Oriental Series

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ORIENTAL SERIES

TURKEYTHE AWAKENING OF TURKEY

THE TURKISH REVOLUTION OF 1908

BY

E. F. KNIGHT

VOLUME XXI

J. B. MILLET COMPANYBOSTON AND TOKYO

COPYRIGHT, 1910BY J. B. MILLET CO.

THE PLIMPTON PRESS!W D O" NORWOOD MASS U S A

#

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

EDITORIAL NOTE $%

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51329/51329-h/51329-h.htm#Page_ix

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51329/51329-h/51329-h.htm#Page_ix



I THE TURKISH PEOPLE 1

II ATROCITIES 1&

III EARLY R EFORMERS '&

IV THE SPREAD OF CORRUPTION (&

V THE SPREAD OF EDUCATION &)

VI THE R ISE OF THE YOUNG TURKS *)VII DISCONTENT IN THE ARMY 8+

VIII THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 101

IX HOW THE R EVOLUTION BEGAN 118

X THE STANDARD OF R EVOLT 1((

XI THE I NSURRECTION IN BULGARIA 1&'

XII THE PALACE AND THE GREEKS 1*9

XIII A BLOODLESS VICTORY 18&

XIV THE COMMITTEES ULTIMATUM 198

XV AFTER THE R EVOLUTION '0+

XVI EUROPEAN ASSISTANCE '''

XVII MUTINOUS PALACE GUARDS '(8

XVIII PREPARING FOR SELF-R ULE ')9

XIX A STRONG ARMY NEEDED '*1

XX THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT '81

XXI THE NEW SULTAN '9+

I NDEX ('1

#$-#$$

ILLUSTRATIONS

P/

T E23425 36 3 B75 S Frontispiece

I:4$7 P75 6; 3 S<3 W34= 6; A=$ *)

P4=$2 M43-<62 $2 S343 D4== 11'

V$< 6; C62=323$26:7 1'8

C3> 6; A=$ '')

V$< 6; S5>34$ '+'

#$$$-$%

EDITORIAL NOTE

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https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51329/51329-h/51329-h.htm#fp




























https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51329/51329-h/51329-h.htm#fp








FROM 3 72? 6; 3 T>4=@T>4=32 $2 C2347 A=$@34 ?=52??

/$22$2/ $2 A.D. 800 =4$= 6; 64?= 2? 4$= <$5 6#442 2? /4?>77

366 :6====$62 6; 33 :643$62 6; S6>3-E=342 E>46: 2? W=342 A=$ 62526<2 = T>4. A;34 ;$# >2?4? 4= M6? II =$? >:62C62=323$26:7, 2? 33 5$3 5 3 5:$37 6; 3 T>4$= E:$4@;64 32%3 3<6 >2?4? 4= 3 ?6$2$62 =:4? >23$7 $3 5 2 $2= 2?$:64323 <647?-:6<4. T2 /2 :4$6? 6; ?57$2 2? #$5 2? :46?$/7$3 $24 2? =4/7$6 46>/3 6>3 ?$=4>:3$62 2? <4. R>==$ =< 4 6::643>2$3 36%32? 4 64?4= 36<4?= 3 =@2? <23 62 /$2$2/ T>4$= 344$364 ;4647 $2 3 183 >23$7 3 $??7 6; 3 193 523>4 <2 3 C4$2 <4 54$::7? 4 :6<4 $2 33 56424 6; E>46:. B>3 T>4 56>7? 263 67? 3346/26>= :6:>73$62= 6; 4 E>46:2 :46#$25=. I2=>4453$62 ;34 $2=>4453$62 46 6>3 2? 62 62 = 76=3 2 6; 3 64 $:64323 6; 3.S 5 24>:3 2? 562543 6; 3 E>46:2 P6<4= :46:6=? 2? :43$77544$? 6>3 =5 ;64 4 4;64. B>3 = :46#? =3>642 2? <23 36 <4 <$3R>==$ $2 18++-18+8 3$= 2?? ?$==346>=7 ;64 4 2? 64 344$364 <= 76=3. I2189+, 5 3 <4 <$3 G45 $2 <$5 = <= =>55==;>7. I2 4523 4= ;34 2 #$5$==$3>?= 3 =:4? 6; 3 /43 <2$2/% 6; 3 :6:7 6; O4$23772?= = 45? T>4, 2? 3 =364 6; 3 2<4 :67$3$57 2? =65$7 7$; $2 3356>234 $= 473? $2 3$= #67> $2 ;>77 2? 56:73 ?3$7, ;46 $3= $25:3$62 >23$73 ;6>= R#67>3$62 6; 1908.

N6 62 $= 334 >7$;$? 36 377 3$= =364 32 E?<4? F. K2$/3, <6 = 263?5644=:62?23 ;64 62 6; 3 7?$2/ ::4= 6; L62?62 = =2 =4#$5 $2 77 3<4= =$25 189&, $= <64 #$2/ 32 $ 36 S6>3 A4$5, A;4$5, 2? A=$. I21908, <= =:5$77 56$==$62? 36 #$=$3 T>4 36 =3>? 3 562?$3$62= 6; 34523 4#67>3$62, 2? 3$= 66 $= 3 4=>73 6; $= %>=3$# =3>?.

T $:64323 :6=$3$62 <$5 T>4 655>:$= 62 3 $/< 36 3 F434 E=3;46 E>46: = ? $3 3 =>53 6; 5623$2>6>= :67$3$57 $234$/> 3 23$62=6; 33 5623$223. I3= $234=3$2/ 2? 4623$5 :6:7 2? 3$4 ?=:63$5 /6#4223$3= 23>47 :46?>53=, =6 6; 3 >2$> $3= :$53>4=> 2? :63$57 72/>/ 2?

7$343>4, 4 ;>77 6; :5>7$4 2? =64$2/ $234=3, 2? 26 62 <6 <$== 36 :4=3 6; 3 /43 <647? 6#23= 6; 6>4 3$ 52 ;;64? 36 2/753 3$= =3$44$2/<64.

CHARLES WELSH.

1



TURKEY

CHAPTER I

THE TURKISH PEOPLE

TURKEY, 625 =6 #=3 2? :6<4;>7, = 2 >2?4/6$2/ /4?>7

?$=423 ;64 3 7=3 3<6 523>4$=. P6====$62 ;34 :6====$62 = 2<4=3? ;46 4 $2 E>46:, A=$, 2? A;4$5. O2 3 $272? 6; E>46:, #$2/76=3 G45, B>7/4$, R6>2$, S4#$, B6=2$, C463$, 2? H4/6#$2, = <77

= 36= 4/$62= 62 3 264342 =64= 6; 3 B75 S 625 T>4$= 7<$5 26< ;64 :43 6; S6>342 R>==$, T>4 $= 7;3 <$3 >3 2446< =34$: 6; 344$364 =3435$2/ 546== 3 5234 6; 3 B72 P2$2=>7 ;46 3 B75 S 363 A?4$3$5.

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

F64 3 6::4==$62, 5644>:3$62, 2? $256:325 33 54534$=? 3$4

/6#4223 3 T>4$= :6:7 3=7#= <4 7? 4=:62=$7 74/ =53$626; :>7$5 6:$2$62 $2 W=342 E>46:. T4 $= =$2/ 36 3 ;;53 33 23$62= 3 /6#4223 <$5 $3 ?=4#=, 2? 3$= 34> $; 23$62 $= ;4 36<64 6>3 $3= 6<2 =7#3$62. B>3 $2 3 5= 6; T>4 3 :6:7 <4 776<? 26525 6; 63$2$2/ 3 /6#4223 <$5 3 ?=4#? ;64 $3 <= 36 3 $234=36; T>4= :6<4;>7 2$= 36 562=4# 3 #$7= 6; 3 ?=:63$5 4>7, 2?<2#4 3 T>4= ? 2 ;;643 36 :>3 3$4 6>= $2 64?4 =6 C4$=3$2P6<4, ;4$2/ 7=3 4;64? T>4 $/3 :46# =3462/ T>4, ;77 >:62 4 <$3 4? ;645 64 =366? $2 3 < 6; 3 :4653? 52/=. M646#4, 3

P6<4= 33 <4 23 >:62 =7;-//42?$=23 3 T>4= %:2= =< 36 $3 3334 =6>7? 26 :5 <$3$2 4 64?4= 2? =3$44? >: 346>7,( %5$3$2/ 3



C4$=3$2 :=23= 36 4$=, 2? ;623$2/ ?$=3>425= 33 $/3 =4# = :43%3=;64 :67$5 6; $234#23$62 2? 22%3$62. N6 36?= <4 366 >2=54>:>76>= ;64 3 P6<4= $2 >=3$62. F64 %:7, 62/ 2 634 /23= :46#653>4= <= 543$2 D4#$= <6, =6 4= /6, = 3 :$? =543 /23 6; R>==$, 53$2/>2?4 $2=34>53$62=, :45? 67 <4 /$2=3 giaours $2 A=$ M$264 2? %5$3?3 M>==>72 :6:>73$62 36 335 3 C4$=3$2 $2$323=. O2 56>7? >632 634 =364$= 36 $77>=343 3 3454 6; T>4= 2$= 2? 3 >2;$4 34323 <$5 = 2 5564?? 36 4.

