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Open Text Book Assessment Study material for Class 11 in Hindi- Biology
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7/21/2019 OTBA Geography Theme in Hindi for Class 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/otba-geography-theme-in-hindi-for-class-11 1/39
7/21/2019 OTBA Geography Theme in Hindi for Class 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/otba-geography-theme-in-hindi-for-class-11 2/39
1
eq Dr ikB&vk/kfjr ewY;kadu Hkwxksy d{kk&XI
1- fo"k; % xfr'khy ty/kjk,¡
lkjka 'k
leq nzh ty/kjk,¡ izeq [kr;k% fo"kq oÙkh; {ks =kks a ls /z q oh; {ks =kks a dh vks j mQ"ek dk ifjogu @ vfHkxeu
djrh gS a A vka f'kd :i ls ;s iFoh ds rkieku ls leku forj.k dk;Z Hkh la ikfnr djrh gS a A leq nz
ifjla pkj.k fozQ;k,¡ /jkry ,oa tyh; ikfjra =k es a jgus okys ikS /ks a ,oa tho&tUrq vks a dh ifjfLFkfr;ks a dks
izHkkfor djrh gS a A ty/kjk,¡ tgktks a ds iFk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gS a ] ;s tgkt lkeku ,oa yks xks a dks ys dj lkxj ds ,d Nks j ls nw ljs Nks j ij vkoktkgh djrs gS a A leq nzh /kjk,¡ vR;ko';d :i ls gekjh
vkfFkZ d] lkekftd ,oa lka Lo` Qfrd xfrfof/;ks a dks izHkkfor djrs gq , egÙoiw .kZ Hkw fedk fuHkkrh gS a A
izLrkouk
leqnz ,oa ok;q e.My esa vusd lekurk,¡ gSa A m"eh; foHksn ls izHkkfor gksdj iou ,oa ty nksuks a
la pj.k djus ds fy, Lora =k gSa A ftl iz dkj ok;qe.My es a ok;q dk izokg gksrk gS] mlh izdkj leqnz esa ty/kjk,¡ iz okfgr gks rh gS aA cgrh iou dh Hkka fr ;s ty/kjk,¡ ,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij lkS j mQtkZ
ds iqufoZrj.k dk ekè;e gSa A ftl izdkj ok;qeaMy esa /jkryh; iousa rFkk mQijh ok;qeaMyh;
iou/kjk,¡ gks rh gS a] mlh izdkj leq nz ks a es a /jkryh; ty/kjk,¡ rFkk xgjh ty&/kjk,¡ gks rh gS a A iouks a dh
Hkka fr] vus d ty/kjkvks a dh xfr ds LFkk;h iz k:i fodflr gks tkrs gS a ] tks vus d o"kks ± rd n` f"Vxks pj
gks rs gS a A gekjk okrkoj.k ty/kjkvks a ls vR;f/d izHkkfor gks rk gS D;ks a fd ;s dkiQh ek=kk es a mQ"ek dk
,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij iq ufoZ rj.k djrh gS a A bu ty/kjkvks a es a xfrjks/ tyok;q es a ukVdh; ifjorZu
ys vk;s xkA
;s ty/kjk,¡ leq nz ksa ,oa ok;qeaMy esa mQtkZ rFkk vknzZ rk ds ogu ij egÙoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyrh gSa D;ks afd
lewps fo'o esa buls ty dk ifjla pkj.k gksrk gSA vURoks xRok] ;s ty/kjk,¡ fo'o ds ekS le dks è;ku
esa j[krs gq, egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ^xYiQ LVª he* ,d xeZ ty/kjk gS] tks eSfDldks
7/21/2019 OTBA Geography Theme in Hindi for Class 11
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2
[kkM+h ls iz kja Hk gksdj ;wjksi dh vks j mÙkj fn'kk esa izokfgr gksrh gSA pwa fd ;g ty/kjk xeZ ty ls
Hkjh jgrh gS] leq nz ryh; rkieku vf/d jgrk gS tks ;wjksi ds rVh; {ks =kksa ds rkieku dks leku
v{kka 'kks a ij vofLFkr vU; rVh; {ks =kksa dh vis{kk vf/d xeZ j[krk gSA ,d vU; mnkgj.k nsf[k;s&
is : dh B.Mh ty/kjk (gEcksYV ty/kjk) Hkh ekS le dks izHkkfor djrh gSA lkekU; :i ls ;g
ty/kjk phyh ,oa is : ds rVh; {ks =kks a es a mifLFkr jgrh gSA ;g vR;f/d :i ls ty dh mRifÙk
djrh gSA lkFk gh rV dks B.Mk rFkk mÙkjh is : dks lw[kk j[krh gSA phyh dh tyok;q es a ifjorZu
blh ty/kjk xfrjks/ dk ifj.kke gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ,y uhuks (El Nino) ds dkj.k bl
ty/kjk es a O;o/ku mRiUu gksrk gSA
fp=k&1 % lkxj dh ygjsa
ty/kjkvksa }kjk yk, x, ty dk vk;ru Los jMªi (Sverdrup) bdkbZ es a ekik tkrk gSA ;gk¡ 1 LosjMªi
bdkbZ 1 fefy;u ?ku ehVj ty ds iz fr ls da M cgko dh nj ds leku gksrk gSA ;g xfrfof/ fdruh
vf/d foLr`r gS bldk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lewps fo'o es a lHkh ufn;ks a ds
dqy rkts ty dk cgko 1 LosjMªi bdkbZ ds cjkcj gSA ,d vdsyh ty/kjk xYiQ LVª he & dk cgko
7/21/2019 OTBA Geography Theme in Hindi for Class 11
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3
bldh fLFkfr ds vuq lkj 30 LosjMª i ls 150 Los jMªi ds chp jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,d
ty/kjk] tks ek=k dqN fMxz h gh vius vkl&ikl ds ty ls xeZ vFkok B.Mh gks rh gS] cgq r vf/d
ek=kk esa mQ"ek dks ,d LFkku ls nw ljs ij ys tkrh gSA gekjs thou ij leq nz h ty/kjkvks a dk izHkko
1- leqnz es a iks"kd rRoks a ds Lrj dks ty/kjk,¡ izHkkfor djrh gS aA bldk vlj lkxj dh ouLifr
rFkk tho&tUrqvksa ds iz dkjksa rFkk muds teko vFkok l?kurk ij iM+ rk gSA
2- fo'o ds dbZ lcls vPNs eRL; {ks=k mu rVh; {ks =kksa es a ik;s tkrs gS a tgk¡ ty/kjk,¡ rV ls nw j
pyh tkrh gSa D;ks afd ,sls lkxjh; {ks =kksa es a leqnz dk xgjk ty mQij dh vks j vk tkrk gS]
ftlesa iks "kd rRoks a dh vf/drk ikbZ tkrh gSA3- ty/kjk,¡ vf/d ek=kk esa dbZ {ks=kks a es a iks"k.k rRoksa dk ,d=khdj.k Hkh djrh gS a tks fo'o ds
iz eq[k eRL; {ks=kks a ds fodkl ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS aA
4- vus d leq nz h tho&tUrq vks a dk ekS leh iz okl ty/kjkvks a ls vR;Ur ykHkkfUor gks rk gSA ty/kjkvks a
ds izokg ds vuq lkj gh vus d tho&tUrq vks a dk izokl izHkkfor gks rk gSA ty/kjkvks a ds iz okg ds
lkFk vkokxeu djus ls mQtkZ dh cpr gks rh gS rFkk xfr c<+ tkrh gSA blls eNyh mRiknu rFkk
eRL; m|ks x Hkh izHkkfor gks rk gSA ;fn lgh le; ij dk;kZ fUor fd;k tk, rks O;kolkf;d iz tkfr;ks a ds iz okl ij vk/kfjr eRL; mRiknu djuk ,d ykHkdkjh fopkj gks ldrk gSA
5- ty/kjkvks a dh fn'kk es a ;k=kk djus ls b±/u dh cpr gksrh gS] tcfd fn'kk ds foijhr ;k=kk
djus ls vf/d b± /u dk O;; gks rk gSA iw oZdky es a blls tgktks a dh ;k=kk dkiQh izHkkfor gks rh
FkhA vVyka fVd egklkxj es a ^xYiQ LVªhe* mu Lis uh tgktks a ds fy, dkiQh mi;ks xh lkfcr gq bZ ] tks
dS js fc;kbZ }hiks a ls Lis u okfil tk;k djrs FksA nw ljs vks j] Hkkjrh; egklkxj es a cgus okyh vxYgkl
ty/kjk Hkkjr dh vks j vkus okys iq rZxkyh tgktks a ds fy, ,d cM+ h ck/k FkhA6- ty/kjkvksa ls fge[k.Mksa dh xfr Hkh izHkkfor gks rh gS ftldk ifj.kke tgktksa ds ifjogu ij
iM+rk gSA yScz kMks j ty/kjk vkdZfVd egklkxj ds nf{k.kh Hkkx es a U;w iQkmaMyS aM rFkk uks okLdksfV;k
ds rVh; {ks=kksa esa iz okfgr gksrh gSA ;g ty/kjk mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxj es a tgktksa esa ekxZ esa
fge[k.Mksa ds cgko ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA
7/21/2019 OTBA Geography Theme in Hindi for Class 11
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7- bu ty/kjkvks a ds dkj.k leq nz ksa esa cgus okys vof'k"V inkFkZ dqN fo'ks"k {ks=kks a es a ,df=kr gks
tkrs gS aA mÙkjh vVyka fVd] vof'k"V inkFkZ {ks=k rFkk c`gn iz'kkar vof'k"V inkFkZ ea My ,sls
egklkxjh; {ks =k gS a tgk¡ egklkxjks a dk lkjk vof'k"V bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gSA
ijaijkxr :i ls ty/kjkvks a dk xgjkbZ ds vuqlkj nks izdkjksa es a foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& (1)
/jkryh; ty/kjk,¡ tks ty dh lrg ls 400 ehVj dh xgjkbZ rd ikbZ tkrh gS A (2) xgjh
ty/kjk,¡ & bUgsa rki tfur izlkj (Thermocline Circulation) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS tks
egklkxj ds xgjs ty es a mifLFkr jgrh gS aA
egklkxjh; ty/kjkvksa ds mRifÙk ds dkj.k
;s /kjk,¡ izk;% ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa xeu djrh gS a rFkk egÙoiw .kZ :i ls i`Foh dh vknzZ rk dks
LFkkuka rfjr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSa A ;s ekSle] tyh; thou ,oa ty iz nw "k.k ij vR;f/d izHkko
Mkyrh gS aA
lkS j fozQ;k
lkS j mQtkZ vizR;{k :i ls iouksa ds ekè;e ls egklkxjks a ds ty dks xfr iz nku djrh gSA bldk
iz R;{k izHkko lokZ f/d fo"kqor js[kk ij iM+ rk gS] tks /zq oh; {ks=kks a dh vks j de gks rk tkrk gSA blls egkxlkj esa ty dh m"eh; xfr vleku gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh tyjkf'k;ks a ij ok;qnkc ifjorZu gks rk
jgrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i iousa mPp ok;q nkc okys {ks=kks a ls fuEu nkc dh vksj cgus yxrh gSa A blls
leqnz ksa dh lrg dk ty lh/s gh izHkkfor gks rk gS vkSj ty/kjk,¡ cguk izkja Hk dj nsrh gS aA
