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Origins of the Cold War
U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945
Allies in World War II Postwar Cooperation – the
U.N Satellite States in Eastern
Europe Occupation Zones in
Germany Iron Curtain
•Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
•Competition for world dominance and global power.
•Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was
always present.
•Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989.
•It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves.
•Constant state of military preparedness and arms racePropaganda war----Democracy vs Communism
US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism
coldwar
The The Bi-Polarization Bi-Polarization of of Europe: Europe: The Beginning of The Beginning of
the Cold Warthe Cold War
The The Bi-Polarization Bi-Polarization of of Europe: Europe: The Beginning of The Beginning of
the Cold Warthe Cold War
map/cold war
Soviet Union/China and Allies……..
Democracy vs. Communism
Bi-Polarization of the World
US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.
1950’s
The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict
Soviet Expansion:
· The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.
Satellite State When a nation is under the control of
another.
Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union.
Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtain iron curtain has descended across the has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.for concessions in the Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support free peoples The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.their own destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].
* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.
map/cold war
Soviet Union/China and Allies……..
Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe
US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.
1950’s
China1949
Soviet Union1918
Korean War1950 to 1953
Eastern Europe
1946
CONTAINMENT
Marshall PlanBerlin Airlift
NATOKorean War
Berlin Blockade 1947-
8
Focus on Berlin
After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.
Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.
· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.
Soviet blockade:
West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin
East Berlin
· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.
Berlin Airlift
· At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO
NATO
•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..
•China became a communistic country.
•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.
•Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.
•US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world
•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..
•China became a communistic country.
•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.
•Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.
•US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world
Mao Tse Tung
Chang Kai Shek
•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.
•North Korea was a communist nation and
South Korea was a democracy.
•First war of “containment”“containment” policy to stop communism
•““Police Action”Police Action” not a declared war
•President Truman leads United Nations.
•General Douglas MacArthur commands US
and UN troops.
•Called “forgotten war”.
•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.
•North Korea was a communist nation and
South Korea was a democracy.
•First war of “containment”“containment” policy to stop communism
•““Police Action”Police Action” not a declared war
•President Truman leads United Nations.
•General Douglas MacArthur commands US
and UN troops.
•Called “forgotten war”.
Truman vs. MacArthurTruman vs. MacArthur
•Truman fires General MacArthur when he advises
Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the
Chinese.
Truman vs. MacArthurTruman vs. MacArthur
•Truman fires General MacArthur when he advises
Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the
Chinese.