A2? =6 T>4, 4 6<2 ? /6#4223 2? 3 5$23$62= 6; 36= <67>=3? ;34 3 4$5 :6====$62= 33 <4 =3$77 7;3 36 4, <= $2/ =3?$7?4//? ?6<2 36 4 4>$2. E#2 4 =3 ;4$2?= ?=:$4? 6; 4 4/243$62 ;64 4;64 ;46 without ?$2$=34? 3 P6<4= <6>7? 2 3 76== 6; 4 $2?:2?25, <$7 4;64 ;46 within =? $:6==$7 6; 33$223. T>4::4? 36 ?=3$2? 36 47 ;;523 ;46 3 : 6; E>46:, <2, 76 6; =>??2, 3 T>4= 3=7#=@77 33 <= =3 2? 6=3 :34$63$5 6; 3 266?6; 3 E:$4@5 67?7 ;64<4? 36 ?=:43 7=3 =32? $2 3 ?;256; 3 $23/4$3 6; 3$4 76#? ;3472?. T Y6>2/ T>4= 34< 6;; 3?=:63$= 33 ? 77 >3 ?=346? 3$4 56>234 2? =$? 3 4$2= 6; /6#4223, ?$=:7$2/ ;$42==, >=3$5, <$=?6, 2? 6?43$62 $2 3$4 76=3

766?7== 4#67>3$62 33 #) <62 ;64 3 3 ?$43$62 6; 77 62=3 2346>/6>3 3 5$#$7$=? <647?. I3 766= #4 >5 = $; 3= 2 4 6>3 36

:46# 36 3 <647? 33 4;64 52 56 ;46 within #2 $2 T>4, :46#$?? 333 T>4= 4 26< /$#2 3 525 <$5 3 # 2#4 ? ;64, 2? /4?

;6= 4 263 :4$33? 36 ;4>=343 3 =:$43$62= 6; :6:7 ;4? 3 7=3.T6= <6 26< 2? 34;64 7$ 2? 4=:53 3 T>4$= :6:7 46$5 33 325$23 ;4$2?=$: 3<2 E2/72? 2? T>4 = 2 4=364?, 2? 33 3 7=33 E2/7$= :6:7 4 /$22$2/ 36 47$= 3 $2>=3$5 33 74/ =53$62 6;

:>7$5 6:$2$62 = ?62 36 267 45, ;64 6#4 3$43 4=. T4 <= 3$<2 3 >2?4=366? 3 T>4= 334. D>4$2/ 3 C4$2 <4 3 B4$3$= 6;;$54=? 3 6::643>2$3 6; 5>$4$2/ 2 $23$3 26<7?/ 6; 3$4 77$= 2 ;$4;4$2?=$:= <4 32 ? <$5 <4 :3 >: 346>/ 7$;, 2? =6 74/ 2?$2;7>23$7 <4 3 473$62= 3>= 46>/3 6>3 3<2 3 /2372 6; 3 3<6

56>234$= 33 3 ?$453? E2/7$= ?$:765 $2 T>4$= ;;$4= ;64 2 4=. I3 =, 2? $3 6>/3 36 , >225==4 36 :4;5 3$= 7$337 <64 <$3 2%:723$62 6; <3 224 6; 2 3= T>4= 4 >3 =6 /46==7 # 3 2$=4:4=23?, 2? =6 <$?=:4? = 2 3 $=5625:3$62 562542$2/ 3,33 ;< <64?= 62 3$= =>53 263 6>3 6; :75.

F$# 2? 7; 523>4$= # :==? =$25 3 M>==>72 T>4=@ C2347-A=$2 :6:7 $2 36& 3 M62/67=@#$2/ =$? 3 A=$3$5 :6====$62= 6; 3?5$2/ B23$2 E:$4, 546==? 3 B6=:64>= 2?, %32?$2/ 3$4 562>=3=,=37$=? 3=7#= ;$47 $2 E>46:. I3 $= :6==$7 33 $2 A=$ M$264 :=23=6; :>4 T>4$= 766? =3$77 ;6>2?, >3 $2 E>46:2 T>4@33 7>4 466 6; 2 45=@3 =3462/ 2? 267 T>4$= =365 = 2 =6 74/7



$234$2/7? <$3 2>4 6; 634 45= 33 3 45$7 54534$=3$5= 6; 3O=27$ # :453$577 ?$=::4?. I3 $= 64 44 36 ;$2? ;3>4= 6; 3M62/67$2 =3: 62/ 3 6?42 T>4= 32 62/ 3 C4$=3$2 :6:7= 6#4 <6 3 4>7. T B>7/4$2=, ;64 %:7, 36>/ =:$2/ S7# 362/> 2?/2477 562=$?4? = S7# :6:7, 6;32 # 3 ;73 ;5=, 3 :4653$2/5-62=, 3 =77 67$> =, 33 34 3$4 ?=523 ;46 3 26?= 6; 3 A=$3$5 =3::=.

T4 4 26 2?=64 :6:7 $2 E>46: 32 3 T>4=, ;64 4 3 546==$2/ 6; 2 #$4$7 4?= = 4=>73? $2 3 ?#76:23 6; #4 ;$2 45 6; 2. T6?42 T>4 $= C>5=$2 6; 3 $/=3 3:, 2? 56$2= $2 $=7; =6 6; 3 =3 >7$3$= 6; 3 E=3 2? W=3. I3 $= 34> 33 =6 6; $= E=342 >7$3$==32? $2 3 < 6; <3 3 24/3$5 W=342 <647? 577= :46/4==. T T>4 $=$:46#$?23 2? 6;32 =:2?34$;3 $= ;37$=3, 2?>4$2/ :3$237 <3#4 $77;643>2 64 =>;;4$2/ ;3 4$2/ $, >3 ?$=:7$2/ 2 $2?6723 $2?$=:6=$3$62 36=34>//7 /$2=3 ?=3$2. D$> $? >$ =$? %:4=== 63$# ;64 * 53$62 <$5$= 6::6=? 36 $= M6=7 ;37$=. B>3 ?$;;$5>73 36>/ 36 46>= 36;;643, 625 46>=? ?$=:7= /43 24/ 2? =3>6422== 6; :>4:6=, = =

2 45237 :46#? 36 3 <647? 3 54;>7 :4:43$62 2? ?34$2?544$2/ 346>/ 6; 3 T>4$= 4#67>3$62. A3 2 43, 3 ;>73= 6; 3 T>4= 4;64 3 6=3 :43 $7 62=, 2? 6=3 :6:7 <6 # 34#77? $2 3 N4 E=3 <$77 /4 <$3 2 >364$3 62 3 :67$3$5= 6; 33 4/$62, <6 4:7$? =;6776<= 36 >=3$62 :>3 36 $ 2 $234#$<4 T 2 33 I 7$? =362/ 77 33 I 3 $2 3 E=3 <4 T>4=. I2 =6 4=:53= 3 T>4 =34>5 =

64 7$ 2 E2/7$=2 2? 64 7$ /2372 32 2 6; 3 634 45=%5:3 3 M/4=. H $= >$3, 27 ;776<, <$3 /43 4:6= 2? 54 6; 224, 2? ?6= 263 <4 $= 43 62 $= =7#. E>46:2= <6 7$# $2 356>234 766 62 3 T>4 = 2 62=3 2 2? 2 6; $= <64?.