iousa
egklkxjksa dk iQSyko dkiQh foLr`r {ks=k es a gks rk gS] tks mPpkop ls ckf/r ugha gks rk vkS j iousa yEch
vof/ rd dkiQh nw j dk liQj r; djrh gSa A blls iouksa dh xfr dh fn'kk esa yxkrkj ty dk cgko mRiUu gksrk gSA tc LFkk;h iousa ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa 20 ehy iz fr ?ka Vs dh xfr ls yxHkx 10
?ka Vs rd cgrh gS a] rc mQijh ty/kjk,¡ yxHkx 0-4 ehy iz fr ?k a Vs dh xfr ls mRiUu gks rh gSa A yEch
le;kof/ okyh vusd ious a gS a tSls O;kikfjd ious a vFkok if'peh iousa ] tks dbZ lIrkg ;k eghuksa
rd leku fn'kk esa egklkxjks a dk iQSyko ukirh gS aA
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dkfjvkWfyl cy ,oa egklkxjh; o` Ùk
dkfjvkW fyl cy ds dkj.k ty/kjk,¡ lh/h fn'kk dh vis{kk oozQh; fn'kk esa cgrh gS aA ,sls o`Ùkkdj
cgko egklkxjh; o` Ùk dgykrs gS aA tc ty/kjkvks a dk jkLrk @ ekxZ rVh; {ks=kks a ls lhfer gks tkrk gS]
rc ;s ooz Qh; xfr Lo;a gh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj dsUnz ds vkl&ikl o`Ùkkdkj xfr es a cgus yxrh
gSa A egk}hih; js rhyh pV~ Vkuksa (Shelves) ds mFkyk ty ls o`Ùk lhfer gks tkrs gS aA fo'o ds egklkxjks a
esa ik¡ p izeq [k o Ùk fo|eku gSa tks muds vkl&ikl ds egk}hiks a ls lhfer gks tkrs gS aA ;s o Ùk gh fo'o
ds vf/drj lkxj lrgh ty/kjkvks a ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA budh fLFkfr;k¡ ty rFkk lkxj&LFky
lhekvks a ls dkiQh izHkkfor gksrh gS aA oLrq r% lHkh egklkxjh; o` Ùk mÙkjh xksyk/Z es a nf{k.kkoÙkZ
(Clockwise) rFkk nf{k.kh xks yk/Z esa okekoÙkZ (Anticlockwise) xfreku jgrs gSa A gkykafd dq N y?kq ty/kjk,¡ gS a tks LFkkuh; mQ"eh; foz Q;k rFkk 'khr foz Q;k ds ifj.kke Lo:i mRiUu gksrh gS a vFkok lkxj
esa ioZ rh; Üka [kykvksa ] igkfM+;ks a] }hi Ü ka [kykvksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k Hkh tUe ysrh gS aA
fp=k&2 % egklkxjh; poz Qxfr
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xq #Ro @ xq#Rokd"kZ.k
leqnz ksa esa fo"kq oÙkh; mHkkj] ty ds iz lj.k ds dkj.k gks rk gS D;ksa fd fo"kqoÙkh; mQ"ek ,d <yku cuk
nsrh gSa vkSj xq#Ro ds dkj.k ty uhps dh vks j cgus yxrk gSA ;gh ,d cM+ k dkj.k gS fd lkxj lrgh ty fo"kq or js[kk ls mPp v{kka 'kksa dh vks j cgrk gSA
vkink izca /dks a rFkk [kk| m|ksx es a D;k lekurk gS\
nksuks a gh ,y uhuks nf{k.kh nksyu vka dM+s a
(ENSO data) dk iz ;ksx djrs gS aA ,y
uhuks nf{k.kh nks yu (ENSO) ls rkRi;Z gS lkxj dh lrg ds rkieku] lrg ds
ok;q nkc rFkk ok;q ea Myh; ,oa o"kZ .k
izk:i es a Hkkjh ,oa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZ u
vkuk tks fo"kq oÙkh; iz 'kka r egklkxj ds
vkj&ikj fn[kkbZ nsrs gS aA
iz'kkar egklkxj ij dsfUnzr ;s fo'o ekufp=k ,y uhuks rFkk yk uhuk ds nkSjku lkxj dh lrg ds rkieku ds iz k:i dks iz nf'kZ r djrs gS aA fo"kqor js [kk ds vkl&ikl dk ja x mu {ks =kks a dks iz nf'kZ r djrk
gS tks nh?kZ dkyhu vkS lr rkieku dh vis{kk vf/d xeZ vFkok B.Ms jgrs gS aA
,y uhuks rFkk yk uhuk dk izHkko
fo'o ds vusd Hkkxksa es a ekS le ij ,y uhuks rFkk yk uhuk dk izHkko iM+ rk gSA ekuo rFkk ikfjra=k ij
bldk ldkjkRed rFkk udkjkRed izHkko iM+ rk gSA izko`Qfrd ekS le iz k:i egklkxjks a rFkk ok;qe.My dh va r%fozQ;k dk ifj.kke gSA ;s fo'o ds ekS le dks izHkkfor djrs gSa bldk vlj [kk| iQlyks a ds
mRiknu ij rFkk muds ?kVrs ;k c<+ rs ewY;ksa ij Hkh gks rk gSA buds dkj.k yks xks a ds thou dh gkfu ,oa
djks M+ ksa dh lEifÙk dk uqdlku Hkh gks rk gSA
fp=k&3 % ,y uhuks ,oa yk uhuk
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1800 ds vkl&ikl nf{k.kh vesfjdk ds iz 'kka r rV ij LFkkuh; eNq vkjksa us ,d xeZ ty/kjk ns[khA
iz fro"kZ ;g xeZ ty fozQlfel ds vkl&ikl fn[krk FkkA mUgksa us ;hlw Hkxoku ds tUefnu ds vk/kj
ij bl ty/kjk dk uke Lis fu'k Hkk"kk ls ys dj ,y uhuks js [kk ftldk Lisfu'k es a vFkZ ^ckyd* gksrk gSA vkt ,y uhuks is : rV dh LFkkuh; ty/kjk ls dgha vf/d egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSA
tc fo"kqDr js [kk ds lehi] iz 'kka r egklkxj dh lrg dk ty vis{kko` Qr xeZ gks tkrk gS rc vy
uhuks tSlh fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSa rFkk iwoZ ls cgus okyh ious a lkekU; ls de gks rh gSa A tc
fLFkfr;k¡ blds foijhr gksrh gSa ] ty lkekU; ls vf/d B.Mk gksrk gS rFkk iwoZ ls iousa vf/d 'kfDr
ls cgus yxrh gSa rc mlls yk uhuks fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gS aA lkekU;r;k ;s nks uksa 3 ls 5 o"kks ± es a
mifLFkr gksrh gSa A leq nzksa rFkk ok;qe.My ds chp ,s lh va rZ foz Q;k,¡] fo'o ds vus d Hkkxks a es a yksxksa ds
thou rFkk ikfjra=k ij xgjk izHkko Mkyrh gS aA ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation
Phenomenon) dk vlj [kk| mRiknu ij iM+ rk gSA ENSO ds nkSjku egklkxj ds rkieku rFkk
ty/kjkvksa es a gks us okys ifjorZu tyh; thou dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA bldk vlj mu yks xks a ij
iM+ rk gS] tks eRL; mRiknu ls viuh vkthfodk pykrs gS a lkFk gh os miHkks Drk tks Hkks tu ds fy,
dqN fo'ks"k eNfy;ksa ij fuHkZj djrs gS aA o` Qf"k dkiQh gn rd tyok;q ij fuHkZj gS D;ks afd rkieku o"kkZ
ij ENSO izHkko ls o` Qf"k ij vlj iM+rk gSA
fdl izdkj vy uhuks Hkkjr esa ekulwuh o"kkZ dks izHkkfor djrk gS %
,d futh ekS le vuqeku laLFkk LdkbZus V ds vuqlkj] vy uhuks rFkk Hkkjrh; ekulw u vizR;{k :i ls
la caf/r gSa A Hkkjr es a lcls Hk;adj (nq fHkZ{k) lw [kk iM+ s] muesa ls N% 1871 ls ysdj vkt rd vy
uhuks ds izHkko ds dkj.k iM+s gSa A ftuesa gky ds o"kks± 2002 rFkk 2009 okys lw[ks Hkh 'kkfey gS aA
;|fi] ,d ckr Li"V gS fd vy uhuks o"kkZ Hkkjr dh ekulw uh o"kkZ dks izHkkfor djrs gS aA bl nkS jku] lkekU;r;k vklr ls de o"kkZ gks rh gS] tks iQly mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrh gSA vy uhuks iz R;{k
:i ls Hkkjrh; o` Qf"k vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djrh gS] D;ksa fd blls o"kkZ Írq dh [kjhiQ iQlyksa
dk mRiknu de gks tkrk gSA tSls& pkoy] xUuk] dikl ,oa fryguA vUrr%xRok c<+rh egaxkbZ rFkk
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?kVrs ldy ?kjs yw mRikn ds :i esa bldk vlj n`f"Vxks pj gksrk gS] D;ks afd Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk es a
o` Qf"k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 14» gSA
rkfydk es a ,d n'kd ds nkS jku ,y uhuks rFkk yk uhuk dk izHkko n'kkZ;k x;k gS
o"kZ mifLFkfr @ ?kVuk izHkko ekulw u
2004 ,y uhuks lw [kk 88»
2005 rVLFk lkekU; 101»
2006 rVLFk lkekU; 103»
2007 yk uhuks vf/drk 110»
2008 yk uhuks lkekU; ls vf/d 105»
2009 ,y uhuks Hk;a dj lw [kk 79»
2010 yk uhuk lkekU; 100»
2011 yk uhuk lkekU; 104»
2012 eè;e ,y uhuks lkekU; ls de 92»
2013 rVLFk lkekU; ls vf/d 106»
ekulwu % 50 o"kks ± dh vkS lr ds izfr'kr ds :i es a
lz ksr % LdkbZ es V
,y uhuks Hkkjr ds 2014&15 ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gS&
ega xkbZ ij iz s l Vª LV vkW iQ ba fM;k dh fjiks VZ] 27 viz S y] 2014 14% 01 (Hkkjrh; le;kuq lkj)
ubZ fnYyh % fjiks Vks± ds vk/kj ij dgk tk jgk gS fd foÙk o"kZ 2014&15 es a ,y uhuks ds dkj.k
lkekU; ls de ekulwu dk Hkkjr dh vkfFkZ d o f¼ rFkk ega xkbZ ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA ,p-,l-ch-
lh- dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd orZ eku foÙk o"kZ es a egaxkbZ c<+ ldrh gS] D;ksa fd ekulwu ij
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la Hkkfor ,y uhuks izHkko [kk| ewY;ks a dks c<+ k nsxk rFkk fo'o esa HkkS xksfyd&jktuSfrd vfuf'prrkvks a
ds nkSj esa oLrq vks a ds ewY;ksa es a o` f¼ gksxh ghA
,y uhuks ls rkRi;Z gS eè; rFkk iwohZ m".kdfVca/h; iz 'kka r egklkxj es a leqnz ry ij vkSlr ls
vf/d rkieku gksukA ,slh voLFkk izfr 4&12 o"kks ± esa mifLFkr gks rh gSA fiNyh ckj blus Hkkjr ds
ekulwu dks 2009 esa izHkkfor fd;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k yxHkx pkj n'kdksa dk lcls Hk;a dj lw[kk
iM+ k FkkA vesfjdk&es fjy fyap cSa d dh ,d fjiks VZ esa dgk x;k gS fd ,y uhuks ds dkj.k iM+s lw[ks
ds ifj.kkeLo:i egaxkbZ esa 8&10 iz fr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA ;fn lkekU; o"kkZ gksrh gS] rks miHkks Drk
