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Tribal Air Quality Management Process
Implement Control Strategies
-Title V and other Permits•Surveillance and
•EnforcementEvaluate Air Quality
•Emissions Inventory Data•Ambient Air Monitoring Data
Choose Control Strategies
-Voluntary programs
-Some strategies may be regulatory
Determine NecessaryEmissions Reductions
•Modeling
Set Air Quality Goals
Technology Tools/Requirements
NAAQS Program– RACT: reasonably available
control technology. Existing sources in NA areas
– LAER: Lowest Achievable Emission Rate – New Major sources in NA areas
– BACT: Best Available Control Technology – Major New Sources in Attainment areas
Air Toxics– MACT: maximum achievable
control technology – all sources in a source category, existing or new
– Not designed to address specific health or environmental standard or goal
What are air toxics?
Pollutants which (188 compounds listed in the CAA)
– May cause cancer or other serious health effects – Environmental effects– Diverse physical and chemical characteristics – Some cause multi-media exposure– Transported locally, regionally, nationally or globally– May persist in the environment and/or bioaccumulate
Sources of Air Toxics
Literally, thousands of sources Stationary sources include large industrial
complexes– Chemical plants, oil refineries, steel mills
Area sources that are small stationary sources – Dry cleaners, gas stations, small manufacturers
Mobile sources Indoor sources
MACTProgram
Mobile SourceProgram
Indoor AirProgram
Residual RiskProgram
Community-BasedProgram
Air-WaterInterface Program
State/Local/TribalProgram
Area SourceProgram
Tools, Guidance,& Training
NATA
EmissionsInventory Modeling Monitoring
RiskCharacterization
THE AIR TOXICS PROGRAM
The Air Toxics Program
Activities under multiple Clean Air Act authorities to reduce air toxics emissions from all sources– Major industrial sources– Smaller stationary sources (called area sources)– Mobile sources (on-road and off-road)
Addresses cumulative risks and impacts posed by exposures to multiple air toxics
Components of the Air Toxics Program
Source-specific standards and sector-based standards
– Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)– Residual Risk– Area Source– Mobile
National, regional, community-based initiatives to focus on multimedia and cumulative risks
– Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy– Great Waters– Mercury Initiatives– PBT & TMDL Initiatives
Components of the Air Toxics Program (con’t)
National scale air toxics assessments (NATA)– Emissions inventories– Monitoring network– Air quality, exposure, and risk modeling– On-going research on effects & assessments
Education and Outreach– Tools, Guidance, and Training– Communication
National Air Toxics Emissions
0
1
2
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Mill
ions
TPY
1990 1996 1999 2002
MajorArea and OtherOnroadNonroadFiresTotal
What does 5 million tons look like?
In 2000, CA vintners crushed 3.3 million tons of grapes – a record year
A Boeing 747 has a max. takeoff weight of 455 tons. 5 million tons equals almost 11,000 fully loaded Boeing 747s
If you lined up 11,000 747s, the line of 747’s would extend 483 miles. Roughly the distance from Green Bay to Pittsburgh or St Louis
Clean Air Act - Section 112(k)
Emissions from hazardous air pollutants from area sources may individually, or in aggregate, present significant risks in urban areas
EPA shall prepare a comprehensive strategy to control emissions of hazardous air pollutants
Encourages and supports areawide strategies developed by State or local air pollution control agencies
The Air Toxics Strategy
Issued the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy in July 1999– An integrated framework for addressing air toxics in
urban areas Looks at stationary, mobile, and indoor source emissions Identified a priority list of 33 HAPs which pose the greatest
threat to public health in urban areas Listed 13 new area source categories
Goals of the Strategy
75% reduction in cancer incidence
Substantial reduction in noncancer risks
Address disproportionate risks
The Strategy Emphasizes
Cumulative exposure from multiple source types
Variability among urban areas
Need to target problem areas
Identify best combination of tools
Source Standards
Urban Area source standards – for smaller sources (currently under development)
Residual Risk – Examines remaining risk after MACT is in source category
Major Stationary Sources –MACT Program