I3 >=3 44? 33 3 5644>:3 6;;$5$7?6 543? 3 P75, <$5? ?/4?$2/ $2;7>25 62 #43$2/ $2 36>5 <$3 $3, $= 263 4:4=233$# 6; 3T>4$= :6:7. T 3:$57 T>4 :6===== 3 #$43>= 2? 3 ;$7$2/= 6; 562>4$2/ 2? ?6$223 45. H $= 56>4/6>=, 34>3;>7, 2? 62=3 $? 45=263 562=:$5>6>= ;64 34>3;>72== 64 62=3, =6 6; <$5 4 7$<$= 75$2/ $2

56>4/. T T>4, 646#4, $= =4<? 2? /$;3? <$3 5662 =2=, 2? $=263 #$=$624, = 4 3 A4= 2? =6 634 :6:7= 67?$2/ 3 M6=+7 ;$3.H = 263 3 >$5 <$3= 6; =6 E>46:2 :6:7=, 2? :4:= ?=54$?= $2/ =6<3 =3>:$?, $2 3 = =2= 33 3 E2/7$=2 $= =3>:$? $2 3= 6; 2$/6>4$2/, 4$/34 45 >3 3$= = =3>:$?$3, 64 <3#4 7= < 577 $3, ::$7 = :4=4#? 3 T>4 ;46 3 =$2/ 6; #$=$62=, 2?562=>237 26 $:6==$7 $?7=, 26 <$7? ?4= ;64 3 4562=34>53$62 6; =65$3,# 7? $= :453$57 2? 5662-=2= 4#67>3$62 $236 36= ?4?;>7 46?= 6;

766?=? 2? 245 <$5 64 $/$23$# 23$62=, =4$$2/ 7$43, # 7$2?7 ;6776<? 36 3422$= 64 6::4==$# 32 3 <64=3 6; ?=:63$==.



T6= <6 26< $ =3 7=6 57$ 33 3 T>4 $= 6=:$37, 3:43, ?#6$?6; 22==, =$254 $2 $= ;4$2?=$:=@625 $= 6>4 ;4$2? $= 7<= 6>4 ;4$2?@2?, 36>/ $= 2$= # 4:4=23? $ = #4 >5 3 4#4=,/237 2? >2. O; 3 =3?;=32== 6; $= ;4$2?=$: I # ? %:4$25.W2 T>4 $= 6>4 ;4$2? 6> 52 $:7$5$37 34>=3 $, #2 36>/ , <33 562?$3$62= 6; $= 56>234 # =63$= ? $, >4?46>= 6>37<. I# ? ;4$2?= 62/ T>4$= 4$/2?= =7;, 2? S$4 W$77$ W$3377, <626<= 3 T>4= = <77 = 2 E2/7$=2 52, <4$3= $2 3 ;6776<$2/=:33$5 < 6; $= 464 ;4$2? R? P5 36 $= == H $= ??26<. B4$/2? 64 26 4$/2?, I ? =$254 ?$43$62 ;64 3 2 = 2. H$=;$3;>72== <= 7$ >236 33 6; ?6/, 2? =#? 7$; 3 3 4$= 6; $= 6<2.I # ? 28 $25$?23= <$3 4$/2?= $2 A=$ M$264 ?>4$2/ ;$;3 4= 6; =:643, 2? I >=3 = 33 = 762/ = 3 <4 T>4=, 2? I ? ==$=3? =6;4$2?= 64 #$77/= 6; 3$4=, <$5 I 7<= ? $3 :6$23 36 ?6 <2 I ;4>23?

3 <$7? 4/$62=, I 2#4 ;4? 2 55$?23= 2? 36>/ I $/3 6;32 # 232, I 2#4 <=. I <6>7? 263 7$ 36 34>=3 C4$=3$2 4$/2?= $2 3 = ;=$62.

G2372== 2? >2$3 4 62/ 3 6=3 4? 54534$=3$5= 6; 3 T>4.W$3 $= ;465$3 $2 <4 <2 $= :==$62= 4 46>=? I =77 ?7 734, >3 6; $=$2?7$2== 2? 54$3 $2 $= ?7$2/= <$3 $= ;776<-2 34 52 26 ?6>3. I226 E>46:2 56>234 4 2$7= 343? =6 $2?7 = 3 4 $2 T>4. A T>4 2#4 $77->== $= 64= 64 $= 6% 64 $= ?6=3$5 :3=, 2? 3 <62?4;>7 32==6; 3= 543>4= $2 T>4 3=3$;$= 36 3$= /66? 34$3. I2 C62=323$26:7 3 :4$?6/= 7$ 6>3 3 =343= $2 3$4 32= 6; 36>=2?= 3 7$# :437 62 /4/ 2?

:437 62 3 =54:= 6; ;66? <$5 #2 #4 :664 T>4= :>3 6>3 ;64 3. T=?6/=, 36>/ ;$/3$2/ 62/ 3=7#=, ?$=:7 263$2/ >3 ;4$2?=$: ;64, 2?562;$?25 $2, 2. T 2#4 6# ;64 62 = 3 =:4<7 546== 3 2446<

:#23=, ;64 3 26< 33 26 T>4 <6>7? # 3 43 36 $5 3 6>3 6; 3<. A ;< 4= /6 2 A4$52 6;;4? #4 74/ => ;64 3 4$/3 36 574 C62=323$26:7 6; $3= :4$ ?6/=, $= 653 $2/ 36 =77 3$4 =$2= 36 3 /76#4=. T :6:>75 4$=? 6<7 6; $2?$/23$62 <2 3 4? 6; 9 3$=, 2?? 263 3 =5 2 2?62? =4$6>= 4$63= <6>7? # 655>44?. T4 $= 262? ;64 =65$3 ;64 3 :4#23$62 6; 54>73 36 2$7= $2 T>4$= 36<2.

I3 = 6;32 2 $23$2? 3 2$= 6; 3 T>4 33 $= M6?2;23$5$= = $= 5623$2>? 655>:3$62 6; 2 :643$62 6; C4$=3$2 E>46:>2?=$47. B>3 $2 >=3$5 36 3 #634$= 6; 3 M6=7 54? 62 6>/3 36 4 $2$2?, $2 3 ;$4=3 :75, 33 47 M6?2$= 2#4 :4=5>3? 3 C4$=3$247$/$62 $2 3 ;465$6>= ;=$62 33 C4$=3$2$3 :4=5>3? M6?2$=, =;64 %:7 $2 S:$2. T M6=7= <4 3>/3 33 $3 <= 3$4 ?>3 36 562#43 64 %34$23 3 $?67346>= 32, >3 36 4=:53 3 :6:7 6; 3 66. D$? 263M6? $=7; =:4? $= 576 >:62 3 /46>2? ;64 3 C4$=3$2 2#6= <65 36 $, 343$2/ 3 <$3 626>4 2? ?6 263 3 M>==>72= 7$# 33 623 ? 6; >?/23 3 J>?/ <$77 J=>= C4$=3, <$7 3 P46:3 M6?

<$77 =32? 3 H$= =$? = 3 I2345==64 W2 3 T>4= 562>4? 3 344$364$=6; 3 C4$=3$2= 3 ?$? 263 ==54 3 C4$=3$2=, 2$34 = 4>7 ?$? 3



2=7# 3, 2? 3 ?$? 263 $234;4 <$3 3$4 47$/$62 >2?4 3 64>$37 M6=7 4>7 3 562>4? G4= ;6>2? 3=7#= 7== #$7 3%?2? /2477 334 6;; 32 3 ? 2 >2?4 3 4>7 6; 3 :464= 6; 3?5$2/ B23$2 E:$4. T6 J<= 7=6, = $2/ <64=$::4= 6; 3 62 G6?,3 %32?? 7$ 367425 2? $3 <= 36 T>4@<410 3 4 2>46>=2? :46=:46>= 2? =3$77 =: 2 67? S:2$= ?$753@33 3 J<= ;7? <2 3<4 ?4$#2 6>3 6; S:$2 3 :4=5>3$62= 6; F4?$22? 2? I=77.

