENT an undesired event which could or does result in a loss

TYPE OF ACCIDENT

MINOR ACCIDENTS : Such as paper cuts to fingers or dropping a box of materials.

MORE SERIOUS ACCIDENT more serious accidents that cause injury or damage to equipment or property. Such as a forklift dropping a load or someone falling off a ladder

ACCIDENT THAT OCCUR OVER AN EXTENDED TIME FRAME Accidents that occur over an extended time frame: such as hearing loss or an illness resulting from exposure to chemicals

THE ACCIDENTNEAR-MISS

• Also know as a “Near Hit”• An accident that does not quite result

in injury or damage (but could have).• Remember, a near-miss is just as

serious as an accident!

4/28/2004 prosafe institute 9

Gunung Es Kecelakaan

$ 1Biaya Langsung

Pengobatan, kompensasi

Biaya Tidak Langsung

-Kerusakan

-Terhentinya produksi

-Claim masyarakat

-Biaya penggantian alat

-Citra

$5-50

LOSS

Nilaisaham

Peluangpasar

citra Ganti rugi

Kerugianproduksi

Kerusakanmateri

Cederamanusia

accidentincident

Accident Ratio Study

1

3

5080

400

1974/1975James Tye serious

minor

First aid

Damage only

Near misses

1931Heinrich

1

29

300

Major injury

Minor injury

No injuryaccident

Identify Potential Hazards

1

3

503000 near miss

30000 hazardsUnsafe act/condition

Truck trailer moves,driver jumps to groundAnd truck rolls over him/her4

Truck trailer moves,driver jumps to Ground and breaks leg

Truck trailer moves,driver jumps to ground And sprains ankle

Lift Truck is driven into truck Trailer and trailer moves

Wheel chocks not in place atRear wheels of trailer

fatal

Major injury

Minor injury

ACCIDENT THEORY

Digunakan sebagai metodologi ilmiah dalam investigasi kecelakaan

Tujuannya Membantu menentukan penyebab kecelakaan sampai

pada ‘root causes’ Menentukan klasifikasi/jenis kecelakaan yang logisMenentukan pencegahan yang tepat

HEINDRICH MODEL 1931Domino Theory

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BIRD AND LOFTUS MODELLACK OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL

Kelemahan fungsi-fungsi manajemen, Leadership, pengawasan, standard kerja, standard performance, correction error.

INDIRECT / Basic CausePersonal knowledge, skill, motivation, physical or capability work problems. Work standard

design, abnormal use

DIRECT / Immmediate CauseUNSAFE ACTS UNSAFE CONDITION

ACCIDENT

LOSS

THREE CAUSES LEVELS

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS – OSHA 3071

STRUKTUR ACCIDENT

WHY BEHAVIOR APPROACH ?

TREND IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION

A practical guide for behavioural change in the oil and gas industry, Keil Centre, UK