OVERVIEW OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Reference: http://www.physicalactivity360.org/built-environment.htm

Research ArchitectCSIR Built Environment, Architecture and Engineering unit Jnice@csir.co.za

78.7 * 70 * 50 * 25 * 5 Life expectancy * Indoors * at home *sleeping (bedroom) * outside

PROJECTS_THE TRUTH

OF A BUILDING A BUILDING PROJECT AND THE BUILT ENVIROMENT

PERCEPTION REALITY

`

ROLEPLAYERS_THE TEAM

NEW ROLEPLAYERS OR PLAYERS WITH INTEREST

MANAGEMENT TEAM• CLIENT

CLIENT REPRESENTATIVESBOARD REPRESENTATIVESCLIENT TREASURER

• PROJECT MANAGER• QUANTITY SURVEYOR

TECHNICAL TEAM• DESIGNERS

ARCHITECTLANDSCAPEINTERIOR

• ENGINEERSELECTRICALCIVILMECHANICAL STRUCTURALACOUSTICFIRETRAFFIC

• GEO-TECHNICAL CONSULTANT• GREEN CONSULTANT• HERITAGE CONSULTANT• SECURITY CONSULTANT• LIGHTING DESIGNER• CLERK OF WORKS• CONTRACTOR• SUB – CONTRACTORS• SPECIALIST CONTRACTORS• SUPPLIERS

STATUTORY BOARDS• LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

APPROVALSBUILDING INSPECTORS

• DOH NORMS AND STANDARDSAPPROVAL PROCESSCOUNCIL APPROVALS

• CLIENT SERVICE CONTRACTSIN PLACE NATIONAL CONTRACTS

• COMPANY DESIGN GUIDES• OTHER: SABS/SANS CERTIFICATIONS

Infection control specialist, epidemiologist, microbiologist, building scientists

PROJECT OPTIONS_FOR THE TEAM

PROJECT CONTRACT OPTIONS• CONTRACTING TYPES

• MAIN CONTRACTOR• SUB COTNRACTOR• JOINT VENTURE PARTNER

• FIDIC (INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS)

• GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION

• JBCC (THE JOINT BUILDING CONTRACTS COMMITTEE) – FULL CONTRACT SUITE

• NEC (NEW ENGLAND CONTRACT)• CLIENT ARCHITECT AGREEMENT• OTHER MINOR CONTRACTS BETWEEN SUPPLIERS

AND SUBCONTRACTORS ETC….• OTHER…….

PROJECT MODELS• BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT• DESIGN BID BUILD• DESIGN ASSIST• DESIGN BUILD• IPD (INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY)• LEAN CONSTRUCTION

FINANCIAL MODELS• COST AND BUILD• PPP• MANY OTHER….

1. Each client or organisation has their own preference and no one size fits all principle applies.

2. All these options have an impact on the final product…

THE LANDSCAPE_SOUTH AFRICA

User clientsRegulations and guidelines

ManagementMaintenance

Funding Income Services

Consultant appointmentsProject approvalsQuality Control

OwnershipScale of infrastructure

NHI (National Health Insurance) aims to bridge this gap

80% of the population30% of doctors and specialist

For service model

20% of the population70% of doctors and specialist

16% of population use private doctors and are medical aid fundedFor profit model

VARIATIONS

Reference: Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, Vol 9, no 11: 2010

PRIVATEPUBLIC

IS A TWO WAY THING…AND IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IT IS A TEAM EFFORT.

THE BIGGEST SHORT COMING IN ANY PROJECT IS COMMUNICATION AND BRIEFING

THE ARCHITECT THINKS THE CLIENTS CAN INTERPRET HIS PLANNING,THE ENGINEER THINKS THAT THE ARCHITECT UNDERSTANDS HIS CALCULATIONS,

THE USER CLIENT (DR) THINKS THAT THE DESIGN TEAM UNDERSTANDS CLINICAL PROCEDURES,SO IN THE END EVERY ONE THINKS EVERYONE KNOWNS,

BUT REALLY NO ONE KNOWS

COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING

As maintenance installed it What the customer wanted

WHEN WE DON’T COMMUNICATE

CHALLENGES WITH BRIEFING• WE DO NOT HAVE SMART CLIENTS• IT’S OFTEN A ONCE OF PROJECT, WITH ONCE OF TEAM• IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR THE CONSULTANTS AS ROSTER BASED AND MOST OFTEN ONCE OFF

COMMUNICATION_ BRIEFING

The briefing guide is aimed at clarifying the client’s views and expectations. In general terms, clients rarely understand their needs and the appointment of an architect should remain the key to a successful project at the end. The architect’s role should therefore involve a series of pertinent questions towards the client, even if the process could reveal the impossibilities in carrying out the project. The architect’s services as well as the client’s budget are part of the briefing process , these should be highly stressed in order to avoid misunderstandings and possible fruitless expenditure. Moreover, questions relating to site context, property ownership and related rights are important aspects in the process. It might be that there are servitudes that can restrict the design, adjacent buildings that can affect the envisaged project. Other aspects of the briefing process include, but are not limited to, the appointment of other consultants, the compatibility of the team with regard to CAD systems used, the accommodation schedule, the estimation of the quality of the building, the time-cost quality factor; and any other general matters specific to the project . The architect should have an honest and open relationship with client and maintain professionalism. Architects often carry-out work purely to fulfil an architectural service than to help shape a better built environment. This is not only an act of dishonesty, but irresponsible.