T3 734 62 3 M6?2= ?#76:? ;$45 23$-C4$=3$2 ;23$5$= $=74/7 ?> 36 523>4$= 6; :67$3$57 562;7$53 <$3 C4$=3$2 :6:7=, 2? 36 3 2<4= 33 # 2 ;6>/3 36 ?;2? I=7 /$2=3 3 2#4-5=$2/ //4==$62= 6; E>46:. W$3$2 3 T>4$= E:$4 $3=7;, ;64 %:7 $2 A4$ 2? $2 N64342A72$, ?2/46>=7 ;23$57 M6=7 :6:>73$62= 4 36 ;6>2?, >3 3= 4263 :6:7 6; T>4$= 766?. T 64$3 6; 3 T>4= 6; 2 ?>53$62, 36>/47$/$6>=, 4 263 ;23$5=, 2? 62 3$= #4 556>23 4 4/4?? = $2?$;;423M>==>72= 2? 6;32 ;427 577? kafirs 3 $/63? A4=. O; 77 3 #4$6>=

:6:7= <6 $2$3 T>4 3 M>==>72 T>4= 4 >2?6>3?7 3 7=3$2367423. T C4$=3$2= 6; ?$;;423 =53= 34 3 5 634 = 26 T>4 3= C4$=3$2 2? 26 C4$=3$2 3= T>4. T 6436?6% G4= 2? 3 B>7/4$2=5$=3$5= $2 M5?62$ :76 77 36?= 6; 44$= $2 3$4 :4=5>3$62= 6; 5 634. W2 B>7/4$ ;64? :43 6; T>4 3 B>7/4$2= ? 6;32 36

:3$3$62 3 T>4= 36 :46353 3 /$2=3 3 ;23$57 G4=. T C367$5 L3$2=,366, $2 T>4, $2/ $2 $264$3, <6>7? ?6>37== # 2 %34$23? 3$4 ;776<-C4$=3$2= ? $3 263 2 ;64 3 :46353$62 %32?? 36 3 3

T>4=, <$3 3 4=>73 33 3 4 /43;>711 2? 767 36 3 O3362 4>7. T4523 4#67>3$62 ::4= 36 # 4>=? < 76=3 56:737 <3 47$/$6>=;23$5$= 34 <= =3$77 7;3 62/ 3 M6?2 T>4=, 2? 3 Y6>2/ T>4=3=7#=, 3 ?7$#44= 6; 3 23$62 2? $3= 47 4>74=, 4 23$47 ;4 ;46 $3. I# 562#4=? <$3 >2?4?= 6; 3= Y6>2/ T>4= 2? # 2 ;4$2?= 62/3, 2? $2 26 56>234 # I 56 546== 64 46?-$2?? 2? 367423 2.T4 $= 26 ?6>3 33 I=7$= = 6; 73 4= >2?4/62 6?42$=$2/ :465==,34 /$2$2/ =342/3. T S$->7-I=7 $=7;, = ? 6; 3 Ulema @3D65364= 6; L< <6= ?>3 $3 $= 36 $234:43 3 >?$5$7 :45:3= 6; 3 K642, 2?<6 # $3436 56:6=? 3 6=3 ;23$57 2? 562=4#3$# 723 $2 T>4

@= 2 3 /43 :$2= 36 $:4== $3 >:62 3 M>==>72 :6:7, >:62 <6;46 $= :6=$3$62 %45$== =>5 /43 $2;7>25 33 3 C62=3$3>3$62 <$5 =

2 /423? 36 3, 36>/ $2346?>5$2/ 3 :4$25$:7 6; 56:73 >7$3 3<2 M>==>72=, C4$=3$2=, 2? J<=, $= >$3 $2 5564?25 <$3 335$2/= 6; 3 K642.

A= I ;$2? =7; 4? 62 3$= =6<3 762/ ?;25 6; 3 T>4$= :6:7 I = <77 ?7 <$3 2634 :6:>74 $=5625:3$62 562542$2/ 3. I3 $= 6;32>4/? 33 3 M6?2 $2=3$3>3$62 6; :67/, <$3 $3= 562=>23?/4?3$62 6; <62, $= $256:3$7 <$3 3 :46/4== 64 <$3 3 647 2?

237 <77-$2/ 6; 45, 2? 33 3$= $3=7; = 3 T>4 >2;$3 36 4>7$21' E>46:. N6< $3 >=3 44? 33 2 ?$=3$253 45= :46;== 3



M6?2 47$/$62, 2? 33 =6 6; 3= 4 44$2 2? 634= ?5?23,#2 = 4 =6 6; 3 45= 33 :46;== C4$=3$2$3 >3 $3 $= 263 ;$4, 5>= 3T>4= ::2 36 M>==>72=, 33 3 =6>7? 54?$3? <$3 3 ;>73= 2?#$5= 6; =6 634 M>==>72 :6:7=. I # 26 $2323$62 6; ?$=5>==$2/ 3;;53= 6; :67/, >3 I :6$23 6>3 33 3 T>4, >27$ 3 A4, ::4= 36

263 477 :67/6>= 23>4, 2? 33 <3#4 ::2 $2 =6 634 M6=7 72?= 34 $= 26 ?/4?3$62 6; 3 <62 $2 T>4. T T>4$= :=23<62 4 = ;4 ;46 $2/ ?/4?? = 2 634 <62 6; 3$4 57== $2 E>46:.I3 =362$= =6 E2/7$=2 36 742 33 3 =$:7-7$#$2/ T>4 6; 3 >::4 2? $??7 57===, 36>/ $= 47$/$62 :4$3= $ 36 44 ;6>4 <$#=, 44744$= 64 32 62. O; 3 Y6>2/ T>4= <6 I # 3, 263 62, I 7$#,= 64 32 62 <$;, 2? I # 4? =#47 6; 3 =: <$3 ?$=::46#7 6; 3 5>=36 6; :67/. E2/7$= 7?$= <6 # ;4$2?= 62/ 3 T>4$= 7?$=# 367? >= 6< 4;$2?, 54$2/, 2?@$2 3= 7334 ?=@<77 ?>53? 3

4. A= 6=3 T>4$= /2372 43$2 3 67? 5>=36= $2 3$4 ;$7 7$;, 3E2/7$=2 #$=$3$2/ 3 6>= 6; T>4$= ;4$2? = 26 6::643>2$3 6; =$2/ $=<$;, >3 $= 7$337 ?>/34= >: 36 3 / 6; 6>3 3<7# 4= 4 >=>77 46>/3$2 3 :46>? ;34 36 = 3 #$=$364, >=3 = 3 $/3 $2 1( E2/72?, <23 :433 224=, 3 $2377$/25, 2? 3 54;>7 ?>53$62 <$5 3 ##$?237 45$#? 3 247 7<= =: F425 64 =6 634 E>46:272/>/ 377 3$4 6<2 37. T 562=323 2? ?: #243$62 <$5 T>4 2343$2= ;64 $= 634 346>/ 7$; 7$= 3 262=2= 33 $= =63$= 37?562542$2/ 3 562?$3$62 6; 3 <62 $2 T>4. T T>4$= <62, 366,4=:53? 2? 34>=3?, $= >5 ;44 32 6=3 :6:7 $2 3$= 56>234 $/$2, 2?,= I =77 %:7$2 734 62, 3 4#67>3$62 74/7 6<? $3= =>55== 36 4 4# 56-6:43$62.

O2 6>/3 36 7 36 ;64 =6 $? 6; 3 54534 6; :6:7 ;46 $3=7$343>4. T>4$= 7$343>4, 3 57==$57 ;64 6; <$5 <= 6446<? ;46 33 6; P4=$, =, 7$ 2 634 3$2/= $2 T>4, 2 >2?4/6$2/ :465== 6; 6?42$=3$62 $3 = ;64 =6 4= 2 >2?4 3 $2;7>25 6; W=342, 64=:5$77 6; F425, 7$343>4 2? =$:7$5$3 2? 7>5$?$3 $2 3 %:4==$62 6; 36>/3 = 32 3 :75 6; 3 $2323$627 6=5>4$3 2? 43$;$5$7$3 3354534$= O4$237 <4$3$2/. M4. S327 L2 P667, $2 3 T>4 #67> 6; 3

%57723 T S364 6; 3 N3$62= =4$=, 56257>?= $= 5:34 62 T>4$= 26; 7334= = ;6776<= T 362 6; 3 $/$23$# 7$343>4 6; 6?42 T>4 $=#4 32?4 2? #4 =?. T O3362 :63= 6; 36-? 76# 5$;7 36 ?<77 >:62=>5 3= = ;?$2/ ;76<4, 64 /$47 ?$2/ 6; ?57$2 2? 36>/ ?$43$62 6; 4523 F425 =5667 # =63$2/ 36 ?6 <$3 3$=, 31) ;25 ;645= $3=7; >:62 >=, <2 < 4? 36= =<3 2? :7$23$# #4==, 33 4# >3 /237-43? :6:7, 766$2/ ;64<4? 36 $3= ;>3>4 <$36>3 ;4, >3 <$36>3 6:, =$2/, :4:= >2562=5$6>=7, 36 ?4$# <3 =? 56;643 $3 ;46 3 36>/333 77 >3$;>7 7$; >=3 2? $2 ?$=7 ?3. I # 3 =6 6; 3= 6?42

T>4$= :63=, #4 27 ;776<=, 36>/ 3$4 <64 = 3 72567 3$2/?=54$? 6#, ;64 <$5, $2 6:$2$62, 762/ :67$3$57 %$7 $2 ;64$/2 72?