ewY; lw pdkad (CPI) vk/kfjr eq nzkLiQhfr esa ekpZ 2015 rd 7&75» dh deh vkuh pkfg,A nwljh
vksj] ;fn ,y uhuks] [kjhiQ iQly dks izHkkfor djrh gS rc c<+rs [kk| ewY; CP Ivk/kfjr eqnz kLiQhfr esa 8&10» dh c<+ ksrjh gks tk,xhA
xeZ dq :f'k;ks ty/kjk
dq:f'k;ks ty/kjk (dkyh Tokj vFkok tkikuh ty/kjk Hkh dgk tkrk gS) mÙkjh iz'kkar egklkxjh;
o` Ùk dk mÙkjh cgko Hkkx gSA ;g iz 'kka r egklkxj dh ty/kjk gSA vVykafVd egklkxj dh xYiQ LVª he
dk iz fr:i gSA ;g fo"kq Drh; {ks=kks a ls /q zoh; {ks=kksa dh vksj xeZ ty ykrh gS aA bl iz dkj] xYiQ LVªhe
dh Hkkafr ;g ty/kjk tkiku] vY;qfV;al rFkk rVh; vykLdk ,oa fcz fV'k dks ya fc;k dh tyok;q dks
le cukrh gSA dqjksf'k;ks ty/kjk tyh; tho tUrqvksa leqnz h isQuh bR;kfn dk mÙkj fn'kk dh vksj ykrh
gSA fo'o ds lcls mÙkj esa fLFkr 'kS yfHkfÙk ew axk }hiksa es a ls ,d tkiku ds iwohZ rV ds ikl ew axk 'kS y
fHkfÙk dks bl ty/kjk dk xeZ ty ykHkkfUor djrk gSA ,s lk ekuk tkrk gS fd dqjksf'k;ks ty/kjk dk
vkjaHk rkboku ds iwohZ rV ds lehi ls gks rk gS] tgk¡ mÙkjh fo"kqoÙkh; ty/kjk if'pe dh vksj
cgrs&cgrs mÙkj dh vf/d dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA tc nf{k.k esa bldk vkjaHk gksrk gS rc 250 ls
rd jgrk gSA tc rd ;g vY;q fV;a l }hi ds iwohZ rV dh vks j eqM+rh gS] bldk rkieku 20 ls rd
fxj tkrk gSA xeZ fo"kqoÙkh; bykdksa ls B.Ms /q zoh; bykdksa dh vksj dq y mQ"ek dk LFkkuka rj.k cgqr
vf/d gksrk gSA
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fp=k&4 % tkikuh }hi lew g ds pkjks a rjiQ egklkxjh; ty/kjk,a % 1- dq :f'kvks 2- dq :f'kvks foLrkj 3- dq :f'kvks
foijhr ty/kjk,a 4- lq feek ty/kjk,a 5- lq xk: ty/kjk,a 6- lks ;k ty/kjk,a 7- vks ;f'kvks 8- fyeku ty/kjk,a
dq:f'k;ks mQtkZ la;a =k %
rkboku ds ikl ,d jk"Vª ds :i es a Lons 'kh; mQtkZ ty fo|q r] iou rFkk lkS j mQtkZ ds vR;arvYi lalk/u gS a vr% og viuh mQtkZ dk 99-2» vk;kr djrk gSA mQtkZ lqj{kk ds lanHkZ esa ,slh
voLFkk,¡ vR;ar Hk;adj gSa A ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk gy fudkyus ds fy,] iw ohZ rkboku es a dqjksf'k;ks
dh ty/kjk dh mQtkZ dk mi;ksx ,d vR;a r ykHkizn volj iznku djrk gSA iwohZ rkboku ds ikl
ls xqtjus okyh ;g leqnzh ty/kjk iz cy ,oa LFkk;h gSA mfpr rjhds ls mÙke xq.koÙkk okys LFkyksa ]
;k la;a =kksa dks lko/kuhiw oZ d fu;kstu djds LFkkfir djus ls 30 GW (xhxkokV) ls vf/d la HkkO;
mQtkZ mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA 30 GW iznw "k.k eq Dr mQtkZ ds lkFk rkboku izHkkoh :i ls mQtkZ lq j{kk dks c<+k ldrk gS] xzhu gkml xS lks a ds mRltZu es a deh dj ldrk gS rFkk mQtkZ &oz Q; dh
dher esa deh yk ldrk gSA
lzks r % ,uthZ fjlpZ ls a Vj ,oa ba LVhV~ ;w V vkW iQ ,IykbM eS ds fudl~ ] jk"Vªh; rkboku fo'ofo|ky;] rkbos ] rkboku
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B.Mh vks ;kf'k;ks ty/kjk
;g mi vkdZfVd egklkxj dh ,d B.Mh ty/kjk gS rFkk mÙkjh iz 'kka r egklkxj ds if'peh Hkkx esa
okekorZ ;k mYVh fn'kk esa iz okfgr gksrh gSA bldh mRifÙk vkdZfVd egklkxj es a gks rh gS] rRi'pkr~
;g cs fja x lkxj ls gks dj nf{k.k dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA bl nkSjku ;g ty/kjk cs fja x ty laf/ dks
ikj djrs gq, vkdZ fVd lkxj ds B.Ms ty dks iz'kkar egklkxj es a feyk nsrh gSA ;g tkiku ds mÙkjh
rV ds lehi dqjksf'k;ks ty/kjk ls Vdjkrh gS ftlls mÙkjh iz 'kkar ty/kjk (;k fMªÝV) dk tUe gks rk
gSA mÙkj ls vk;k iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiw j vks ;kf'k;ks ty/kjk dk mQijh xkeh ty ,d ojnku lkfcr
gks rk gS vkS j tyh; thoksa dk ikyu djrk gSA ;g ty/kjk lq nwj iwohZ :l dh tyok;q ij xgjk izHkko
Mkyrh gSA eq[;r% iw ohZ lkbcs fj;k dh cS dky >hy ls ys dj dke pkrdk ds chpA bldk ty
laHkor;k la lkj dk lokZ f/d le`¼ eRL; ty gS ftldk ykHk B.Ms ty esa mPp iks "kd rRoksa ds
:i es a feyrk gSA ;|fi] bl ty/kjk ds dkj.k ekSle ds vuq lkj IykfnoksLrd iru ciQZ ls te
gks rk gS] tks fo"kqor js[kk ds lcls fudV gSA rFkk 'khr Írq es a fge[k.Mksa ls Vdjkrs gq , tgktksa dks
[kqys esa #duk iM+ rk gSA
vVyka fVd egklkxj esa xeZ xYiQ LVªhe ;g vR;ar xeZ vkSj xgjh ty/kjk gS tks fo"kqoÙkh; {ks =kksa ls /q zoks a dh vksj ty izokfgr djrh gSA blls
mÙkjh vVyka fVd mi fo"kq orh; o`Ùk dk ,d cM+k Hkkx curk gSA ;g ,d etcwr] rhoz xkeh mQ"e
ty/kjk gS tks] eS fDldks dh [kkM+h ls mRiUu gksdj vVyka fVd egklkxj esa cgrh gSA xYiQ LVªhe dk
O;ogkj rVjs [kk dh mifLFkfr ls fu/kZfjr gks rk gSA ;w-,l-,- rFkk dukMk ds iwohZ rV] igyh ckj bldh
ty/kjk dh [kks t dk Js; Lisuh vUos"kd tqvku iksa l Mh fy;kW u dks tkrk gS ftlds i'pkr~ Lis uh
ukfodks a }kjk bldk cgqr vf/d mi;ks x es a yk;k x;kA tc os dSjs fc;u {ks=kks a ls Lisu dh vksj
vVyka fVd egklkxj dks ikj djrs FksA
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fp=k&5 % vVykafVd egklkxj esa xYiQ LVªhe
xYiQ LVªhe dk izHkko
xYiQ LVªhe mu vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ ty/kjkvksa es a ls ,d gS tks mu {ks =kksa dh tyok;q dks izHkkfor
djrh gS a tgk¡ og izokfgr gks rh gSA ;g vius lkjs ty dk laxz g.k dSfjfc;kbZ {ks=kks a ds fo"kqoÙkh; xeZ
ty rFkk eSfDldks dh [kkM+h ls djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ] ;g lkxj dh lrg ds rkieku dks xeZ j[krh
gSA vklikl ds {ks =kksa dks xeZ rFkk vuqdwy cuk, j[krh gSA ÝyksfjMk rFkk ;w -,l-,- dk T;knkrj nf{k.kh
iw ohZ fgLlk lkyHkj vuqdwy cuk jgrk gSA
bl ty/kjk dk T;knk izHkko ;w jks i dh tyok;q ij iM+ rk gSA pw afd ;g mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxj esa iz okfgr gksrh gS] blfy, ;g Hkh mQ"e jgrh gS (;|fi blh v{kka'k ij leqnzh lrg dk rkieku dkiQh
de jgrk gS) ;g vk;jyS.M rFkk baXyS aM tSls ns 'kks a dks xeZ j[krh gS vU;Fkk brus mPp v{kka'k ij
gksus ds dkj.k ;s {ks=k dkiQh B.Ms gks rsA ukos Z ds mÙkjh rV dks fge eqDr j[kus es a Hkh viuk ;ksxnku
nsrh gSA
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mÙkjh vVyka fVd egklkxj es a 'khr yS cz ksMks j ty/kjk
;g ty/kjk vkdZ fVd egklkxj ls nf{k.k dh vks j yS czks Mks j rV rFkk U;w iQkmaMyS aM ls xqtjrh gqbZ uks ok
Ldks fV;k ds iw ohZ rV ds lehi cgrh gSA ;g 'khr ty/kjk dukMk dk iw ohZ rV (mÙkj esa ) B.Mk
j[krh gS rFkk fojy tyla[;k ?kuRo jgrk gSA oLrqr% dukMk ds iw ohZ rV ij 530 ls 560 mÙkjh
v{kka'k rd gh o`{k ik;s tkrs gSa (blds ckn mÙkj dh vksj o`{k ugha gSa ) nw ljh vksj] eè; lkbcsfj;k es a
dbZ LFkkuksa ij 720 mÙkj rd o`{k ik;s tkrs gSa ] 150 v{kka'k (mÙkj dh vks j) dk va rj gksus ij HkhA
tc 'khr yS cz ks Mks j ty/kjk] mQ"e xYiQ LVªhe ls U;w iQkmaMyS aM rFkk esjhVkbe iz kar ds rV ds ikl
feyrh gS rc ,d lq :fpiw.kZ ?kVuk ?kVrh gSA 'khr ty/kjk dk mQ"e ty/kjk ls feyku gksus ij xz kaM
cS ad tyjkf'k ij ?kus dksgjs cu tkrs gSa A lkFk gh vfr le`¼ eRL; {ks =k Hkh curk gSA ;s mFkys ty
{ks =k vus d O;kikfjd eRL; iz tkfr;ks a esa le`¼ gksrs gS a tS ls& LokMZfiQ'k rFkk gs yhcV fiQV bR;kfnA
fp=k&6 % c`gn Nks ij [kkM+h dh xeZ ty/kjkvksa vkSj 'khr ykokMksj ty/kjkvksa dk feJ.k
yS czks Mks j ty/kjk es a dbZ ckj] fge[k.M ik, tkrs gS a tks lw nw j nf{k.kh ty jkf'k;ks a es a ukfod vkink ys
vkrs gSa D;ks afd ;gk¡ fge[k.Mks a dh mifLFkfr vukisf{kr gks rh gSA
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lsa V tksa l canjxkg ds ikl y?kq tyjkf'k;ks a es a fge[k.M & fge[k.Mks a dh yq Hkkouh NVk ,d
izfl¼ i;Z Vd vkd"kZ.k dsUnz cu x;k gSA ijUrq] ;s fge[k.M tgktks a ,oa ukoksa dh xfr'khyrk es a cgq r
cM+k [krjk lkfcr gks ldrs gS aA
fp=k&7 % ciQhu [kkM+h esa ciQZ dk igkM+
'khr yS czksMksj ty/kjk bu fge[k.Mks a dks nwj nf{k.k es a cjew Mk rd rFkk nwj iwoZ esa vtksjl rd
izokfgr djus ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA fge[k.Mksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus ds fy, va rjkZ "Vª h; fge x'r ny
(International Ice Patrol) dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS tks egklkxjksa ds mu {ks=kksa dh fuxjkuh Hkh djs xk tgk¡ ;s fge[k.M nq yZ Hk gS aA
leku v{kka 'kksa ijUrq mÙkjh vVyka fVd egklkxj dh foijhr fLFkfr;ks a ij vofLFkr nks rVh;
{ks=k!
