Overview of Drug Use in the Hemisphere: Future Challenges Barbados, June 2005

Overview of Drug Use in the Overview of Drug Use in the Hemisphere: Future Challenges Hemisphere: Future Challenges

Barbados, June 2005 Barbados, June 2005

INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSIONCONTROL COMMISSION

Inter-American Observatory Inter-American Observatory on Drugs (OID)on Drugs (OID)

IntroductionIntroduction

The Anti-drug Strategy in the The Anti-drug Strategy in the Hemisphere, approved in 1996, Hemisphere, approved in 1996, states thatstates that::

““Demand remains a powerful Demand remains a powerful driving force for the production of driving force for the production of and traffic in drugs. Every member and traffic in drugs. Every member of the global community has the of the global community has the responsibility to address the issue responsibility to address the issue of demand and to reduce its of demand and to reduce its incentive.“incentive.“

OID-OID-CICAD / OACICAD / OASS

Reducing drug useReducing drug use What does it mean? What does it mean? What does it imply?What does it imply?

Basically, 3 Basically, 3 tthings:hings:

To know where we areTo know where we are To do something about itTo do something about it To know what happenedTo know what happened


Reducing drug useReducing drug use

Know where we areKnow where we are (1) Diagnosis(1) Diagnosis

Do something about itDo something about it (2) Intervention(2) Intervention

Know what happenedKnow what happened (3) Evaluation(3) Evaluation


(1) Diagnosis(1) Diagnosis Evaluate magnitude of drug Evaluate magnitude of drug

use – establish baseline use – establish baseline Simple epidemiological Simple epidemiological

studiesstudies:: PPrevalencerevalence Study and detect risk factors Study and detect risk factors

and protection factors and protection factors More complex More complex

epidemiological studiesepidemiological studies


(2) Intervention(2) Intervention Objective:Objective:

Diminish risk factors Diminish risk factors Reinforce protective factors Reinforce protective factors

Prevention programs for different Prevention programs for different target populations:target populations:

SchoolsSchools UniversitiesUniversities Workplace communityWorkplace community General PopulationGeneral Population Other...Other... OID-OID-CICAD / OACICAD / OASS

(3) Evaluation(3) Evaluation

Prevalence studies:Prevalence studies: Evaluate magnitude of drug Evaluate magnitude of drug

use after interventionuse after intervention Evaluate risk factorsEvaluate risk factors Evaluate protective factorsEvaluate protective factors


CURRENTCURRENT SITUATION:SITUATION:A GLOBAL A GLOBAL

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW

Current world situationCurrent world situation


Drug Use Estimates. Last year prevalences,Drug Use Estimates. Last year prevalences,

2001-20032001-2003

All All drugasdrugas CannabisCannabis Anpheta-Anpheta-

minesminesEctasyEctasy CocaineCocaine OpiatesOpiates

Millions of Millions of personspersons

185185 146,2146,2 29,629,6 8,38,3 13,313,3 15,215,2

% of % of populationpopulation

3,0%3,0% 2,3%2,3% 0,5%0,5% 0,1%0,1% 0,2%0,2% 0,2%0,2%

% of pop.% of pop.

15-64 yrs.15-64 yrs. 4,7%4,7% 3,7%3,7% 0,7%0,7% 0,2%0,2% 0,3%0,3% 0,4%0,4%

Source: UNODC 2004 Report

Current situationCurrent situationGlobal trends in drug abuseGlobal trends in drug abuse

According to the UNODC report, According to the UNODC report, drug consumption keeps drug consumption keeps growing, but losing impulsegrowing, but losing impulse

Cannabis use is spreadingCannabis use is spreading Amphetamine-type stimulantsAmphetamine-type stimulants


CURRENT CURRENT SITUATION:SITUATION:

A HEMISPHERICA HEMISPHERIC OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Current situationCurrent situationOOIDID/C/CICADICAD role role iin assistance on n assistance on ResearchResearch