2? =6446<= ;64 3 #$7 ;643>2= 6; 3$4 76#? 56>234 4 74/7 4=:62=$7.B>3 26< 3 ?= 6; T>4= 6>42$2/ 4 6#4, 2? 3 64 4523 :6= 6; 3= 2, <6 4 =3>4? :34$63= 2? 263 ?5?23=, 4 /$22$2/ 36 4;753 334$>:, 23>=$=, 2? 6: <$5 # 54534$=? 3 Y6>2/ T>4= =$253$4 =>55==;>7 4#673 /$2=3 3 ?=:63$=.

1&

CHAPTER II

TRO!ITIES

SUCH 4 3 :6:7 <6 >3 45237 <4 =:62 6; = 3 >2=:7

T>4=. F64 3$43 4= 3 # =>;;4? ;46 3 54>?=3 6; 3422$= 2? #3 <$3 >3 =523 =:3 $2 W=342 E>46: ;64 $3 <= 3$4 ?6>7$=;643>2, 36 >63 3 <64?= 6; <4$34 $2 3 Times, 36 6::4==? 2? 36 56:77? 36 4 3 6?$> 6; 3 54>73 6; 3 6::4==64. T$4 ;$2 >7$3$=<4 6=5>4? 36 3 <647?. T$4 2 <= <64? ;64 54>73, #$6725, 2?

;23$5$=. I2 E2/72?, $; 62 33:3? 36 ?;2? 3 T>4, 62 <= 4/4?? = 567?-766?? #$77$2 /43 2 /66? :6:7. A 562=$?47 =53$62 6; 3E2/7$= 76=3 3$4 =2= 6; ;$4 :7 =6 =662 = 3 T>4$= >=3$62 5 3 3= 3$ :<2 $2 6>4 :43 :67$3$5= 2? 2 %5$323 6; 47$/$6>= $/634 ;64 62

:67$3$57 :43 5 #6<?7 23$-T>4$=, <$7 2>4= 6; <77-2$2/ >3>2>=3 C4$=3$2 :6:7 ::465? 3 =>53 ;46 3 :6$23 6; #$< <$5 ? M>==>72 ::4 #43$2/ 33 $= #$7, 2? =6 =:6>=? 3 5>= 6; T>4=C4$=3$2 2$= = $2/ 6; 25==$3 3 4$/3 62. I3 <= 3 = =643 6; =534$21* 2446<-$2??2== 33 $:77? <77-26<2 :454=@263 4=

6; 3 E2/7$= S33 C>45 36 :4 ;46 3$4 :>7:$3= ;64 3 =>55== 6; 3A4$52= $2 3$4 <4 <$3 S:$2, 5>= S:$2 <= C367$5 2? 3 72? 6; 3I2>$=$3$62. T>= $3 5 6>3 <2 T>4= C4$=3$2 =>53= 477? $2 3=#23$= 2? 3 R>==$2= 5 36 3$4 ==$=325, 3 T>4= <4 7? >: 366::464$> = ;$2?= $2 >2 =:, 3 >4?44=, #$67364=, 2? >3$7364= 6; 3 /237 C4$=3$2=. A2 :$5 6; #$?25, =562?-2? 64 3$4?-2?, 6<#4 %34#/23, <= $:7$5$37 7$#? 3= :6:7 :46#$?? $3 <= /$2=3 3T>4=, <4= <2#4 54/= 6; 56$33$2/ 3465$3$= <4 46>/3 /$2=3R>==$2= 2? B>7/4$2= 3 6=3 34>=3<643 -<$32=== #4 ?$;;423=32?4? 6; #$?25 <= =3 >:, 2? $3 <= 7? 36 $254?$7 33 C4$=3$2=

56>7? ?6 3= 3$2/=.



Y3 <3 <4 3 ;53= I2 3 ;$4=3 :75, 34 52 26 ?6>3 33 R>==$, 2362 3 ?=34>53$62 6; T>4 2? //42?$=23 3 4 %:2=, ? =3$44? 3B>7/4$2= $236 477$62 2= 6; /23= :46#653>4=. T4#774= <6 #$=$3?B>7/4$ $2 3 4= :45?$2/ 3 R>==6-T>4$= <4 =33 33 3 B>7/4$2

:=234 <4 64 :46=:46>= 32 2 $2 T>4. I3 $= >27$7 33 3 <6>7?# 4$=2 6; 3$4 6<2 5564?, =$2/ 33 3 ? /66? 4=62 36 /43;>7 363 T>4=, <6 ? 56 36 3$4 4=5> <2 3$4 :4=5>3$2/ G4 ;776<-C4$=3$2= ? =3 3=7#= 36 %34$23 3 B>7/4$2 C>45, 72/>/, 2?23$621+7$3. I2 3 2%3 :75, $3 $= 26< 47$=? 33 3 C4$=3$2= 2? 263 3T>4= $2$3$3? 3 3465$3$=. T B>7/4$2=, <2 3 46=, :7>2?4? 2? >4233 #$77/= 6; 3 T>4=, 56$33? 3 6=3 =65$2/ 54>73$=, 2? ==54?>24? M6=7 2, <62, 2? 5$7?42. T4 $= /66? #$?25 36 =6< 333 T>4$= 4/>74 3466:= #? <$3 562=$?43$62 36 3 C4$=3$2 :6:>73$62>23$7 3$4 :==$62= <4 46>=? 3 44$3$= 56$33? 3 B>7/4$2= 2?

R>==$2 C6==5= 32 $2?? 3 T>4=, %=:43? 3 =>;;4$2/= 6; 3$4 56-47$/$62$=3=, 2//? $2 344$7 4:4$=7= <$5 46>=? 3 $2?$/23$62 6; 35$#$7$=? <647?. F465$6>= <2 :46#6? 3 54>73 6; 634=, 3 T>4= 4 37=3 :6:7 36 2// $2 <2362 54>73, 2? 36= <6 7$ =7; # =2 3$4 4$= $2 3$ 6; <4 52 #6>5 ;64 3$4 >2 34323 6; :4$=624= 2? 6; 35$#$7 :6:>73$62 $2 2 2= 56>234. I3 >=3 44?, 366, 33 3 <64=33465$3$= :46#? /$2=3 3 T>4= $2 B>7/4$ <4 56$33? 263 T>4$=4/>74= >3 ;23$57 C$45==$2= 2? 3 B=$-B6>=, $77-?$=5$:7$2?$44/>74= 454>$3? ;46 3 54$$27= 2? 24-?6-<77= 6; 2 45=, ?3=3? 3 T>4= 3=7#= ;64 3$4 %5===.

T #$7 2 3>= 5>$4? 3 T>4 ?>4$2/ 3 <4 <$3 R>==$ =3>5 36 $346>/ 3 4= 33 ;6776<?, 2? $/26423, :4>?$5 = 2 <623 36 :>3 ?6<236 $ 77 3 54>7 ??= 56$33? 3 P75 C4$77, $257>?$2/ 3 344$7A42$2 ==54=, <$5 <4 :4:343?, 263 318 T>4=@<6 4/4??3= 54$= <$3 763$2/@>3 3 =#/ K>4?= 2? L=, 3 3 $2=3$/3$626; 36= <6 $=4>7? 3 >2;643>23 56>234. I2 2 <= 3 T>4= #=>;;4? 64 ;46 3 6::4==$# ?=:63$= 32 3$4 C4$=3$2 ;776<-=>53=,

>3 77 3 =:3 6; 6>4 >2$34$2= = 2 ;64 3 7334, 2? 3 ? 7$337 :$3 64 =:3 36 =:4 ;64 3 M>==>72. O; 73 4= 3 :67$3$57 $234$/>4=

$2 A32=, S6;$, 2? B7/4? # 2 =>::643$2/ 2?= 6; C4$=3$2 4$/2?= $2M5?62$, <$3 3 653 6; ;64<4?$2/ 3 4$#7 $234=3= 6; 3 G4=,B>7/4$2=, 2? S4#$2=, $2 23$5$:3$62 6; 3 =547 6#4 3 :43$3$62 6; 334$5 56>234 62 3 4$2/ >: 6; 3 O3362 E:$4. T= 2?= # 2

>42$2/ #$77/= 2? >4?4$2/ <62 2? 5$7?42, 3$4 %5=== $2/56$33? /$2=3 63 C4$=3$2= 2? T>4=. I2 A:4$7, 1908, B>7/4$2 2?