;g loZ fofnr gS fd lw ;Z dh frjNh fdj.kks a ds dkj.k fo"kq or js [kk ds lehi {ks=kksa dh vis{kk /qz oh;
{ks =k vf/d B.Ms gSa A gkyka fd yxHkx leku v{kka 'kksa ij fLFkr nks {ks=k ,s ls gS a ftldh tyok;q ijLij
fHkUu gSA
LFkku A & LdkW lZ ckbZ lqa M & xzhuySa M ds iwoZ rV ij (70.50N)
LFkku B & =kksElks & ukos Z ds if'peh rV ij (69.50N)
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fp=k&8 % 70-5 0 v{kka 'k ij LdkWlZckbZ lq aM
fp=k&9 % 69-5 0 v{kka 'k ij Vªks Elks] ukosZ
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fp=k&10 % LdkWlZ ckbZ lq aM rFkk VªksElks dh fLFkfr
is: ty/kjk rFkk bldk izHkko
is : ty/kjk vFkok gEcksYV ty/kjk] nf{k.kh iwohZ iz'kkar egklkxj es a izokfgr gks rh gSA pwafd ;g
,d 'khr ty/kjk gS] blfy, vy uhuks ds le; dks Nks M+dj] ;g lehi ds rVksa ij /qa/ dk
okrkoj.k cukrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ;g rV fo'o ds lokZ f/d 'kq"d {ks=kksa esa ls ,d cu tkrk
gSA
nf{k.kh iw ohZ O;kikfjd iousa rFkk iFoh ds ?kw.kZu ds fefJr izHkko ds dkj.k 'khr ty/kjk ds iz okg ds
ifj.kkeLo:i xgjs ty ds mQijhxkeh gksus ls lrg ds lehi vf/dkf/d iks"kd rRoks a dk tekoM+k
gks tkrk gSA lkS j iz dk'k dk ldkjkRed rFkk ykHknk;d izHkko IySa dVu dh vf/dkf/d o`f¼ es a
lgk;d gksrk gS] ftlls is :] phyh rFkk bDokMks j ds rV dh tyjkf'k;ksa esa lalkj ds vfr le`¼ ,oa
b
a
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foLr`r eRL; {ks=kksa dk fuekZ .k gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ,a dks ohl cgqrk;r esa gks rk gS tks V~ ;wuk ljh[kh cM+h
eNfy;ks a dk Hkkstu gSA ,a dks ohl ij fuHkZj jgus okys if{k;ksa ds lewgksa }kjk fxjkbZ xbZ Xokuks chV
(vof'k"V) dk iz ;ksx moZ jd :i esa fd;k tkrk gS tksfd vR;a r mi;ks xh gS D;ks afd bles a ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQs V rFkk ikW Vsf'k;e Hkkjh ek=kk es a ik;s tkrs gS aA ;s rhuks a iks"kd ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ ds fy, vko';d
gSa A vkt blh dkj.k tSfod fdlku Xokuks chV dh ryk'k esa jgrs gS aA
is : % lkjs ,a dks ohl dgk¡ x,\
14 vizS y] 2013
yhek] is : & is : dh ,adksohl] tks vkSlru 5 bap rd gksrh gS a] 'kk;n fo'o dh fo'kkydk;
eNfy;ks a esa viuk uke u fy[kok ik;sA gEcksYV ty/kjk esa thou;kiu djus okyh pkanh&lh ped
okyh ;g iztkfr fo'kky tkyks a es a ,df=kr dh tkrh gSA ;g ty/kjk nf{k.kh vesfjdk ds iz 'kka r rV
ds lehi mQijh xkeh va VkdZfVd ty ls curh gS] tks IySadVu ls Hkjiw j jgrk gSA ;g eNyh iztkfr
eRL; m|ksx ds fy, vklkuh ls iz kIr gks tkrh gSA fo'o bfrgkl esa ] is: dh ,adksoh eNyh lokZ f/d
nksgu ;k iz;ksx dh tkuh eRL; ds dkj.k] eka l fu;kZrd ns 'k cu x;k gSA bl eRL; ekal dk
bLrs eky US Midwest ls ys dj phu rd i'kqvksa ds Hkks tu ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA la ;qDr jk"Vª ds [kk| ,oa o`Qf"k la xBu ds vuqlkj] pw afd ,adksohl [kk| Ü k` a[kyk dk fgLlk gS] blfy, bldk de
gksuk is : rV ds ty es a vU; fo'kky eRL; iz tkfr;ks a ij udkjkRed izHkko Mky jgk gSA
fo'kky iz 'kkar egklkxjh; vof'k"V {ks =k
Hkwxksy cuk ,d [kcj
lzksr % ¶o`gr iz'kkar egklkxjh; vof'k"V inkFkZ {ks =k¸] 20 vxLr] 2008
egklkxjksa esa iznw"k.k cM+h rhoz xfr ls c<+ jgk gSA 1 twu] 2008 dks nks oS Kkfud rFkk ,d iQksVksxzkiQj
Cyksxj us dSfyiQksfuZ ;k ds ykxs chp ls viuh ukfod ;k=kk vkja Hk dh vksj iz'kkar egklkxj dks ikj
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djrs gq, if'pe fn'kk es a gokbZ }hi dh rjiQ c<+sA ;s nks iq #"k rFkk ,d efgyk fdlh vkyh'kku
vkjkenk;d tgkt ij ;k=kk ugha dj jgs FksA ;s] 15000 IykfLVd cks ryks a rFkk ,d foeku Cessna
310 ds eè; Hkkx @ /M+ @ dcU/ ls fufeZr ,d JUNK uked uko ij lokj FksA bl lewg us fo'o ds egklkxjksa es a Hkjiwj ek=kk es sa ty dks xa nk djus okys IykfLVd ds la ca/ liQyrkiw oZd tkx:drk
vfHk;ku pyk;kA vc le; vk x;k gS ,d lq fu;ksftr rjhds ls eqfnz r rFkk JO;&n` '; lapkj ekè;eksa
dh lgk;rk ls tu lk/kj.k dks tkx:d djrs gq , bl ij ppkZ djuk vko';d gSA
fp=k&11 % e`r ckyd leqnh tho ds isV esa ik, x,
IykfLVd ds vo'ks "k ftUgs a mlds vfHkHkkodks a us f[kyk;k gks xk
tS ls&tSls tad ( JUNK) uko leqnz esa jgh Fkh] blus o gr iz'kka r vof'k"V inkFkZ {ks =k es a iz os'k djus
dk tksf[ke mBk;kA
bl {ks =k dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS fd ,sfrgkfld :i ls] dw M+k tS ofuEuhdj.k ds ekè;e ls lekIr gks rk
jgrk FkkA gkyka fd] vk/q fud le; es a ik;k tkus okyk IykfLVd bruk vf/d fVdkÅ vkSj fLFkj gS fd
leq nz h o` Ùkksa es a 50 o"kksZ a ls Hkh iq jkuk IykfLVd vHkh Hkh ekS tw n gS] tks o"kks Za rd VwVrk ugha gSA
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fp=k&12 % mÙkjh iz'kka r {ks=k ds o`Ùk es a mRiUu vof'k"V inkFkZ {ks=k
tho&tUrq ] IykfLVd dks Hkks tu le>dj [kk ys rs gS a vkS j mls ipkus ds iz;kl esa ej tkrs gSa A leqnz h
if{k;ksa ds e`r 'kjhjks a rFkk dadkyks a esa lHkh iz dkj dk IykfLVd ik;k x;k gSA bl dw M+k&ddZ V ds
dkj.k vufxur leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks rh gS a ftuesa loZ izFke] eRL; tula [;k esa Hkkjh deh] D;ksa fd ;s
iz nwf"kr leq nz h Hkks tu vFkok IykfLVd rRoksa dks [kkus dk iz ;kl djrh gS aA f}rh;] eNqokjksa dh
vkthfodk dk lzks r lekIr gks tk,xk] tks ekuo ek=k ds le{k ,d cM+ k izLrqr djsxkA iz fr o"kZ cM+ h
ek=kk esa lw{e IykfLVd d.k] IykfLVd ls cuk dPpk eky bR;kfn cgk fn;k tkrk gS vFkok xyrh ls
cg tkrk gSA blesa ls vf/dka 'k egklkxjks a esa tkdj feyrk gSA ;s iz nw"kd rRo] jklk;fud Lia tksa dh
rjg O;ogkj djrs gq , gkbMªks dkcZ u rFkk Mh-Mh-Vh- dhVuk'kdksa tSls Ñf=ke @ fla FkSfVd jlk;uks a dks
viuh vksj vkdf"kZ r djrk gSA tc eNfy;k¡ bu lw{e iznwf"kr rRoksa dks xz g.k djrh gS a rks lanwf"kr gks
tkrh gSa A budk ls ou djus ij euq"; Hkh jlk;uksa dks [kk ysrk gSA
pw afd la lkj ds yxHkx 40» leq nz] oLrqr% miks".kdfVca/h; o` Ùk gSa ] leqnzryksa dk yxHkx ,d&pkSFkkbZHkkx IykfLVd dh fxjÝr es a vk x;k gSA ;g ,d cM+ h i;kZ oj.k laca/h leL;k gS ftlds xaHkhj
HkkSxksfyd ifj.kke gksa xs rFkk vHkh bldk dksbZ LFkk;h lek/ku ut+ j ugha vk jgk gSA
blls igys fd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj vf/d [kjkc gksa bl leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, eqfnzr ,oa JO;&n`';
la pkj ekè;eks a ls tkx:drk iQSykrs gq, ,d lq fu;ksftr <ax ls dk;Z djuk le; dh eka x gSA
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la nHkZ
• www.cpc.noaa.gov
•
www.weatheronline.in
• www.globalpost.com
• www.what-when-how.com
• www.independent.co.uk
• www.mindfully.org
• www.nytimes.com
• www.popularmechanics.com
• www.boem.gov
• www.britannica.com
• www.downtoearth.org
• geography.about.com
