Development of the Cold War

The Soviet Union and Eastern

Europe

Western Europe and North America

Cold War and Postwar Changes, 1945-1970

Development of the Cold War

Objectives:

1.Identify and describe the period of conflict called

the Cold War that developed between the United States and the

Soviet Union after 1945

2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European

nations were forced to support one of the two

major powers

Confrontation of the Superpowers

The Differences between the United States and the Soviet Union

became clear. Stalin still feared capitalist West, and the US leaders

continued to fear communism

The Soviet government was not prepared to give up its control of Eastern Europe after Germany’s

defeat

Suspicious of each other’s motives, the US and the Soviets became

rivals

Rivalry in Europe

The US and Great Britain believed that the liberated nations of Eastern Europe should freely determine their own governments

Stalin opposed the West’s plans for Eastern Europe

Both sides supported their allied forces in

Greece for control of the region

The Truman Doctrine

Stated that the united States would provide money to countries

threatened by Communist expansion (to support

Greece and others)

*Dean Acheson (US secretary of state)—”Like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the corruption

of Greece would infect Iran and all the East”

The Marshall Plan European Recovery Program—the “Marshall Plan” was that

communism was successful in countries with economic

problems and provided 13 billion to rebuild war-torn

Europe

Easter European *satellite states refused to participate and the Soviet union responded with Council for Mutual Economic

Assistance (COMECON) for the economic cooperation of the Eastern European states but

largely failed

A *policy of containment to

keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further

Soviet aggressive moves

The Division of Germany

Allied Powers had divided Germany and the three (France,

Britain, and US) united

The *Federal Republic of Germany was formally created

East German state, the *German Democratic Republic, was set up

by the Soviets

Berlin and Germany was now divided into two parts, a

reminder of the division of West and East

The Spread of the Cold War

In 1949, Chinese Communists took control of the government

in China, strengthening US fears about the spread of

communism

The Soviet Union also exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949

Growing *arms race in which both countries built up their

armies and weapons—including an arsenal of nuclear

weapons

New Military AlliancesNew military alliances were created—The North Atlantic

Treaty Organization *(NATO) was formed in

April 1949

They all agreed to provide mutual help if any one of

them was attacked

In 1955, the Soviet Union joined with Eastern

European in a formal military alliance known as

the *Warsaw Pact

New alliances spread to the rest of the world

Korean War started in 1950, an attempted by

the Communist government of North

Korea supported by the Soviet Union, to take

over South Korea

American/Western forces sought to stop this

advance

Other organizations and alliances emerged—Pakistan, Thailand,

Philippines, Australia, New Zealand formed the

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan formed the

Central Treaty Organization—

(CENTO)

The Arms Race In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United States developed the even more deadly hydrogen

bomb

Both developed the intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs) capable of sending bombs anywhere

MAD—Mutually Assured Destruction

In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the first human made space

satellite, into orbit

A Wall in Berlin

*Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1955

In 1961 the East German government began to build

a wall separating West Berlin from East Berlin

barbed wire, floodlights, machine-gun towers,

minefields, and dog patrols

The Cuban Missile Crisis

In 1959, a left-wing revolutionary named Fidel

Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and

set up a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime in Cuba

President Kennedy approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in the hope of causing a revolt against Castro

The Invasion (Bay of Pigs) was a disaster

Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba; In 1962, nuclear missiles were

sent to Cuba to counteract the US nuclear weapons in Turkey

A blockade was established to prevent missiles being

delivered to Cuba

Khrushchev agreed to turn back the fleet and remove

Soviet missiles from Cuba if Kennedy pledged not to

invade Cuba

Vietnam and the Domino Theory

The Vietnam War ignited further tensions. US troops

were sent to Vietnam to keep the Communist regime of

North from gaining control of South Vietnam

*Domino Theory—If communists succeeded in

South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would also

fall (like dominoes) to communism

The United States failed to defeat the North

Vietnamese and following US

withdraw, the North forcefully reunited with

the South

A split between Communist China and the Soviet Union put an end to the Western idea that there was a single form of communism directed by Moscow

Objectives:

1.Identify and describe the period of conflict called

the Cold War that developed between the United States and the

Soviet Union after 1945

2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European

nations were forced to support one of the two

major powers

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Objectives:

1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev

2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its

attempt to gain and maintain control over

Eastern Europe

The Reign of Stalin World War II devastated the *Soviet Union

Soviet workers were expected to produce goods for export with little in

return for themselves

New power plants, canals, and giant factories were built

*Heavy industry increased—chiefly for the military

In 1946, the government decreed that all literary and scientific work must conform to the political needs of the

state

The Khrushchev Era

After Stalin’s death, Khrushchev soon emerged as the chief Soviet political voice