>423 G4 :4$=3 3 3 =3. T $25$?23 46>=? 26 5623. W3 6<7<6>7? # 2 4$=? ? 3 M>==>72= ?62 3$= 3$2/

S6 3 C4$=3$2 ? :723 6; ;4$2?= 2? 3 T>4 ;<. N6 #6$5= <4 4$=? 36

?;2? $ 2? 36 %:7$2 3 $2>=3$5 33 <= ?62 $. N$34 <= 3 236 :>3 $= 6<2 5= ;64 $= E>46:2 54$3$5= ;64 3 T>4 $= 334 <$3 3



=<64? 32 <$3 3 :2 $= 263 =6 5>22$2/ = G4 64 B>7/4$2 $2 544$2/ 62 2<=::4 5:$/2, 64 $2 3 <#$2/ 6; ;;53$# $=4:4=233$62= = 4>7 $= 366 :46>? 36 ?;2? $=7; /$2=3 57>2, 2? 343= <$3 =$723 5623:336= <6 =247 319 $. M646#4 3 T>4, $2/ ==23$77 :34$63, <6>7? 263::7 ;64 7: 36 ;64$/2 G6#4223= = ?$? 3 C4$=3$2=. T6 >63 ;46 243$57 45237 <4$332 H7$7 H7$? T M>==>72= =>;;4? = >5 =,$2?? $2 2 :75= 64 32, 3 C4$=3$2=, ;46 ?=:63$5 4/$. T ?=>$33?, 263 36 3 <$77 6; 3$4 4>74=, >3 36 3$4 4? ;3, 5>= T>4$=

:34$63$=, <$5 = 263 >23$7 45237 45$#? ;$33$2/ 3323$62, <= 366 /43 36776< 3 36 $2#$3 6>3=$? $234;425 64 7: $2 3 23$627 =34>//7 /$2=323$# 3422. N#4 ?=:$4$2/ 6; /$2$2/ 3$4 2?, 3 :6:7 6; T>4 #<$3? ;64 2 6::643>2 623 36 =34$ 76< 3 3 ;6>2?3$62= 6; ?=:63$=,2? 3$= :46:37 2? <$3 3 7=3 :6==$7 4$= 6; $23423$627 56:7$53$62=.T # 3>= =>$33? 36 3 $2?$/2$3$= 2? 4?=$:= 5>=? 3 3422 6;

3$4 6<2 4>74=, 434 32 %:6= 3=7#= 36 3 :3462$=$2/ $234;425 6; 2 ;64$/2 P6<4.

T4 4 3>= %5>== ;64 3 $=>2?4=32?$2/ 33 :6$=62? 3 $2?= 6; =62 E2/7$=2 /$2=3 3$4 ;644 ;4$2?=, 3 T>4=. G4=, B>7/4$2=, 2?634= <6 =6>/3 3 ?$=423 6; T>4 2? 3 ::46:4$3$62 6; M5?62$ #6$5? 3$4 5>= 76>?7, 263 627 <$3 >=3 ?2>25$3$62= 6; 3T>4$= 6::4==$62 6; 3 C4$=3$2=, >3 <$3 2 :7>=$7 $2#23$62=. T3 3T>4$= =$? 6; 3 >=3$62 <= =6 447 4? <= 7=6 74/7 ?> 36 3 ;5333, ?>4$2/ 3 ;< 4= :45?$2/ 3 4#67>3$62, $3 5 #4 64 ?$;;$5>73

;64 '0 E2/7$=2 $2 T>4 36 # ;4$2?7 $23456>4= <$3 3 T>4= 3=7#=.T $234#23$62 6; 3 E2/7$= G6#4223 36 $2346?>5 4;64= $236 T>4, 2?3 53$62 6; 3 B72 2? A42$2 C6$33=, <$5 <4 <462/7 7$#?

3 S>732 2? $= ?#$=4=@2? ::4 =3$77 36 7$#? 77 G42= 2?A>=34$2=@36 3 /23= $2 ?#25 6; 3 :4;$?$6>= E2/7$= G6#4223, =6$232=$;$? 3 34? 6; 3 T>4$= ?=:63$= /$2=3 E2/72? 33 $3 <=

:453$577 ? 54$ ;64 T>4, =:5$77 $; <= =>=:53? 6; L$4732?25$=, 36 45$# 2 E2/7$=2 $236 $= 6>=. I; T>4 <= #2 =2 36=: 36 2 E2/7$=2 $2 C62=323$26:7 3 =:$= 4:643? 3 ;53 36 3 P752?, = I =77 %:7$2 734, 36 2$;=3 =:3 ;64 3 B4$3$= 56=3 2 T>4

$= 7$; 2? 7$43. T>= 3 $2377$/23 36>4$=3, 64 3 /76-34633$2/ M.P., <6#$=$3? C62=323$26:7 $2 36= ?= <= 263 $2 :6=$3$62 36 :$5 >: 55>43$2;643$62. H$= ?6$2/= 2? /6$2/= <6>7? :467 <35? =:$=, =:5$77$; <= 4 6; 3 B72 C6$33. T6>/ 2< $3 263, <6>7?;$2? 26 6::643>2$3 6; 562#4=$2/ <$3 T>4= =# =>5 = <4 3 =543 /23= 6; 3 P75. H$= ?4/62= <6>7? G4= 64 A42$2=, <6 $/3 =: 36 $6; 3 /4$#25= 6; 3 C4$=3$2 =>53= 6; 3 S>732, >3 543$27 263 6; 3/4$#25= 6; 3 T>4=. S6, 366, <= $3 <$3 6=3 6; 3 6>427$=3=. I; 3 <423$-T>4= 3 =6>/3 $2;643$62 ;46 3 4= 6; 3 G4 2? B>7/4$2

2?=, 2? $; 3 <4'1 :46-T>4= 3 <4 62 ;4$2?7 34= <$3 6;;$5$7?6 @3 ? >?$25= <$3 $2$=34=, :6==$7 <$3 3 S>732 $=7; 2? = 77



T>4= 4 #4 :67$3, 3 6;32 7;3 3 >?$25-54 54? <$3?=:63$=, 2? %:7$2?, $2 3 ::4= 3 4:4=23?, 33 3 Y6>2/ T>4 :43<= $34 3 64 =77 2? $:6323 /46>: 6; 7562323=, <6, ?>4$2/ =66>42 $2 P4$=, ? =64? 3 <$7? 364$= 6; 3 $23423$627$=3= 2?245$=3=.