• www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk
• www.seos-project.eu
•
commons.wikimedia.org
• www.af.mil
• www.theodora.com
• www.planiglob.com
uewuk iz'u
iz-1 ukosZ ds if'peh rV ij cxZu iÙku ds ,d lekpkj i=k ds laoknnkrk ds :i esa LFkkuh;
tula [;k ij mÙkjh vVykafVd fMª ÝV ty/kjk ds izHkko rFkk egÙo ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A(5 va d)
iz-2 vki leqnz rV ds ikl ,d lkeq nkf;d us rk gS a A leq nz ksa ds iz nw"k.k dks jks dus ds fy, ,d
lkeqnkf;d dk;Z &;kstuk dk iz k:i rS;kj dhft,A (5 vad)
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va d&;ks tuk
mÙkj 1- mÙkjh vVykafVd fMªÝV dk lz ksr ,oa fn'kk
ty/kjk dh iz eq[k fo'ks "krk,¡
tyok;q izHkko % mÙkjh vVyka fVd fMª ÝV dk lerkih izHkko
vkfFkZ d izHkko % fge&eqDr iÙku
eRL;&xz g.k
o"kZ Hkj iz;Z Vu
mÙkj 2- fuEu fcanq vksa ij ppkZ djrs gq, leqnk; esa gksus okys ifjorZu ij izHkko Mkyuk vFkok dksbZ
vU; izkla fxd fca nq %
lqjf{kr ,oa nh?kZ dkfyd leq nzh Hkkstu
IykfLVd mRiknks a dk de ls de mi;ksx
leq nzh thou dk 'kks "k.k djus okyh oLrq vks a dk foØ; u djuk
leq nzks a ds cpko es a yxs la xBuksa dks lg;ks x djuk
ftEesnkjh ds lkFk leq nz h ;k=kk djuk
leq nzh rFkk tyh; thou ds fo"k; es a Lo;a rFkk leq nk; dks f'kf{kr djuk
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eq Dr ikB&vk/kfjr ewY;kadu Hkwxksy d{kk&XI
2- fo"k; % leqnzh lalk/u
lkjka 'k
iFoh ds yxHkx nks &frgkbZ Hkkx ij iQS ys egklkxjks a es a Hkkjh ek=kk es a la lk/u gS a ] ftues a ls dbZ ] mRifÙk
,oa fodkl ds izkja fHkd pj.kks a ls ys dj vkt rd ekuo }kjk iz;ks x fd;s tkrs jgs gS a A blds vfrfjDr]
,s ls vus d la lk/u leq nzks a es a fo|eku gS a ] tks gekjh tkudkjh es a ugha gS a ] ugh iz;ks x es a yk;s x;s gS a A
fodkl dh izfoz Q;k us vk/q fud rduhd ds lkFk feydj la lk/uks a dks <w a< fudkyus ds fy, leq nzks a es a vUos "k.k dk dkiQh c<+kok fn;k gS A leq nz] ges a Hkkjh ek=kk es a la lk/u iznku djrs gS a & gekjh Hkw [k dks
'kka r djus ds fy, [kk| lkexzh ls ys dj gekjh e'khuks a dks pykus ds fy, mQtkZ ds fofHkUu lzks r rd]
[kfutks a ls ysdj fofo/ tS oh;&fpfdRlk la ca /h tho bR;kfnA egklkxjks a ls izkIr la lk/u gekjh vus d
vko';drkvks a dk lek/ku izLrq r djrs gS a A ;g ekuk tk jgk gS fd ftl izdkj le; ds lkFk LFky
Hkkx ij la lk/u lrr de gks jgs gS a ] mlds eq rkfcd ekuo leq nzh la lk/uks a ij vf/d fuHkZ j gks
tk,xkA gkyka fd bu leq nzh la lk/uks a ds c<+rs vf/dkf/d nks gu ds dkj.k tyh; ikfjra =k [krjs es a iM+ x;k gS A vr,o] tyh; ikfjra =k ds lgh la j{k.k rFkk cs grj Hkfo"; ds fy, dne mBkuk vR;ko';d gS a
,oa ok;q ,oa leq nzh la lk/u ds la rq fyr mi;ks x ij è;ku ns uk Hkh vko'd gS A
izLrkouk
gekjh i`Foh ,d vn~ Hkqr xz g gS tks thou dks lgk;rk djus okys lalk/u ls ifjiw .kZ gSA i`Foh dks
uhyk x`g dgk tkrk gS] D;ksa fd ;gk¡ i;kZ Ir ek=kk esa ty gS ftldk vf/dka 'k fgLlk fo'kky egklkxjksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;fn vki va rfj{k ls fy, x, i`Foh ds Nk;k fp=k ns [ksa rks ;g ,d ^uhys laxejej*
tS lk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd i`Foh dk 71» Hkkx ij egklkxjksa dk ty gSA 'ks"k Hkkx
LFky gSA i`Foh ds dq y ty dk 87» egklkxjksa es a gSA ;s izko` Qfrd :i ls vkil esa feys gq, gSa rFkk
bUgsa ik¡p eq [; egklkxjks a esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& iz 'kkar] vVykafVd] fgUn] nf{k.kh ,oa vkdZ fVdA
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LFky Hkkx rFkk leqnz nks uksa gh fo'kky ek=kk es a iz ko`Qfrd lalk/uks a dk lz ksr gSa A vis{kko`Qr LFky Hkkx ds
la lk/u lkxjh; la lk/uksa ls vf/d mi;ksx esa yk;s x;s gSa A gkyka fd yksd fofo/ leqnzh lalk/uks a dk
iz ;ksx dj jgs gSa & [kk|] mQtkZ] [kfut] tSfod fpfdRlk tho bR;kfnA vHkh vus d la lk/u iz ;ksx esa ugha vk, gS a] cfYd mudh [kkst gh ugha gq bZ gSA ;qxksa ls leq nzksa dk mi;ks x ifjogu] vkeksn&izeksn]
vof'k"V foltZ u rFkk vU; xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, gks rk jgk gSA fuEu [k.Mks a esa fo'kky leqnz h lalk/uks a
esa ls i;kZIr ek=kk es a iz;ks x fd, tkus la lk/uks a ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
fp=k&1 % viksyks 17 va rfj{k ;ku ds lnL;ksa }kjk 7 fnlEcj]1972 dks i`Foh dk fy;k x;k izfl¼ fp=k ¶uhyk laxejej¸
rsy ,oa iz ko`Qfrd xSl
nks lokZf/d [kksts tkus okys lalk/u] rsy rFkk izko` Qfrd xS l gS a tks leqnz ry dh xgjkbZ ;ks a esa ik,
tkrs gS aA rVh; {ks=k dh vis{kk rV ls nwj ds {ks =kksa es a rs y 'kks/u ,d tfVy rFkk [kphZ yh iz foz Q;k gSA
ijUrq rs y dh ekax c<+us rFkk cs grj rduhdh ds dkj.k rV ls nw j rsy vUos"k.k ,oa 'kks/u es a o`f¼
gqbZ gSA lalkj esa yxHkx 900 c`gn Lrjd rsy ,oa xSl {ks=k gSa A fo'o ds dqy rsy dk yxHkx ,d
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frgkbZ lkxj ry ls fudkyk tkrk gSA ;w-,l-,- es a 19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z esa izFke ckj rVh; {ks=k esa
rs y fjXl dk fuekZ .k fd;k x;kA ;s rV ls nwj rs y fjXl ty esa dqN ehVj gh [kM+ h jgrh FkhA vkxs
pydj] leq nz ds xgjs ty es a rV ls nwj rs y&dwiksa dk fuekZ .k fd;k x;kA Vks cS xks rs y {ks =k es avofLFkr ,d varjkZ "Vª h; rsy da iuh }kjk] rsy mRiknu ds fy, rs ydwiksa ds ty dh xgjkbZ dk
vka dM+k j[kk tkrk gSA 2934 ehVj dh xgjkbZ ij eS fDldks dh [kkM+h ds ry ds uhps ls bl rs y es a
rsy fudkyk tkrk gSA ;s ekuo`Qr }hiks a dh Hkka fr gS] ftUgsa egklkxjks a esa Tokj rFkk rw iQku bR;kfn
iz frdwy ekS leh n'kkvks a ls fuiVus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA lokZf/d rsy mRiknd {ks =k gS a& mÙkjh lkxj]
eSfDldks dh [kkM+h] cz kthy rFkk if'peh viz Qhdk ds chp vVykafVd egklkxj] vjc dh [kkM+ h]
nf{k.kh iwohZ ,f'k;k ds vkl&ikl ds lkxjA dbZ ns 'k] u;s rsy {ks=kks a dk vUos"k.k djus dk iz ;kl dj jgs gS a rFkk os xgjs ls xgjs ty es a rs y fu"iknu dj jgs gS aA dbZ u;s rs y {ks =k dks [kks t fy;k x;k gS
tS ls nf{k.kh phu lkxj es aA
fp=k&2 % virVh; rs y {ks=k
Hkkjr ds ikl Hkh viuk rV ls nw j rsy {ks=k fodflr fd;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ vjc lkxj esa eqEcbZ rV ls
nwj eq EcbZ gkbZ rFkk iUuk eq Drk rs y {ks=kA
rs y dh Hkka fr] iz ko`Qfrd xS l dk miHkks x Hkh c<+ rk tk jgk gSA orZeku esa ] fo'o ds dq y xS l mRiknu
dk 28» rV ls nwj gks jgk gS (virVh; {ks =kksa es a)A mÙkjh lkxj] eSfDldks dh [kkM+h] vkLVªs fy;k]
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viz Qhdk rFkk jk"Vª eaMy ns'k ,sls iz eq[k {ks =k gSa tgka iz ko` Qfrd xS l ds virVh; Hka Mkj ik, tkrs gS aA
eè; iwoZ esa] iz ko`Qfrd xSl ds virVh; HkaMkj lokZ f/d mQ¡pkbZ ij gS a] tgk¡ /jkry ds HkaMkjks a dh