The OID/CICAD delivers technical The OID/CICAD delivers technical and financial assistance for research and financial assistance for research on drug useon drug use

Cooperates with countries in Cooperates with countries in conducting this researchconducting this research

Work Work withwith and and forfor the country the country Has standardized methodologies for Has standardized methodologies for

research in the countriesresearch in the countries


Current situationCurrent situationProjects assisted Projects assisted by OID/CICADby OID/CICAD 2003-20052003-2005


Type of SurveyType of Survey 2003 (18)2003 (18) 2004 (14)2004 (14) 2005 (17)2005 (17)

High schoolHigh school 88 88 66

General Pop.General Pop. 22 33 33

TreatmentTreatment 22 22 11

Emergency Emergency RoomsRooms

33 00 11

Public Sector Public Sector 22 00 11

Other assistanceOther assistance 11 11 55

CICAD CICAD contributioncontribution

$614K$614K $681K$681K $450K$450K

Last year Prevalence of any Last year Prevalence of any drug, School Surveysdrug, School Surveys

32.2

8.4

32.0

22.0

18.1

13.8

19.3

20.6

2.8

8.2

4.0

8.0

13.7

5.8

7.2

4.3

3.2

10.1

8.4

2.2

4.9

4.1

4.9

12.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CAN'03

MEX'03

USA'03

BAR'02

BEL'02

DOM'02

GRE'02

GUY'02

RDO'03

SUR'02

ARG'01

BOL'02

CHI'03

COL'01

ECU'02

PAR'03

PER'02

URU'03

VEN'02

CRI'01

ESV'03

GUA'03

NIC'03

PAN'03

Rate (%)

CENTRAL AMERICA

THE CARIBBEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of CannabisCannabis

North and South Am.- School North and South Am.- School Svys.Svys. 29.6

4.0

28.2

4.0

5.2

12.9

5.8

4.7

1.7

3.2

8.4

0.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CAN'03

MEX'03

USA'03

ARG'01

BOL'02

CHI'03

COL'01

ECU'02

PAR'03

PER'02

URU'03

VEN'02

Rate (%)

SOUTH AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of CannabisCannabisCentral-Am. and The Caribbean - School Central-Am. and The Caribbean - School

Svys.Svys.14.1

13.4

8.7

6.7

3.6

1.1

3.5

2.2

2.5

2.3

2.2

7.1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

BAR'02

BEL'02

DOM'02

GRE'02

GUY'02

RDO'03

SUR'02

CRI'01

ESV'03

GUA'03

NIC'03

PAN'03

Rate (%)

THE CARIBBEAN

CENTRAL AMERICA

Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of CocaineCocaineNorth and South Am.- School North and South Am.- School

Svy.Svy.4.3

1.7

3.3

0.9

1.6

3.0

3.0

0.6

0.6

1.5

1.7

0.2

0 1 2 3 4 5

CAN'03

MEX'03

USA'03

ARG'01

BOL'02

CHI'03

COL'01

ECU'02

PAR'03

PER'02

URU'03

VEN'02

Rate (%)

SOUTH AMERICA

NORH AMERICA

Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of CocaineCocaineCentral Am. and The Caribbean - School Central Am. and The Caribbean - School

Svys.Svys.0.2

0.7

1.3

1.1

1.4

1.2

1.3

0.0

1.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

CRI'01

ESV'03

GUA'03

NIC'03

PAN'03

BAR'02

BEL'02

DOM'02

GRE'02

GUY'02

RDO'03

SUR'02

Rate (%)

THE CARIBBEAN

CENTRAL AMERICA

TrendsTrends

Monitoring of drug use must be Monitoring of drug use must be ongoingongoing

Under-reporting: what is Under-reporting: what is important is the trendimportant is the trend

Trends allow for a medium-term Trends allow for a medium-term evaluation of intervention evaluation of intervention programsprograms


USA School Survey:USA School Survey:Last year Prevalences of any drug by Last year Prevalences of any drug by

gradegrade

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03

Ra

te (

%)