T6 ?4$# 3 T>4= / 2? /// 6>3 6; E>46: <= 3 :4657$? :67$5 6; 2 $/26423 >2$34$2=. T %:>7=$62 6; 3 T>4$= 4>7 <6>7? $2?? #

2 ;6776<? /-2?-/// %6?>=, ;64 >3 =77 $264$3 6; M>==>72= <6>7? # 4$2? $2 3 72? 36 /6#42? C4$=3$2 45.I2 ;644 4= R>==$ 2? A>=34$ <4 4/4?? = 3 :467 $24$364= 6; 3S$5 M2= E>46:2 344$364$=, 2? $3 $= 543$2 33 3 4>7 6; $34 6; 3=<6>7? $236747 36 3 T>4=. O2 44= 6< 3 C$45==$2 2? B6=2$2M>==>72= $/43? $2 74/ 2>4= $236 T>4 <2 3$4 56>234$= <4655>:$? 4=:53$#7 3 R>==$2= 2? A>=34$2=. T= $/43$62= <4556:2$? /43 =>;;4$2/ 2? 76== 6; 7$;, ?> 74/7 36 3 $25:5$3 2?5776>=2== 6; 3 T>4$= G6#4223, <$5, <$7 >2?43$2/ 36 ;6>2? 56762$=6; 3 4;>/= $2 A=$ M$264, M=6:63$, 2? 634 :43= 6; 3 E:$4,

:453$577 7;3 3 36 =34#. T >2$34$2= <6>7? # 47$=? 3 54>73 6; 3$4 :46:6=7 ?'' 3 =2, = I ?$?, 3 :$3$;>7 =$/3= $2 N64342 A72$ 3$434= /6. T B6=2$2 M>==>72 :=23=, =5:$2/ ;46 3 4>7 6; A>=34$,<4 :6>4$2/ $236 33 :643$62 6; T>4$= 344$364. M2, <62, 2? 5$7?42 <4=76<7 54<7$2/ 546== 3 =26<-56#4? 56>234 $2 3 $334 <$234 <34, < 2? 7$=37== <$3 >2/4 2? 567?, 6;32 ;46=3-$332, >2?4?= 6; 3 ;$7$2/ 3

<, =6 33 $3 <= 5662 3$2/ 36 = ;462 564:== 7$2/ 3 46?=$?. TA72$2= 3=7#= <4 $2 7;-=34#$2/ 562?$3$62 ;34 3 4#/= 6; 3 <4,2? 56>7? 42?4 7$337 ==$=325 36 3 <435? 4;>/=. U2?4 3 /-2?-

/// =5 34 <6>7? 2 %6?>= 6; $77$62= 2? >2$/$27 =>;;4$2/.H? E>46: 56$33? 3$= 54$ 3 434$>3$62 $/3 # 2 #. TS>732 <6>7? =3$77 # 2 3 C7$: 6; 3 M6=7 <647?, 2? 3 T>4=, ?4$#2$236 A=$, $/3 # 4;64? 3$4 G6#4223 2? =3 3$4 6>= $2 64?4, #2= 3 4 ?6$2/ 26< >3 3 T>4$= <2$2/, $2=3? 6; 3$2/ $3= :4=23;64, <6>7? # 32 33 6; P2-I=7$=@3 56$23$62 /$2=3 3C4$=3$2= 6; 77 3 M>==>72 :6:7=.

T >2 /-2?-/// :46:6=7 <6>7? # 23 3 %:>7=$62 6; 2477; 3 :6:>73$62 6; T>4 2? 3 4:7523 6; 3 T>4$= =6 634 4>7. B>3 3 R>==$2$=3$62 64 G42$=3$62 6; 3 B72 P2$2=>7 <6>7? #

2 64 ?$=/47 36 3 C4$=3$2 :6:>73$62 32 #2 3 ?6$23$62 6; 3T>4, <$7 $3 <6>7?'( # 2 $:6==$7 36 ?$#$? 3 56>234 62/ 32$/6>4$2/ =33= $2 =>5 < = 36 =3$=; 3 $2$323=. I2 3 :2$2=>7 4

>7? >: 4223= 6; #4 45 2? 54?, 263 567753? $236 =:43 ?$=34$53=, >3 $234$2/7$2/ <$3 5 634, 3$2/ 5 634, 76>= 6; 5 634@ S4#$2= ?4$2/ 6; 3 74/4 S4#$, B>7/4$2= 6; 3 74/4 B>7/4$, G4= 6;

3 74/4 G45@3$4 344$364$7 57$=, =? >:62 45 ?$=3$253$62=, 776#47::$2/ 5 634 2 232/723 6; 4$#7 4$/3= 2? $234=3= $:6==$7 6;



>24#723. N$34 6; 3= C4$=3$2 45= <6>7? =>$3 36 4>7? 3 634.F64 %:7, 34 52 26 ?6>3 33 B>7/4$2 <6>7? 434 /6#42? 3 M6=7 T>4 32 3 G4. A2? $? 77 3= 45=, 64 2>46>= 322 6; 3 32 =$2/7, 4 3 4>7$2/ T>4=, <6 6<2 3 ; =$:7 6; 3 72?

3 =3 6; 3$37=, 562>=3. T 4 3 =3462/ 45 <6= 4$2/ $= $2 =3462/56234=3 36 3 =4#$7$3 6; =6 6; 3 45= $2 3$4 $?=3. T 4 3 =347

:6:7 ;$3 36 4>7 3 634= ;64 <3#4 :5 ;23$5= =, 627 :6:7 4?36 ;$/3 4#7 $2 ?;25 6; 3$4 :6====$62= 4 ;$3 36 6<2 :6====$62=. W #263 44$#? 3 3 =33 6; 5$#$7$=3$62 <2 $3 52 634<$=. E#2 6>4 >2$34$2=, <6 >226<2 36 3=7#= # =6 6; 3 67? A? $2 3,4=:53 36= <6 52 >= 3 =<64? ;64 <4= 3 =:3$= <$3 3=:$43$62= 6; 3 :7>5 B>7/4$2= 3 : 7$337 ? 36 3 G4=, <6, 36>/3 26$=$=3 6; 3 57$23= 36 T>4= 4$3/ 2? #$2/') #=3 :432=$62=<$5 %32? 36 #4 :$5 6; 344$364 $2 E>46: 2? A=$ 33 #4 762/? 36

2 6; 3 =33= 6; 25$23 G45, 4 62/ 3 ;7=3 :6:7 $2 3 <647? $23 :453$5 6; <4.

I3 2?= =3462/ 4>7 36 : 3 4$#7 C4$=3$2 =53= 6; 3 B72 P2$2=>7 $264?4 2? 36 :4#23 3 ;46 5>33$2/ 5 634= 3463=, 76::$2/ 6;; 5634= 4=, 2? >42$2/ 5 634= :4$=3=. T T>4= 52 :46#$? 33 =3462/4>7 2? $; < ?? 36 3 T>4= 3 M>==>72= 6; 634 45 $2 3 56>234@ A72$2=, M6=7 B>7/4$2=, C$45==$2=, 2? 634=@< # 247 7; 33637 :6:>73$62 >2$3? 5662 47$/$62, = 3 C4$=3$2= 543$27 4 263.T Y6>2/ T>4= 26< :46# 33 L64? P74=362, ;34 77, <= 4$/3 <2

=$? 33 3 4>7 6; 3 M>==>72 T>4 <= 3 627 62 33 56>7? 56$2 3?$;;423 45= 2? =53= 6; T>4 $2 62 $2/?6. T T>4= # 26 $3$62 36456#4 3 344$364 <$5 3 # 76=3, >3 3 4 ?34$2? 36 67? 62 36<3 =3$77 4$2= 36 3. W$3 =3462/ T>4, $2 576= 77$25 <$3 ;?43$626; 3 S7# =33= 36 3 2643 6; 4, < 3 = >$3 2? 562323? B72P2$2=>7.

'&

CHAPTER III

ERL" REFOR#ERS

IT $= 6>3 523>4 /6 33 W=342 $?= /2 36 $2;7>25 3 334 T>4$=

=33=2 2? ;;643= <4 ? 36 4;64 3 ==3 6; /6#4223 2? 4$2/ $3



$236 462 <$3 6?42 5$#$7$=3$62. M>? II, <6 5 36 3 3462 $21808, 2? $= =>55==64, A?->7-M$?, <6 ?$? $2 18*1, <4 <$= 2? 4;64$2/6245=, <6 <4 ?#$=? 27$/32? =33=2 =>5 = R=$? P=, 3<6= $2=325, $2 18(9, 3 ?$53 26<2 = 3 H33$-S4$; 6; G>72 <=

:46>7/3?. T$= ?$53, <$5 = 2 577? 3 M/2 C43 6; T>4, :46$=? 2 >=;>7 ?$2$=343$# 2? >?$5$7 4;64=, 2? =5>4? 36 3C4$=3$2 = <77 = M>==>72 =>53= 6; 3 S>732 =5>4$3 ;64 3$4 7$#=,626>4, 2? :46:43. A/$2, $2 18&*, ;34 3 C4$2 <4, 3 H33$ H6>$6>F$42 226>25? 62/ 634 3$2/= 3 56:73 >7$3 $2 3 = 6; 3 7<6; 3 C4$=3$2= 2? M>==>72= $2 T>4. I 2? =5457 = 33 3= =6722//23= # 2 <677 $/264? T>4= 4523 4>74=.

