OUTPUT INPUT HIGH 1.0 0.9 HIGH 0.5 0.6 0.0 LOW · M. Morris Mano & Charles R. LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE 1-4c,d,e,f 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 0101 (c) Digital voltage ... LOGIC AND COMPUTER

© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e

1-1

1.00.9

0.6

0.4

0.0Volts

HIGH

LOW

HIGH

LOW

OUTPUT INPUT

0.1

(a) Example voltage ranges

(b) Time-dependent Voltage

(c) Binary model of time-dependent voltage

1

0

1.0

0.5

0.0

Voltage (Volts)

Time

Time


1-2

Memory

Controlunit Datapath

Input/Output

CPU


T 1-1TABLE 1-1Embedded System Examples

tcudorPaerA noitacilppA

Banking, commerce and manufacturing Copiers, FAX machines, UPC scanners, vend-ing machines, automatic teller machines, automated warehouses, industrial robots

setilletas ,sretuor ,senohp lleCnoitacinummoC

deffuts gniklat ,semag dlehdnah ,semag oediVsyot dna semaGtoys

Home appliances Digital alarm clocks, conventional and micro-wave ovens, dishwashers

,sreyalp DVD ,sreyalp DCaideM flat panel TVs, Digital cameras, digital video cameras

Medical equipment Pacemakers, incubators, magnetic resonance imaging

latigid lanosrep ,sreyalp 3PM ,sehctaw latigiDlanosrePassistants

Transportation and navigation Electronic engine controls, traffic light con-trollers, aircraft flight controls, global posi-tioning systems


1-3

Microcomputer,Microcontroller,or Digital Signal

Processor

A-to-DConverters

D-to-AConverters

AnalogInput Devices

and SignalConditioning

DigitalInput Devices

and SignalConditioning

ExternalMemory

SignalConditioningand Digital

Output Devices

SignalConditioningand Digital

Output Devices

© 2008 Pearson Education, InM. Morris Mano & Charles R.LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE

1-4a,b,c,d

001100

1100

11

Sampling point

0100 01

010110 01

11

0110

0100 01

01

0100

0011

0011

Temperature (degrees F)

0

40

Voltage (volts)

(a) Analog temperature

(b) Continuous (analog) voltage

(c) Digital voltage

(d) Discrete (digital) voltage

Digital numbers (binary)

Voltage (volts)

Sensor andsignal conditioning

Analog-to-Digital(A/D) conversion

Digital-to-Analog(D/A) conversion

Signal conditioning

001100

11 0100

0100

40

80

120

4

8

0

12

16

0111

0111

0111

0111

0011

0011 01

01

0 4 2016128 24

0 4 2016128 24

4

8

0

12

16

4

8

0

12

16

0 4 2016128 24

0 4 2016128 24Time (hours)

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

SIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e

© 2008 Pearson Education, InM. Morris Mano & Charles R.LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE

1-4c,d,e,f

001100

1100

11 0100 01

010110 01

11

0110

0100 01

01

0100

0011

0011

(c) Digital voltage

(d) Discrete (digital) voltage

Digital numbers (binary)

Voltage (volts)

Time (hours)

(e) Continuous (analog) voltage

Voltage (volts)

Digital-to-Analog(D/A) conversion

Signal conditioning

001100

11 0100

0100

20 40 600 80

100120

2040

20 40 600 80

100120

2040

20 40 600 80

100120

2040

20 40 600 80

100120

2040

20 40 600 80

100120

2040

Output

(f) Continuous (analog) readout

Temp Temp

0111

0111

0111

0111

0011

0011 01

01

4

8

0

12

16

4

8

0

12

16

4

8

0

12

16

0 4 2016128 24

0 4 2016128 24

0 4 2016128 24

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

Temp Temp Temp

SIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e


T 1-2

TABLE 1-2Powers of Two

n 2n n 2n n 2n

0 1 8 256 16 65,5361 2 9 512 17 131,0722 4 10 1,024 18 262,1443 8 11 2,048 19 524,2884 16 12 4,096 20 1,048,5765 32 13 8,192 21 2,097,1526 64 14 16,384 22 4,194,3047 128 15 32,768 23 8,388,608


T 1-3TABLE 1-3Numbers with Different Bases

Decimal(base 10)

Binary(base 2)

Octal(base 8)

Hexadecimal(base 16)

00010203040506070809101112131415

0000000100100011010001010110011110001001101010111100110111101111

00010203040506071011121314151617

0123456789ABCDEF


T 1-4

TABLE 1-4Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

DecimalSymbol

BCDDigit

0123456789

0000000100100011010001010110011110001001


T 1-5 TABLE 1-5American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

B7B6B5

B4B3B2B1 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0000 NULL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v0111 BEL ETB 7 G W g w1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {1100 FF FS , < L \ l |1101 CR GS - = M ] m }1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

Control Characters

epacse knil ataDELDLLUNLLUN1 lortnoc eciveD1CDgnidaeh fo tratSHOS2 lortnoc eciveD2CDtxet fo tratSXTS3 lortnoc eciveD3CDtxet fo dnEXTE

EOT End of transmission DC4 Device control 4egdelwonkca evitageNKANyriuqnEQNE

eldi suonorhcnySNYSegdelwonkcAKCAkcolb noissimsnart fo dnEBTElleBLEB

lecnaCNACecapskcaBSBmuidem fo dnEMEbat latnoziroHTH

etutitsbuSBUSdeef eniLFLepacsECSEbat lacitreVTV

rotarapes eliFSFdeef mroFFFrotarapes puorGSGnruter egairraCRCrotarapes droceRSRtuo tfihSOS

rotarapes tinUSUni tfihSISeteleDLEDecapSPS


T 1-6

TABLE 1-6Gray Code

Binary Code

BitChanges

GrayCode

BitChanges

000001010011100101110111000

12131213

000001011010110111101100000

11111111


1-5

B0

111

110

000

001

010

011100

101

B1

B2

(a) Binary Code for Positions 0 through 7

G0G1

G2

111

101

100 000

001

011

010110(b) Gray Code for Positions 0 through 7

Documents

OUTPUT INPUT HIGH 1.0 0.9 HIGH 0.5 0.6 0.0 LOW · M. Morris Mano & Charles R. LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE 1-4c,d,e,f 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 0101 (c) Digital voltage ... LOGIC AND COMPUTER