vis{kk leq nz ds rsy HkaMkjks a esa vf/d ek=kk esa rsy ik;k tkrk gSA varjkZ "Vªh; mQtkZ ,ts alh (IEA) dsvuq lkj bZjkuh lhek js [kk ij fLFkr lkmFk iklZ @ ukW FkZ Mkse {ks=k] iQkjl dh [kkM+h es a drj ds lkFk
fo'o dk lcls fo'kky iz ko` Qfrd xSl dk Hk.Mkj gSA bldh vuq ekfur {kerk 38 fVªfy;u ?ku ehVj
(380 vcj ?ku ehVj) gSA mÙkjh lkxj lcls egÙoiw.kZ xSl mRiknd {ks=k gSA Hkkjr&cka Xykns'k rFkk
ba Mksusf'k;k&eys f'k;k ds virVh; {ks=kks a es a u, mRltZu fcUnqvksa dks <w a<+ uk gSA rsy vUos "k.k dh Hkkafr]
dbZ ns'k iz ko`Qfrd xS l ds Hka Mkj <aw<+us ds fy, lkxj ds xgjs ry esa rs y mRltZ u dj jgs gS aA orZ eku
esa ] 2700 ehVj dh xgjkbZ ls izko` Qfrd xS l mRiknu dk fjdkWMZ] eS fDldks dh [kkM+ h es a fLFkr ps ;uh xSl {ks =k ds uke ntZ gSA vf/dkf/d virVh; xSl {ks=kksa dh [kks t dh tk jgh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
2007 ls 2012 rd] eks.kkfEcd rFkk ra tkfu;k ,oa btjk;y rFkk lkbiz l ds fudV eSfMVs js fu;u {ks=k
(Hkweè; lkxj {ks=k) es a iz eq [k xSl {ks =kksa dks [kkstk x;k gSA czkthy ds virVh; {ks=kks a es a lkarkst cs flu
esa Hkh egÙoiw .kZ HkaMkj [kks ts x, gS aA bles a xS l rFkk rsy dh vus d fo'kky ifV~V;k¡ gS aA ftues a rsy ds
,d fcfy;u Vu rFkk xSl ds ,d fcfy;u ?ku ehVj rd ds fo'kky Hk.Mkj gSaA
rsy rFkk izko` Qfrd xSl ds :i esa mQtkZ ds fy, yxkrkj c<+rh r` ".kk us vusd rVh; rFkk mFkys ty
ds Hk.Mkjks a dks iw .kZ :i ls lekIr dj fn;k gSA vktdy daifu;k¡ Hkh xgjs ty esa rs ydwi cuk jgh
gSaA ftl xgjkbZ ij rs y dk mRiknu gks rk gS] mlds vk/kj rhu fHkUu oxks± esa rs y mRiknu dks ckaVk
x;k gS&
• mFkys ty es a mRiknu & 400 ehVj ls de xgjkbZ rd
• xgjs ty esa mRiknu & yxHkx 1500 ehVj xgjkbZ rd
• vR;f/d xgjs ty es a mRiknu & 1500 ehVj ls vf/d xgjkbZ esa
iz kS|ks fxdh rsy rFkk izko` Qfrd xS l {ks =k ds fy, ojnku fl¼ gqbZ gSA uohu mPp foHksnu Hkw &HkkSfrdh
vUos "k.k izkS |ks fxdh ls lfTtr oS Kkfud 12000 ehVj rd leq nz ry ,oa vU; Hkw xfHkZd Lrj ij rsy
,oa xSl Hk.Mkj irk yxk ldrs gS aA gky dh fjiks Vks± ls Kkr gq vk gS fd 2007 ls 2012 ds chp
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yxHkx 481 fo'kky {ks=k] xgjs rFkk cgqr xgjs ty esa ik, x, tks gky gh esa [kks ts x, fo'kky
virVh; {ks=kks a dk yxHkx 50» gSA rVh; Hk.Mkjksa ds yxHkx lekIr gksus dh orZeku n'kk esa ;s xgjs
ty okys Hk.Mkj fujUrj c<+ rh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ djus dh fn'kk es a vR;Ur egÙoiw .kZ fl¼ gksa xsA gkyka fd bu xgjs rFkk vR;f/d xgjs ty esa ikbZ tkus okys rs y vkS j iz ko`Qfrd xS l Hk.Mkjksa ds le{k pq ukSfr;k¡
dsoy iz kS|ks fxdh ls gh laca f/r ugha gSa oju~ vkfFkZ d Hkh gS a D;ksa fd rsy 'kks/u dk O;; @ dher
iz R;{k :i ls 'kks/u dh xgjkbZ ls tqM+ h gS vFkkZ r~ tSls&tS ls ty dh xgjkbZ c<+ rh tk,xh] oSls&oSls
os/u dk O;; Hkh c<+rk tk,xkA
fp=k&3 % rSjrh gqbZ iou&pDdh] iqrZxky ds ikoksvk fM oftZ e ds virV ls yxHkx 5 fd-eh- nwj
uohdj.kh; mQtkZ la lk/u
bu vuohdj.kh; mQtkZ lalk/uksa ds vfrfjDr] egklkxj] ges a iou] ygjksa ] ty/kjkvks a ds :i es a o`gr
uohdj.kh; mQtkZ iz nku djrk gS ftlesa ls vf/dka 'k dk fu"dklu ugha gqvk gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ
uohdj.kh; tyh; mQtkZ ds :i gS a& iou mQtkZ ] ygj mQtkZ ] Tokjh; mQtkZ] ty/kjk mQtkZ] fofHkUu
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egklkxjh; xgjkb;ksa ij rkieku vlekurkvksa ls iz kIr mQtkZ (egklkxj rkih; mQtkZ :ika rj.k &
OTEC)] rktk ty rFkok yo.kh; ty ds fofHkUu yo.k rRoksa ls iz kIr mQtkZ (ijklj.kh mQtkZ)
bR;kfnA gkykafd bu mQtkZvksa ds fu"dklu ,oa mi;ks x ds fy, iz kS|ks fxdh vHkh vius vkjafHkd pj.k esa gh gSA mijksDr es a ls] iou mQtkZ gh lokZ f/d fodflr rFkk foLr`r :i ls mi;ksxh mQtkZ dk :i
gSA vf/dka 'k virV iou mQtkZ ifj;kstuk ;w ukbVs M fdaxMe] MsuekdZ] uhnjyS aM rFkk LohMu esa ik;s
tkrs gS aA thok'e b±/uksa es a deh rFkk mQtkZ dh ekax es a o` f¼ ds dkj.k vf/dka'k ns'k vius Hkfo"; dh
mQtkZ eka xks a dks iwjk djus ds fy, bu uohdj.kh; mQtkZ vks a ij è;ku yxk jgs gS aA lkFk gh] ;s
uohdj.kh; lalk/u] i;kZoj.k dh n` f"V ls Hkh csgrj gS D;ks afd ;s vuohdj.kh; lal/kuksa dh vis{kk
de iznw "k.k djrs gSa A
[kk|&eNyh rFkk dop eNyh
/jkry dh gh Hkkafr] leqnz Hkh eNyh rFkk dop eNyh ds :i esa Hkks tu dk lz ksr jgk gSA leq nz]
fofo/ izdkj dh eNfy;ksa dk vkokl gS tks ekuo ds fy, Hkks tu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lz ks r gSA
eRL;&xz g.k dh foz Q;k] ekuo ds lkFk mlds fodkl ds vkja fHkd pj.kksa ls tqM+ h jgh gSA ;g fo'o
dh vFkZ O;oLFkk es a Hkh ;ks xnku ns rh gSA egklkxjksa dk bl la lk/u ij lew ps fo'o dh ,d cM+h
tula [;k dh vkthfodk Hkh fuHkZ j djrh gS rFkk dqN ns 'kksa esa rks eRL; dh mudh vFkZO;oLFkk dk
eq[; vk/kj jgh gSA leLr lalkj esa rVh; tula[;k ds fy, eRL; laxzg.k] lokZ f/d egÙoiw.kZ
vkthfodk jgk gSA fdlh Hkh izeq [k m|ks x ds fy, lka f[;dh; mís '; dh iwfrZ gsrq eRL; laxzg.k {ks=k
(vka rfjd rFkk lkxjh;) varjkZ "Vª h; Lrj ij LFkkfir fd, x, gSa A dqy 27 iz eq[k eRL; xz g.k
(vka rfjd ,oa tyh;) {ks=k gS a] ftuesa ls 19 lkxj tyh; eRL; ,sls gSa ] tks vVykafVd] fgUn] iz'kka r
rFkk nf{k.kh egklkxjks a rFkk muds lehiLFk ty {ks =kksa es a O;kIr gSa A leqnzh [kk| lkexz h dh ekax es a
o` f¼ ls eRL; m|ksx dk foLrkj gqvk gS rFkk dbZ lgk;d m|ks x fufeZr gqbZ gS aA bl iz dkj] jk"Vª fo'ks"k
esa vf/d jks txkj rFkk vk; ds volj mRiUu gks jgs gS aA phu dk LFkku eRL; mRiknd ns 'kksa es a izFke
gS] nwljs LFkku ij dkiQh varjky ds ckn Hkkjr gSA vU; iz eq[k eRL; mRiknd ns 'kksa esa baMks usf'k;k] ;w -
,l-,-] is:] :l] tkiku] fo;r~ uke bR;kfn gS aA
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rkfydk&1 % izeq [k leqnz h eRL; la xzg.k {ks =k
iz eq [k leq nz h eRL; laxz g.k {ks=k
Ø-la [;k eRL; {ks=k dksM eRL; {ks =k
1. 18 vkdZfVd lkxj
2. 21 mÙkj&if'peh vVyka fVd
3. 27 iw oksZ Ùkj vVykafVd
4. 31 if'peh eè; vVykafVd
5. 34 iw ohZ eè; vVyka fVd
6. 37 Hkweè; lkxj rFkk dkyk lkxj
7. 41 nf{k.k&if'peh vVykafVd
8. 47 nf{k.k&iw ohZ vVykafVd
9. 48 vVykafVd rFkk ,aVkdZ fVd
10. 51 if'peh fga n egklkxj
11. 57 iw ohZ fga n egklkxj
12. 58 fgan egklkxj] ,a VkdZfVdk rFkk nf{k.kh egklkxj
13. 61 mÙkj&if'peh iz 'kka r egklkxj
14. 67 iw oks ZÙkj iz 'kka r egklkxj
15. 71 if'peh eè; iz 'kka r
16. 77 iw ohZ eè; iz'kkar
17. 81 nf{k.k&if'peh iz 'kka r
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18. 87 nf{k.k iw ohZ iz 'kka r
19. 88 iz 'kka r rFkk ,a VkdZfVd egklkxj
eRL; ikyu Hkkjr es a ,d cgq r egÙoiw .kZ vkfFkZ d xfrfof/ gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 8118 fd-eh- dh
fo'kky rVjs [kk gSA ljdkjh vka dM+ s crkrs gS a fd Hkkjr es a yxHkx 3432 eRL; la xz g.k xz ke gS a A (rkfydk