He condemned Stalin for his “administrative violence, mass

repression, and terror”

The Soviet union underwent *de-Stalinization—loosening

government controls on literary works

Khrushchev tried to place more emphasis

on producing consumer goods and increased agricultural

output

However, his foreign policy failures damaged his

reputation and was forced to retire in

1964

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain

Communist Patterns of Control

Soviet-controlled Communist governments became firmly entrenched in East Germany,

Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary

Czechoslovakia did not seize control of the government until 1948

Communists in *Albania and *Yugoslavia set up a Stalinist-type regime independent of the Soviet

Union

Revolts Against Communism

Communism did not develop deep roots among the peoples

of Eastern Europe and revolts eventually emerged in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and

Hungary

The Soviets eventually reestablished control over the country—demonstrating that many countries were bound

to Soviet Russia with no independent will of their own

Objectives:

1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev

2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its

attempt to gain and maintain control over

Eastern Europe

Western Europe and North America

Objectives:

1. Report how postwar Western

societies rebuilt their economies and communities

2. Explain how shifting social

structures in the West led to upheaval and

change

Western Europe: Recovery

With the economic aid of the Marshall Plan, the countries

of Western Europe recovered relatively rapidly

from the devastation of World War II

The decades of the 1950s and 60s were periods of

dramatic economic growth and prosperity in Western

Europe

France and de Gaulle *Charles de Gaulle helped establish a new government called the

Fourth Republic in 1946—a strong parliament and weak presidency

and was largely ineffective

In 1958, de Gaulle drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic that greatly enhanced the power of

the president

Now strengthened, France invested in nuclear arms and succeeded in

1960—becoming a major industrial producer and exporter of weapons

and automobiles

The Economic Miracle of West Germany

The three zones of Germany unified in 1949 under Konrad

Adenauer, the leader of the *Christian Democratic Union

Under Adenauer, West Germany experienced an

“economic miracle”

An economic downturn in the mid-1960s opened the door to the Social Democratic Party, which became the leading

party in 1969

The Labour Party overwhelmingly defeated Churchill’s Conservative

Party

The Labour Party set out to create a modern *welfare state—a state in

which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and a minimal standard of living

The cost forced Britain to reduce expenses abroad and dismantle

their empire—Many colonies gained their national

independence

Western Europe: The Move toward Unity

The destructiveness of two world wars caused many thoughtful

Europeans to consider the need for some additional form of European

unity

The desire for unity focused chiefly on the economic arena, not the

political one

Rome treaty—created *European Economic Community (EEC), also

known as the Common Market

free-trade area—no tariffs, or import charges, on each

other’s goods

tariff imposed on goods from non-EEC nations and

encouraged cooperation among

the member nations’ economies

The United States in the 1950s

New Deal largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics

dramatic increase in the role and power of the

federal government, the rise of organized labor as a

significant force in the economy and politics, the

beginning of a welfare state

A climate of fear emerged led by

Joseph R. McCarthy

He charged that hundreds of

supposed communists were in high government —

“Red Scare”

The United States in the 1960s

The Johnson Administration

President Johnson used his stunning victory to pursue the

growth of the welfare state, health care for the elderly, to combat

poverty, and federal assistance for education

The civil rights movement, or equal rights for African Americans

The Reverend *Martin Luther King Jr. led a growing movement for racial equality and led a march

on Washington DC

The Civil Rights Movement

Social Upheaval

Local patterns of segregation led to higher unemployment rates for

blacks and for whites1965 race riots in the Watts district of Los Angeles

“White backlash”

Antiwar protests divided the American people— students killed by Ohio

National Guard

The Development of Canada

The development of electronic, aircraft, nuclear, and chemical engineering industries on a large scale

Canada was a founding member of the United

Nations in 1945 and joined the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization in 1949

Emergence of a Liberal government

The Emergence of a New Society

A Changing Social Structure

Postwar Western society was marked by a changing social

structure

The shift of people from rural to urban areas

continued and farming declined—white-collar

workers increased

*consumer society—a society preoccupied with buying

goods: televisions, washing machines, refrigerators,

vacuum cleaners, stereos, automobiles

Women in the Postwar World

After WWI, many governments had expressed thanks to women by granting them voting rights

“baby boom” in the late 1940s and the 1950s

By 1950s, the birthrate had begun to fall, and with it, the

size of families

By the 1960s, women had renewed interest in feminism—*women’s liberation movement

Objectives:

1. Report how postwar Western

societies rebuilt their economies and communities

2. Explain how shifting social

structures in the West led to upheaval and

change