8o grade 10o grade 12o grade

USA School Survey:USA School Survey:Last year Prevalences of Last year Prevalences of cannabiscannabis for 10th for 10th

gradegrade

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03

Rat

e (%

)

'98 - '03 '91 - '97 Linear ('91 - '97)

ALCOHOLALCOHOLANDAND

DRUGSDRUGS

Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs

Alcohol is the substance most Alcohol is the substance most consumed in all the countriesconsumed in all the countries

It is responsible for a large It is responsible for a large proportion of accidents and proportion of accidents and deaths, and for demand for deaths, and for demand for treatmenttreatment


Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of AlcoholAlcohol School Surveys School Surveys

66.2

45.9

59.3

43.4

23.1

35.5

31.8

45.4

56.5

55.9

60.7

55.9

35.7

54.2

44.3

64.0

55.0

61.2

76.2

42.2

50.0

36.9

70.3

45.9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

CAN'03

MEX'03

USA'03

CRI'01

ESV'03

GUA'03

NIC'03

PAN'03

BAR'02

BEL'02

DOM'02

GRE'02

GUY'02

RDO'03

SUR'02

ARG'01

BOL'02

CHI'03

COL'01

ECU'02

PAR'03

PER'02

URU'03

VEN'02

Rate (%)

CENTRAL AMERICA

THE CARIBBEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

Last year Prevalence of Last year Prevalence of AlcoholAlcohol and and CannabisCannabis in 24 countries – in 24 countries –

School Svys.School Svys.

High High MarijuanaMarijuana

Low Low MarijuanaMarijuana

High AlcoholHigh Alcohol 1010 22Low AlcoholLow Alcohol 22 1010

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Cannabis

Alc

oh

ol

57,060,6

68,3

61,2

42,2

57,7 59,2

51,0

56,0

51,355,0

52,0

30,4

51,9

44,7

49,0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

BARBADOS2002

BELIZE2002

DOMINICA2002

GRENADA2002

GUYANA2002

DOMINICANREP. 2003

SURINAME2004

TRINIDAD &TOBAGO

2002

Rat

e (%

)

Male

Female

ONE-YEAR ALCOHOL PREVALENCE BY SEX

MarijuanaMarijuana consumption by age of first use consumption by age of first use of of AlcoholAlcohol - 19 to 34 years old group - 19 to 34 years old group

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

less than 15 15 to 17 18 to 24 25 and more

No Marijuana

Marijuana consumption BEFORE Alcohol consumption

Marijuana consumption AFTER Alcohol consumption

Source: CONACE, Third National Study on Drugs – Chile General Pop. Svy., 2000

MarijuanaMarijuana Consumption AFTER Consumption AFTER AlcoholAlcohol Consumption by sexConsumption by sex

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

less than 15 15 to 17 18 to 24 25 and more

Rat

e (%

)

Men Women

FUTUREFUTURECHALLENGESCHALLENGES

Future ChallengesFuture Challenges

Importance of having Importance of having timely and reliable timely and reliable informationinformation

TThe need for researchhe need for research


Future Challenges:Future Challenges:ResearchResearch

DiagnosisDiagnosis InterventionIntervention EvaluationEvaluation Measurement of trendsMeasurement of trends


Future Challenges:Future Challenges:National ObservatoryNational Observatory

Role of National Drug Role of National Drug ObservatoriesObservatories::

Generate informationGenerate information Process and analyze informationProcess and analyze information Access other sources of informationAccess other sources of information Provide policy-makers with Provide policy-makers with

informationinformation and proposals and proposals Official source of reliable information Official source of reliable information

of the countryof the country OID-OID-CICAD / OACICAD / OASS

ScarceScarce Diversify sourcesDiversify sources Gradual increase in own Gradual increase in own

resourcesresources CICADCICAD - - UNODC AllianceUNODC Alliance


Future Challenges:Future Challenges:Financial ResourcesFinancial Resources

THE ENDTHE END

Documents

Overview of Drug Use in the Hemisphere: Future Challenges Barbados, June 2005