2) Hkkjr es a eRL; mRiknu es a vR;f/d o` f¼ ns [kh xbZ gS] gkyka fd ;g bldh la Hkkfor {kerk ls dkiQh
de gSA la ;qDr jk"Vª ds [kk| ,oa o` Qf"k la xBu ds vka dM+ ks a ds eq rkfcd Hkkjr es a eRL; mRiknu es a
1950&51 es a 0-76 fefy;u Vu ls ysdj 2012&13 es a 9-6 fefy;u Vu o` f¼ gq bZ gSA rkfydk 3 es a
n'kkZ ;s x, foHkkx ds lka f[;dh; vka dM+ s a iz nf'kZ r djrs gS a fd fiNys n'kd es a dq y eRL; mRiknu es a fdruh o` f¼ gq bZ gSA vkadM+ s a vka rfjd rFkk leq nz h eRL; mRiknu dk Hkkjr ds dq y eRL; mRiknu es a
;ks xnku dks n'kkZ rs gS a A
rkfydk&2 % Hkkjr ds eRL; xz g.k la lk/u (leq nzh)
Hkkjr ds eRL; xzg.k la lk/u (leq nz h)
Ø- la[;k1. rVjs [kk dh yackbZ (fdeh) 8,118
2. fof'k"V vkfFkZ d {ks=k (fefy;u oxZ fdeh) 2.02
3. egk}hih; mFkyk {ks=k (*000 oxZ fdeh) 530
4. eRL; ,d=khdj.k ds Unz ksa dh la [;k 1,537
5. eRL; xz keksa dh la [;k 3,432
6. eNq okjs ifjokjksa dh la [;k 8,74,749
7. eRL; lewgksa dh tula[;k 40,56,213
lzksr % i'kqikyu] Ms ;jh vkSj eRL; ikyu foHkkx (Mh-,-Mh-,iQ-)
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rkfydk&3 % Hkkjr esa eNyh mRiknu (2004&05 ls 2013&14)
Hkkjr esa eNyh mRiknu (2004&05 ls 2013&14)
o"kZ varns Z'kh; eNyh mRiknu leqnz h eNyh mRiknu dq y eNyh mRiknu
va rnsZ 'kh;
(yk[k Vu)
o`f¼ nj
(»)
leqnzh
(yk[k Vu)
o` f¼ nj
(»)
dq y mRiknu
(yk[k Vu)
o`f¼ nj
(»)
2004-05 35.26 1.96 27.79 -5.53 63.05 -1.48
2005-06 37.56 6.52 28.16 1.33 65.72 4.23
2006-07 38.45 2.37 30.24 7.39 68.69 4.52
2007-08 42.07 9.41 29.20 -3.44 71.27 3.76
2008-09 46.38 10.24 29.78 1.99 76.16 6.87
2009-10 48.94 5.52 31.04 4.23 79.98 5.02
2010-11 49.81 1.78 32.50 4.70 82.31 2.91
2011-12 52.94 6.28 33.72 3.75 86.66 5.28
2012-13 57.19 8.03 33.20 –1.51 90.40 4.32
2013-14
la Hkkfor 61.36 7.28 34.43 3.68 95.79 5.96
lzksr % i'kqikyu] Ms ;jh vkSj eRL; ikyu foHkkx (Mh-,-Mh-,iQ-)
leqnz h Hkkstu dh c<+rh eka x us tyh; o`Qf"k (Acquacalture) dk dkiQh fodkl fd;k gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fdlh O;kolkf;d] euks ja tu ;k lkoZ tfud mís'; dh iw frZ gsrq lhfer@la;fer tyh;
i;kZ oj.k es a tyh; tho&tUrqvks a dh o`Qf"k djukA tyh; o`Qf"k nks iz dkj dh gS& leq nzh ,oa rkts ikuh
esa (vka rfjd)A tyh; o`Qf"k dh o`f¼ dqy eRL; mRiknu dks c<+kus esa egÙoiw .kZ Hkw fedk fuHkkrh gS a
gkykafd] ,d vksj rks tyh; o`Qf"kd xgu ,dy mRiknu ra=k ij fuHkZ j jgrh gS] nw ljh vks j blus dqN
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ikfjfLFkdh pqukS fr;k¡ Hkh izLrqr dh gSa & vkokl esa deh] fons'kh iz tkfr;ks a dk vkxeu] u,&u, jks xks a dk
iQSyko bR;kfnA vr,o] tS ls&tSls tyh; o`Qf"k esa vkSj o`f¼ gks rh gS] lrr~ mÙkj thoh fodkl ds fy,
pq ukSfr;ks a ls fuiVus ds fy, vuqdwy uhfr;ks a @ i¼fr;ksa dh vko';drk gSA leqnzh Hkkstu dh ekax esa rhoz o`f¼ us vfrfjDr eRL;&laxz g.k ls tq M+h leL;kvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA vfrfjDr eRL; la xz g.k rFkk
vU; vuko';d xfrfof/;ksa ds :i esa gks us okys 'kks"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i leLr fo'o esa dbZ mPp
dks fV ds fodflr eRL; laxzg.k lekIr gks jgs gS aA
le; ds lkFk] vc uhfr fuekZ .kdÙkkZ le> x, gSa fd iz ko`Qfrd lalk/uksa ds laj{k.k rFkk iz tkfr;ks a dks
foyqIr gksus ls cpkus ds fy, eRL; la xz g.k dks l[rh ls lq fu;ksftr djus dh vko';drk gSA ,sls
dkuw u cuk, x, gSa ftlls okf"kZd eRL; laxzg.k dh lhek r; djus ds oS Kkfudks a ds vkxz g dk eRL; dh izca /dksa }kjk ikyu fd;k tk,A blls vfrfjDr eRL;&la xz g.k dks jksdk tk,xkA bu eRL;dh {ks =kks a
esa xfrfof/;ksa dks fu;fer djus esa eRL; la xz g.k ykblsal bR;kfn ljh[ks dk;ns&dkuw u ls lgk;rk fey
ldrh gSA dqN izHkkoh dkuwu gS a tS ls ;w ukbVs M us'kal dUosa 'ku vkWu n ykW vkW iQ nh lh (UNCLOS),
1982 vFkok ykW vkW iQ nh lh VªhVh] ftlds eqrkfcd jk"Vª] dbZ egÙoiw .kZ virVh; eRL;dh {ks=k ij
^{ks =kh; vf/dkj* dk nkok dj ldrs gSaA ;g le>kS rk dbZ egÙoiw.kZ eq n~nks a ls la caf/r gS tS ls tgktks a
rFkk foekuks a ds ifjogu vf/dkj] egklkxjks a esa jk"Vªh; laizHkqrk ds foLrkj ij jks d] egklkxjksa ds i;kZ oj.k dh lq j{kk] tS fod lalk/uks a dk laj{k.k rFkk [k|ku vf/dkjA blds vfrfjDr eRL; la xzg.k
dh ek=kk dks fu;fer djuk rFkk iz tkfr fo'ks"k dk foyq Ir gks us ls cpko ds fy, i;kZoj.kfon~ ;g Hkh
lq >ko nsrs gS a fd i;kZ oj.k ds vuq dw y i¼fr;ksa dks c<+ kok fn;k tkuk pkfg, D;ks afd Trawling rFkk
foLiQks V eRL; laxz g.k ljh[kh eRL; rduhdsa tyh; ikfjra=k ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gS aA mnkgj.k
ds fy, mÙkjh ves fjdk ds iw ohZ rV ij eS u dh [kkM+ h ds fo'kky {ks=kks a es a iw oZ dky ds leqnz ry dh
ikfjfLFkfrd leq nk;ks a esa Trawling ds dkj.k bruh deh vkbZ gS fd os ,d izdkj e:LFky esa ifjofrZr gks x, gS aA foLiQks V eRL; laxz g.k es a foLiQksVdks a dk iz ;ksx eNfy;ksa dks ekjus esa fd;k tkrk
gS ftlds dkj.k fudV ds {ks =kksa esa ,d cM+ h la[;k es a tyh; thotUrq ekjs tkrs gSa tS ls 'kSyfHkfr ew axk
bR;kfnA blfy,] leLr la lkj dh eRL;dh ds mfpr la j{k.k ds fy, uhfr fu/kZ jdksa rFkk vU;
ftEEsokj fgLls nkjksa ds }kjk iz;kl fd, tkus dh furkar vko';drk gSA
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ty
iFoh dks uhyk xz g dgk tkrk gS rFkk i`Foh ds dqy ty dk 97» egklkxjks a es a ik;k tkrk gSA blds
ckotw n ihus ;ks X; ty dk Hkkjh deh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd egklkxj ;k lkxj dh yo.krk bls
ihus ds fy, vuq i;ksxh cuk nsrh gSA gkykafd izkS |ksfxdh ds fodkl ls vusd LFkkuksa ij leqnzh ty dks
lgh rjhds ls yo.krk dks gVkdj ihus ;ksX; cuk;k tk jgk gSA yo.k 'kks/u dk iz ;ksx dbZ tgktks a
rFkk iuMq fCc;ksa ij Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tks nh?kZdky ds fy, leqnzh ;k=kk,a djrs gS aA vusd ns'k] vc
yo.k 'kks/h la;a =k yxkus yxs gS a tgk¡ ihus ;ksX; ikuh dk furkar vHkko gSA ;gk¡ leqnz h ty dks ihus
;ksX; ty es a ifjofrZ r fd;k tkrk gSA psUubZ es a vofLFkr featw j fuyZo.khdj.k la ;a=k] Hkkjr dk lcls
cM+k fuyZ o.khdj.k la;a=k gS aA gkyka fd] bl iz dkj ihus ;ks X; ty izkIr djus dh izfozQ;k vR;ar [kphZyh
gSA blhfy, fodkl'khy ns 'kks a ds fy, ;g O;ogkfjd lek/ku ugha gS] tgk¡ rq yukRed :i ls
tykHkko dh vf/drk gSA gkyka fd leq nz] leLr fo'o esa ekuo ek=k ds ty dh I;kl dk 'kkar ml
fnu dj ik;s xk ftl fnu egklkxj ds ty dks fuyZ o.k djus dk O;; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh igq ¡p esa
gksxkA
vkS"kf/
izkphu dky ls ,s lk ekuk tkrk gS fd egklkxjks a esa jks xks a dks nwj djus ds fy, vusd vkS "kf/;k¡ gSa A
egklkxj yk[kksa ikS/ksa ] tho&tUrqvksa rFkk thok.kq lew gks a dk fuokl&LFkku gS ftues a dbZ vkS "k/h; xq.k
gksrs gSa A lkjs fo'o es a 'krkfCn;ksa ls leq nz h mRikn vkS"kf/ lew gksa dk vko';d fgLlk jgs gS aA mnkgj.k