IAN ALEXANDER _ THE BRIEFING GUIDE

KEY POINTS

• MAKE YOUR CLIENT A SMART CLIENT• LEARN FROM YOUR CLIENT• DISCUSS PERTINENT ISSUES UP FRONT• COME TO AN AGREED WAY FORWARD BEFORE PROCEEDING…PREFERABLY NOTED ON PAPER

COMMUNICATION_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATIONS• DRAWINGS

• FLOOR PLANS• SECTIONS• DETAILS• WINDOW SCHEDULES• DOOR SCHEDULES• DATA SHEETS• FURNITURE SCHEDULES

• 3D MODELS• EQUIPMENT LIST• BILLS OF QUANITY

All these tools become part of the contract and the required contractual obligations by the project team.

Reference: kokbrut.org

THE LIFE OF A BUILDING

THEY TAKE A WHILE TO BUILD DEPENDING ON CONSTRUCTION AND SIZE 6 MONTHS – 8 YEARS….. UN FINISHED

BUT LAST LONG ONCE COMPLETED AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AT LEAST 40 YEARS

THE FUNCTION AND USE CHANGES IMPACTED BY SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND CHANGE, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGY ADVANCMENT

THEY APPEAR DIFFERENT IN EVERY SEASON AESTHETICALLY ELEMENTS ARE PRONOUNCED OR FADES IN DIFFERENT SEASONS

THEY PERFORM DIFFERANLTY IN EVERY SEASON THERMAL RESPONSE, ENERGY USE, ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY, OCCUPANCY

THEY ARE IDEALLY DESIGN AND BUILT CLIMATE SPECIFIC TYPOLOGICALLY, ECOLOGICALLY, CULTURALLY, CONTEXTUALLY

THEY ARE EXPENSIVE TO BUILD MORE EXPENSE TO MAINTAIN 90% OF THE BUILDING COST LIES IN THE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

CHANGE IN BURDEN OF DISEASE HAS DIRECT IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE

THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ ADAPTABILITY

Reference: http://adaptablefutures.com/2012/11/af-exhibition-building-centre/

CHANGE IN DISEASE BURDENCHANGE IN SOCIAL CONDITIONSCHANGE IN FUNCTION AND NEEDCHANGE IN OCCUPANCY

THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LEAN DESIGN & EFFICIENCY

“Lean” is a way of thinking that was developed by the Toyota Motor Company, and to which many attribute its dominance of world car manufacturing today. Lean is all about eliminating waste, or “muda”.David Week, Architecture for Development

Traditional Design Process Lean Driven Design ProcessDesign Focus Focus on processes that add value for the patient, staff and family

members

Starts with programming Starts with observation of operational processes

User groups are made up of staff leaders within a department or service

Value-stream focused teams include key stakeholders who are involved across the whole process of delivering the service to the patient are used to analyze the process

Each user group provides feedback to designers about their departments or services

Multidisciplinary consensus based, future-state processes drive the development of the floor plan

Floor plan diagrams are adjusted to accommodate existing operations and processes

Floor plan diagrams are used to validate the value stream, optimize future improvements

‘Another approach to healthcare facility design, the Lean-Driven Design Process deliberately engages the facility stakeholders in the initial design process, with a focus on reviewing operational processes to eliminate waste and improve efficiency. This review yields a plan for how the hospital would like to operate that forms the basis for the architectural design.’HKS Architects, Traditional versus ‘Lean-Driven’ Operational Process Improvement based Hospital Design

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Facility design life : 50-60 years

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Facility life cycle

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Infrastructure renovation/ addition

New / replacement equipment

Capital Costs ± 10% over life-cycle A: Construction cost (immovable assets) B: Equipment cost (movable assets)

Operating Costs ± 90% over life-cycle C: Service cost (staffing, supplies…) D: Facility maintenance, operation, utilities…

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THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ LIFE CYCLE COSTING

Reference: Geoff Abbot

THE LIFE OF A BUILDING_ MAINTENANCE

‘The key finding revealed that maintenance is implemented predominately on a corrective/emergency basis. This in turn has led to inaccurate maintenance estimates being projected by property practitioners resulting in the overrunning of maintenance budgets and premature replacement of building components.’ S.J Lazarus & A.C Hauptfleisch, The Application of Facilities Maintenance within the public sector: An exploratory study. Department of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State,

A recent study (2010) investigated the implementation of maintenance practices with regard to the need, classification, planning, implementation, impact and cost estimating by property practitioners in the public sector, Eastern cape excess of +- 100 000msq infrastructure

Key challenges• ‘The failure to classify maintenance requirements accordingly. ‘• ‘Key errors in areas such as estimating maintenance cost and not creating an asset history regarding

performance and cost are evident. ‘• ‘Senior management structures who are seen as hampering progress towards generating a fully

fledged maintenance programme as in both studies they influence the budgets in a negative manner affecting both back log and planned maintenance. ‘

Proactive and planned…NOT reactive and corrective

AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Reference:

The building is a system…. A system of parts that all work together.

