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  • Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO...
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Origin of Life • Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4 , H 2 O, NH 3 , H 2 , PO 4 3- • Molecules form monomers CH 4 , H 2 0, NH 3 may combine and form amino acids • Monomers combine to form polymers Amino acids form proteins 1

Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Page 1: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

1

Origin of Life

• Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH4, H2O, NH3, H2, PO4

3-

• Molecules form monomers CH4, H20, NH3 may combine and form amino acids

• Monomers combine to form polymersAmino acids form proteins

Page 2: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Definitions

• ___________: a single unit molecule that may chemically bind to other molecules

Ex. ___________________: building blocks of protein

• ___________: a chain of repeated monomers

Ex. _____________: a large molecule formed by linked monomers called amino acids

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Enzymes: special type of protein

• __________: a type of ________ that speeds up chemical _________ in living organisms without being _________ or destroyed.

• Chemical reactions are synonymous with metabolic reactions in biology.

• Are picky and only work on one molecule Example: catalase only works with H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

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CHEMICAL REACTIONSTransfer of Energy

Rearrangement of Atoms

Page 5: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Energy

Definitions:

• Ability to do work • Ability to move or change matter

Energy comes in ______ forms.

Page 6: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Forms of energy

• Light - sun

• Heat - shivering

• Mechanical - rub hands together

• Electrical - shock metal door knob

• Chemical - combustion

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Chemical Reactions • Energy is transferred

• Atoms are rearranged

Page 8: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Energy is Transferred

First Law of Thermodynamics:

The total amount of energy in an isolated system is constant (not increasing or decreasing).

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

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Rearrangement of Atoms

__________: starting materials

Product: newly formed substances

: changes into

A + B C + D

Ex. HCl + KOH KCl + H2O

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Energy in Chemical Reactions

• Chemical bonds are formed and broken • Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds

• Products can either _______ or _______ energy• Endothermic Reaction • Exothermic Reaction

• -gonic = suffix meaning energy

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Chemical Bonds and Reactions

• Are strong bonds easier or harder to break compared to weak bonds? And do they require more or less energy?

• Therefore, weak bonds are _________ to break and require ________ energy to do so.

• Do spontaneous reactions break ‘more stable’ or ‘less stable’ bonds? Why?

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RULE OF THUMBThe more strong bonds a molecule has, the more stable it is; consequently, more energy is needed to break down the molecule.

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What is happening in this reaction?

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How would you graphthe diagram to the right?

Energy (heat)

Time

High

Low

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Endergonic Reaction

• Energy is absorbed

• Unfavorable or _________________

• Products are less stable than reactants

Ex 1. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Ex 2. burning paper

Page 16: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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What is happening in this reaction?

Page 17: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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How would you graphthe diagram to the right?

Energy (heat)

Time

High

Low

Page 18: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Exergonic Reaction

• Energy is released

• Favorable or spontaneous

• Products more stable

Ex. Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

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Enzymes and Metabolic ReactionsEndergonic Reaction

• Energy is _________• Products have ______

energy than reactants

Exergonic Reaction

• Energy is __________• Products have ______

energy than reactants

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Starting Chemical Reactions

•How do endergonic and exergonic reactions begin?

Page 21: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Activation Energy

• Activation energy (EA): the energy needed to ________ a reaction

• Do spontaneous reactions require EA?

• Do non-spontaneous

reactions require EA?

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Enzyme and EA (Activation Energy)

Page 23: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Role of Enzyme

Page 24: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Enzymes• protein that speeds up metabolic reactions

• Catalysts: _______ the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Page 25: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Importance of Enzymes

• Allow organisms to maintain homeostasis

• Without enzymes, reactions would occur too slowly for life to exist

• Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur = quicker reactions

Page 26: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Enzyme Specificity

• Specificity- specific, particular, precise

• Enzymes only work with certain _____________ or reactants.

• ____________: substance or molecule which an enzyme acts on

Starch glucose

H2O2 2H2O + O2

Amylase

Catalase

Page 27: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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How are enzymes specific?

Page 28: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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Enzyme Lock and Key Model

Page 29: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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What effects the performance of enzymes?

• Two things. Discuss with your table partner for a few moments.

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Page 32: Origin of Life Atoms make up molecules C, H, O, N, P combine and may form CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, H 2, PO 4 3- Molecules form monomers CH 4, H 2 0, NH 3 may

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THE END


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