ds fy, leqnzh ued ijEijkxr :i ls] Ropk laca/h jksxksa es a iz ;qDr gksrk jgk gS rFkk 'kS oky (Algae)
dks ijthoh o`Qfe (Parasitic worms) dh fpfdRlk esa iz ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA thok.kq ] 'kSy fHkfÙk rFkk
leq nz h Lia t ljh[ks leqnz h thoks a esa ,sls gtkjksa egÙoiw.kZ rRo ik, tkrs gS a tks gesa Hkfo"; esa fpfDrlk
{ks =k esa dkiQh ykHknk;d gks ldrs gSaA dqN rRo rks orZ eku es a gh dS alj jksx dh vkS"kf/ rFkk nnZ
fuokjd vkS "kf/ ds :i esa iz;ksx gks jgs gSa A fpfdRlk ds {ks =k esa vuqla/kuks a ls Kkr gq vk gS fd
dSjsfc;kbZ Liat] ew axk] dop/kjh iz k.kh vkfn fofHkUu leqnz h tho ,M~ l] dSa lj] n`f"Vghurk bR;kfn tSls
vus d jks xks a es a ykHkdkjh fl¼ gq, gS aA ,sls vusd thoksa ij iz ;ksx fd, tk jgs gS a ftuds liQy gksus ij
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budk leq fpr iz ;ksx fd;k tk ldsxkA gkyka fd budh fLFkfr;ksa dh igpku djds c`gn Lrj buls
vkS "kf/;k¡ cukuk lcls cM+h pqukS rh gSA Hkfo"; es a izkS|ks fxdh ds fodkl ls fpfdRlk {ks=k es a leqnzks a ls
iz kIr vkS "k/h; nz O;ksa @ inkFkks ± dk ykHk ges a vkSj vf/d fey lds xkA
fp=k&4 % leqnzh ty esa ouLifr ,oa tho&tarq
leqnz h tho&tUrq rFkk ouLifr
leqnz h ikfjrU=k] fofHkUu izdkj dh iztkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k ns rk gSA buesa leqnz h ty es a rSjus okys lw{e
tho] ftlls leqnz h [kk| ty dk vk/kj rS;kj gks rk gS] ls ys dj fo'kkydk; leqnz h Lruik;h tho
rFkk lHkh lfEefyr gS aA vus d iz tkfr;k¡ Hkkstu rFkk vkoz Qe.kdkfj;ks a ls viuh j{kk ds fy, laj{k.k
iz kIr djus ds fy, leq nz h ikfjra=kks a ij fuHkZ j djrh gSa A leqnz h ikfjra=k] la lk/uks a ds vR;f/d 'kks "k.k ds
dkj.k leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA blds dkj.k laj{k.k dk eqn~nk lcls mQij dh vko';drk gSAvU;Fkk] LFkk;h rkSj ij cM+ s iSekus ij gkfu gksxhA ljdkjh igy] tSls uhfr fu/kZ j.k] fu;e&dk;ns]
tu&tkxj.k bR;kfn tulg;ksx ds lkFk izHkkoh la j{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA leqnz h ikfjra =k ds lkFk
Ns M+ [kkuh djus ls ,d cM+h la[;k es a leq nzh iz tkfr;k¡ foyqIr gks tk,xhaA ouksa dh Hkkafr leq nz h ikdks ±
dk Hkh laj{k.k vko';d gS tgk¡ thoksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa dh fofo/ iz tkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa A ewa xs a
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('kS okyfHkfÙk) rFkk jsr ds xS j&dkuwuh mRltZ u ls tfVy leqnz h ikfjra =k [krjs es a iM+ tkrk gSA Hkkjr dk
izFke jk"Vªh; leqnz h ikdZ xqtjkr esa vofLFkr gS (dPN dh [kkM+ h es a leq nzh jk"Vªh; ikdZ ) nwljk jk"Vª h;
leq nz h ikdZ fgUn egklkxj es a rfeyukMq ds vorVh; {ks =k esa eUuks j dh [kkM+ h esa vofLFkr gSA leqnz h tS o&fofo/rk ds lanHkZ es a ;g lokZ f/d le`¼ leqnzh {ks=kks a esa ls fd gSA ;g {ks =k Hkkjr es a lHkh eSa xz kso
iz tkfr;ks a dk vkokl gSA ;g leq nz h [kjirokj dh 147 iztkfr;k¡ rFkk leqnz h ?kkl ds 11 izdkj ;gk¡
ik, tkrs gS aA ;g M~ ;w xks ax M~ ;wxksa x uked leq nz h xk; ds fy, i;kZIr pkjkxkg iznku djrk gSA MkW yfiQu]
leq nz h ?kksM+ k] dPNi (dNqvk) bR;kfn vU; leqnz h tho Hkh ik, tkrs gS aA eUukj dh [kkM+ h ds leqnz h
ikfjra=k esa ikS/ksa ,oa thoks a dh yxHkx 3600 iztkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa A Hkkjrh; ljdkj us bl vR;a r
fofo/ leq nz h ikfjra =k ds laj{k.k ds dk;Z dks vius gkFkksa es a fy;k gSA
'kks"k.k ds izHkko
fdlh Hkh la lk/u ij cgq r cq jk izHkko gksxk] ;fn mldk vko';drk ls vf/d iz ;ks x fd;k tk,A
blfy, ;g gekjk drZO; cu tkrk gS ge vius izko` Qfrd lalk/uksa dk mfpr lqj{kk ,oa laj{k.k djsaA
vus d fo'ks "kK ,s lk ekurs gSa fd vf/d xgjs ty esa ik, tkus okys virVh; rsy HkaMkj] rs y ,oa xSl
ds vafre cqtZ gSa A blfy, vuohdj.kh; ls uohdj.kh; mQtkZ ds lzks rksa dh vks j tkrs le; muds
mfpr fu;k s tu dh vko';drk gSA egklkxj gesa lalk/uks a dk vrqY; Hka Mkj iz nku djrs gSa ] ftuesa ls
dqN ges a Kkr gS a vkS j mudk cgqr vf/d iz ;ksx gks pq dk gSA lkFk gh dqN dk Kku T;knk ugha gS vkSj
mudk iz;ks x i;kZ oj.kh; izHkkoksa dh vuns[kh djds fd;k tk jgk gSA bl 'kks "k.k ij vadq'k yxkuk
ljdkjksa rFkk va rjkZ "Vª h; laxBuksa dk drZO; gSA ijUrq leqnzh la lk/uksa ds izHkkoh laj{k.k rFkk mi;ksx ds
fy, lfoz Q; tu Hkkxhnkjh rFkk fu;eks a ,oa dkuwuks a dk mfpr foz Q;kUo;u vko';d gSA
la nHkZ• www.csun.edu
• dusk.geo.orst.edu
• ocean.si.edusites
• www.noaa.gov
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• www.eolss.net
• www.eoearth.org
•
www.fao.org• www.dsir.gov.in
• dahd.nic.in
• www.worldoceanreview.com
• www.telegraphindia.com
• www.worldoceanreview.com
• www.commons.wikimedia.org
•
www.eoearth.org
• www.noaa.gov
• www.forests.tn.nic.in
uewuk iz'u
iz-1 fuEu rkfydk dk vè;;u djrs gq, crkb, fd fdl o"kZ es a dqy eNyh mRiknu es a U;w ure
o` f¼ nj ntZ dh xbZ gS vkSj U;w ure o` f¼ nj D;k gS\ fdl o"kZ es a] dqy eNyh mRiknu es a
leqnz h mRiknu lokZ f/d Fkk vkSj fdruk Fkk\ bu mRiknuks a es a fofHkUurkvksa ds dkj.kks a dk mYys [k dhft,A (5 va d)
Hkkjr esa eNyh mRiknu (2005&06 ls 2012&13)
o"kZ va rnsZ 'kh; eNyh mRiknu leq nz h eNyh mRiknu dqy eNyh
mRiknu
varns Z'kh; (yk[k Vu)
o`f¼ nj (»)
leq nzh (yk[k Vu)
o`f¼ nj (»)
dq y mRiknu (yk[k Vu)
2005-06 37.56 6.52 28.16 1.33 65.72
2006-07 38.45 2.37 30.24 7.39 68.69
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2007-08 42.07 9.41 29.20 -3.44 71.27
2008-09 46.38 10.24 29.78 1.99 76.16
2009-10 48.94 5.52 31.04 4.23 79.98
2010-11 49.81 1.78 32.50 4.70 82.31
2011-12 52.94 6.28 33.72 3.75 86.66
2012-13 57.19 8.03 33.20 -1.51 90.40
iz-2 fuEu fp=k dks ns [kdj igpku dhft, fd dkS u&lh ÅtkZ dk mRiknu fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk bl
izdkj dh ÅtkZ ds mRiknu es a ykHk@gkfu D;k gSa \ (5 va d)
va d ;ks tuk
1- 2010&11 esa dq y eNyh mRiknu esa U;wure o` f¼ ntZ dh xbZ gS rFkk U;wure o` f¼ nj 2-91»
vkadh xbZ FkhA 2006&07 es a dqy eNyh mRiknu es a leq nzh mRiknu dk vf/dre ;ksxnku Fkk
44-02»
& eNyh mRiknu esa fofHkUurkvks a ds dkj.k
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2- fp=k esa leqnz es a rS jrh iou pDdh rFkk iou ÅtkZ dk mRiknu fn[kk;k x;k gSA
iou ÅtkZ mRiknu ds ykHk ,oa gkfu fuEu gSa %&
ykHk & ;g de iznw "k.k djus okyh rFkk i;kZ oj.k ds fy, de uq dlkunk;d gSA ;g ÅtkZ dk
uohdj.kh; lalk/u gS ftlls] la lk/uks a ds lekIr gks us dh leL;k dk fuiVkjk gks
tkrk gSA
gkfu & mRikfnr ÅtkZ dkiQh [kphZyh gSA bl ÅtkZ dk mRiknu djus ds fy, vko';d
izkS |ksfxdh dk vHkh fodkl fd;k tk jgk gSA
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