In The Ten Books of Architecture the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius stated that a building should meet obligations of commodity, firmness, and delight. Commodity addresses how a building serves its function and can be made more useful. Firmness means a building's ability to stand up to natural forces over time. Delight refers to aesthetics.The National Institute of Building Sciences, USA

Aesthetics refer to sensory perception and understanding or sensuous knowledge.In the built environment… the factors that impact our sensory perception and understanding though intrinsic design process are:

• Structural integrity• Cost• Building material • Functional use• Building performance

Aesthetic qualities includeUnity, Proportion, Scale, Balance, Symmetry and RhythmAesthetic elementsVision, Hearing, Touch, Taste and smell

National centre for performing arts _ China

Butaro Hospital_ Rwanda

Primary School_ Burkina Faso

Dogon traditional Architecture_ Mali

AESTHETICS_ IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Alice Lane Towers_ RSA

EMERGING & EVOLVING STANDARDS

EVOLVING• COUNCILS, BUREAUS, FEDERATIONS…ETCSAIA (SOUTH AFRICAN ISNTITUE FOR ARCHITECTS) SACAP ( SOUTH AFRICAN COUNCIL FOR THE ARHCITECTURAL PROFESSION), NHBRC (NATIONAL HOME BUILERD REGISTRATION COUNCIL), SABS (SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARS), IBC (INTERNAITONAL BULDING CODE), ECSA (ENGINEERING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA), SAFHE (SOUTH AFRICAN FEDERATION OF HOSPITAL ENGINEERING), CIBSE (CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS), ASHRAE (AMERICAN SOCIEY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS ) GBC (GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL), CBE (COUNCIL FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT), ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION)

• IUSS (INFRASTUCTURE UNIT SUPPORT SYSTEM)National Norms, Standards and Guidelines for healthcare infrastructure in South Africa, 48 packages considering all aspects of the healthcare environment (Replaced the SAH Norm and R158)

• SANS 10400 - BUILDING STANDARDSPart A: General Principles and Requirements, Part B: Structural Design, Part C: Dimensions, Part D: Public Safety, Part E:Demolition Work, Part F: Site Operations, Part G: Excavations, Part G: Foundations, Part J: Floors, Part K: Walls, Part L: Roofs, Part M: Stairways, Part N: Glazing, Part O: Lighting and Ventilation, Part P: Drainage, Part Q: Non-water-borne Sanitary Disposal, Part R: Stormwater Disposal, Part S: Facilities for Disabled Persons, Part T: Fire Protection, Part U: Refuse Disposal, Part V: Space Heating, Part W: Fire Installation Parts X & XA: Energy Usage

• LOCAL MUNICIPAL BY LAWS

EMERGING• ENERGY EFFCIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY• Parts X & XA: Energy Usage

THE BIGGER PICTURE_ AN URBAN PERSPECTIVE AND HEALTH

‘Factors such as population and technology influence and facilitate health care delivery and facility planning. Technology, in particular, plays a significant role because it is constantly evolving and leveraging the means and locations to deliver health care. No longer are planners simply talking about hospitals or outpatient centers. The health care technology interface in the community primary care office or living room is here’Morris A. Stein_ Health Facilities Management

‘Health is associated with social determinants — nowhere more so than in cities, and especially so when in conjunction with the increasingly important role of climate change. But for more than 150 years, a large and continually expanding body of research has shown that the way in which cities are planned and managed can make a substantial difference to the health of their residents’Rydlin et al. _UCL (Shaping cities for health: complexity and planning of urban environment in the 21st century)

BUILDINGS ARE NOT ISOLATED ISLANDS; THEY FORM PART OF A LARGER SYSTEM, AN URBAN ECOSYSTEM. HOW THE ECOSYTEM RESPONDS IS DEPENDANT ON THE SERVICES IT PROVIDES AND RECEIVES, AND THE SOCIAL DRIVERS OF THE SYSTEM.

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT_ AND HEALTH

Studies indicate that health care facilities are contributing to the spread of Mtb (Eshun-Wilson et al. 2008)

‘The spread of infectious bacteria, fungi, viruses and single cell organisms (prokaryotic & eukaryotic) specifically in hospitals are widely known to be first by human contamination (Hospodsky et al. 2012) and secondly dependent on environmental favourable conditions (Basu. et al. 2007)……the built environment’

THIS LEADS US TO A NEW EMERGING PERSPECTIVE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH

MICROBIOLOGY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTJESSICA GREEN