MACT = Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Large stationary sources which emit more than 10 tons/year of any one pollutant or 25 tons/year of a mixture
– Industrial complexes like chemical plants, oil refineries, and steel mills
We issued 96 standards – (covering 174 source categories)
Major Stationary Sources - Residual Risk Program
Purpose is to assess post-MACT risks from source categories
Set additional standards, if needed, to protect public health with an “ample margin of safety”– within 8 years of MACT promulgations
Initiated all residual risk standards for 2 & 4 year MACTs
Area Stationary Sources
Area sources are smaller stationary sources– Emit less than 10 tons/year of a pollutant or 25 tons/year
of a mixture– Example includes dry cleaners or gas stations
Under 112(k), EPA must list and regulate area source categories that represent 90% of the emissions for each of the identified urban HAPs– Listed 70 area source categories – Have completed regulations for 15– 20 more in progress
Technology Standards and Tribal Air Programs
Federal Technology Standards can be delegated to tribes
Tribes can develop alternative, but “no less stringent standards,” to meet needs
Applicable requirements in Title V permits
Implementation of Standards
Standards are national requirements States and tribes can accept delegation States and tribes can develop alternative
requirements MACT implementation assistance tools
available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/– Rule overview brochures– Inspection checklists– Applicability flow diagrams
Technology Standards and Tribal Air Programs
Federal standards become the “starting point” NOT designed to address specific air quality or
risk goal Tribes may need additional rules or programs
to address remaining risk
Community-Based Risk Assessment/Reduction Projects
Integrated effort to support community level assessments and reduction strategies
Goals– Better
characterization of local air toxics risk
– Support local decisions
– Test and refine tools
Phoenix, AZ
Community-Based Risk Assessment/Reduction Projects
Active participation and involvement in community projects
– Regionally led– 30 in progress
Provide support, tools, and technical assistance/expertise
Charlotte, NC skyline
Where are the CBPs?
Development of Tools, Guidance, & Training
Methods and guidance for conducting assessments and making risk decisions
Training on risk assessment, management, and communication
The Air Toxics Community Assessment & Risk Reduction Projects Database
Development of Tools, Guidance, & Training (cont.)
Workshops to share tools and experiences
Provide technical support/expertise
Developed 3 volume Risk Assessment Reference Library
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/fera/risk_atra_main.html
Indoor Air Sources
BOTH indoor and outdoor air exposures are important to air toxics– Outdoor air toxics set baseline level indoors– Outdoor air toxics infiltrate or are ventilated indoors– Indoor emissions are ventilated outdoors
For meaningful reduction of risks, must address BOTH indoor and outdoor sources– Joint strategies, projects, and communication
Mobile Sources
Mobile sources are significant contributors to toxics emissions
On-road and off-road
Three primary ways to reduce emissions:
– Fuel controls– Engine controls– Reduction of vehicle miles
traveled
National Air Toxics Assessments (NATA)
Continued development of analytical tools to:– Identify areas of concern– Improve characterization of risks and risk reductions
for all sources– Track our progress and prioritize efforts
Accomplished through:– Emissions inventories development– Monitoring networks– Modeling
Who uses NATA?
States– Oregon’s Air toxics Program sets priorities using NATA– Encourages better inventory
Communities– Information and priority setting– EJ communities
OAQPS– Data for standard setting
Big residual risk rule Area source rulemaking
– Verifies monitoring– Sets priorities (Chromium 6, coke ovens, and POM)– Serves as a check and balance system for inventory
Regional Offices– Focus as primary tool for many regions air toxic efforts
OTAQ– MSAT Rule used NATA
NATA Tools
Maps for ambient concentrations, emission density, and risk
New interactive GIS maps for cancer risk
For More Information
The Air Toxics Website (ATW)– www.epa.gov/ttn/atw
The Air Toxics Strategy– www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/urban/urbanpg.html
National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment– www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata
Community based Projects– www.epa.gov/air/toxicair