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

;46 $= =$? 3 /66? 2? <$= 2? =>446>2?? $=7; <$3 5644>:3 :4=$3=, <6<4 $2 2 5== 3 4? 3667= 6; I/23$;; ;64 3 R>==$2 ?$:765 ?/$2? 3 =52?25 $2 C62=323$26:7, 2?, = >=>7, <= :76? $2 $234$/>$2//$2=3 3 :43 6; 4;64 2? 64/2$=$2/ 3 ?$=4>:3$62 6; 3 O3362 E:$4.

A2? 26< 5625? 33 ;$27 =34>//7 3<2 3 P75 2? 3 S>7$ P643<$5 = 4=>73? $2 3 6#4346< 6; 3 D=:63$=. T S>732, 36>/ 3=67>3 ? 6; 3 C>45 2? S33, ? $3436 7;3 3 ?$2$=343$62 6; 3E:$4 36 $= C$23 6; M$2$=34= 56=2 $=7;, <6= 6;;$5 $= 26<2 = 3S>7$ P643. A?->7-A$'+ 33:3? 36 4 ?6<2 3$= ==3, 2? 36 5234

$2 $=7; 3 23$4 4>7 6; 3 56>234 =662 3 $2$=34= 5 4 :>::3=,2? 3 P75 <= ? :46>23. T S>732 ==>? 3 56:73 5623467 6; 3 T4=>4, 2? 4;>=? 36 /$# 2 556>23 6; 3 :>7$5 4#2>= <$5 <=3?. H 5623453? 762= $2 E>46: >2?4 6246>= 562?$3$62= 33 2?2/4?3 #4 $2?:2?25 6; 3 E:$4.

T :34$63= 62/ 3 T>4$= =33=2, <6 ? 2 5=3 6>3 ;46 77 ?$453$626; :>7$5 ;;$4=, 76=3 ?=:$4? 6; 3$4 56>234, 2? 3 4$=$2/= $2 H4/6#$22? B6=2$, :4=/$2/ E>46:2 $234#23$62, =? 36 2 36 3 /$22$2/6; 3 2?. T /43 M$?3 P=, <6 3 Y6>2/ T>4= =: 6; = 3 ;$4=3434 6; 3$4 5>=, ? 3 34$3 36 = 3<6-6>4= :4$#3 >?$25 6; 3S>732, 2? :6$23? 6>3 36 $ <$3 =>5 ;645$7 76>25 3 5644>:3$62 6; $=



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fet$a,64 ?54 6; 3 S$->7-I=7, H$46>77 E;;2?$, $2 $= 5:5$3 6; 5$;

%:6>2?4 6; 3 =54? 7<, ?54 36 <$5 #2 S>732 >=3 =>$3.T fet$a <= =3 ;643 $2 3 ;64 6; >=3$62 2? 2=<4 = ;6776<= I; 3H? 6; 3 B7$#4= = =6 76=3 $= 4=62 = 36 4>$2 3 S33, <$5 G6? =562;$?? 36 $= 54, ;667$= %:2?$3>4, <$7? 5:4$5=, 2? $; 35623$2>3$62'9 6; 3$= $=4>7 $= 7$7 36 4$2/ 62 =$3>3$62 <$5 <$77 ?=346 3=54? $234=3= 6; 3 56>234, $= $3 :4$==$7 36 7# 33 2 3 3 ? 6; ;;$4=, 64 6>/3 62 36 ?:4$# $ 6; $= :6<4 T 2=<4 $=, 33 6>/3 36 ?:4$#? 6; $= :6<4. T>= 3 S$->7-I=7, $2 3 2 6; 3 M6?247$/$62, ::46#? 6; 3 4#67>3$62 6; 18+*, #2 = ?$? 2634 S$->7-I=7?574 $=7; $2 ;#6>4 6; 3 4523 Y6>2/ T>4 4#67>3$62 2? 3 /423$2/ 6;

3 C62=3$3>3$62. I3 $= $:64323 36 44 33 ?=:63$= $= 263 = 2=>::6= 33 $3 $= $2 5564? <$3 3 35$2/= 6; 3 K642, 2? 33 562=3$3>3$627/6#4223 6>/3 263 36 55:37 36 /66? M>==>72=. I=7, = 3 Y6>2/T>4= :6$23 6>3, 562?2= 3422 2? 256>4/= :6:7= 36 4>7 3=7#=. T;6776<$2/, ;64 %:7, 4 :==/= ;46 3 K642 <$5 # 2 >5 >63?$2 T>4 6; 73 G6? 76#3 263 3423= W2 :6:7 ?$453 3$4 ;;$4= 562=>73$2/ 62/ 3=7#= 3 =77 /3 3$4 4<4?.

S6 A?->7-A$ <= ?:6=? 2? M>4? V 5 S>732 $2 $= :75. T 2<6245 $==>? :46573$62 <$5 :46$=? 36 544 6>3 3 4;64=

?#653? $= $2$=34, M$?3 P= 2? 3 <77-<$=4= 6; T>4 46$5?.B>3 >2:: T>4 <= 263 36 ;4? 3, 2? 2 #23 ::2? 33 3>42?



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

A?>7 H$?, 6<#4, <= 263 :4$33? 36 /4=: 3 =5:34 >23$7 ? =$/2? ?65>23 <$5 >2?4366 36 /423 C62=3$3>3$62 36 $= :6:7 2? 36 4>7<$3 >=3$5. I2??, <= 4? 36 2 :46$==, 2? 55:3? <$36>34=4# 3 7$47 :4$25$:7= 6; M$?3 P= 2? 3 4;644=. N6 62 $2 T>4

7$#= 33 <= =$254, 2? S;4 B 456>23= $2 La Re$ue 6<, 62 3 #4? 6; $= =>55==$62, A?>7 H$?, 62 $= 43>42 36 3 P75, ;34 #$2/ /62346>/ 3 34?$3$627 5462 6; >57$2/ 62 3 =<64? 6; O32, =:6 $2 3;6776<$2/ <64?= 36 <77-26<2 T>4$= /247 6; $= 236>4/ I3 $= R=$?P= <6 $= 4=:62=$7 ;64 #43$2/ 33 = ::2? $3 $= 33 /43 54$$27<6 ? ;34 =$/2 33 55>4=? ;$42(1 >2?4 3 :4==>4 6; E>46:, 2?

/$#$2/ =3>:$? $77>=$62= 36 3 T>4$= :6:7 = 7? 3 $236 <462/ <=. T

/6#4223 <$5 6>4 23$62 2?= $= 2 =67>3 ?=:63$=, 2? 263 3 :42$5$6>= 4/$ 6; 7$43 <$5 E>46: :453$==. I =77 26< 6< 36 :>3 64?4 $2 3 $?= 6; 3 :6:7, >3 ;64 77, I >=3 :6=$3$62 =5>4 2? /34$? 6; 3 <435= <6 ?:6=? >257.

A3 3 6:2$2/ 6; 3 2< 4$/2, 6<#4, 3 4;644= 766? 36 3 ;>3>4 <$36:. M$?3 P= <= ::6$23? P4$ M$2$=34, 2? /2 36 <64 6>3 $==5 ;64 3 4/243$62 6; T>4. H ;4? $= C62=3$3>3$62, <$5=37$=? 3 >7$3 6; 77 45= 2? 54?=, 2? 366 =3:= 36 54>= 3 477$62$2 E>46:2 T>4 33 <= 3432$2/ 36 4$2/ 6>3 E>46:2 <4. M$?3

<= 76#? ?>53? 2? :34$63$5 T>4=, 2? <= =3462/7 =>::643? 3 :6:7 $= :6=$3$62 =? >2==$77. B>3 ;64 ? 2 ;6>4 623= 623 3462 A?>7 H$? =34>5 $= ;$4=3 76< 3 7$43, 2? =6<? <3 224 6; 2 <=. M$?3 <= =>??27 =>62? 36 3 P75, 2? 62 44$#$2/ 34<= $2;64? 33 $= %$7 ? 2 ?34$2? >:62 2? 33 >=3 ;643<$3

64? #==7 33 <= <$3$2/ $ $2 3 B6=:64>= <$3 =3 >:, 2? 3$=7; 62? 3 562;$2= 6; 3 O3362 E:$4. T2 3 S>732 =3 $=7; 36

:>3 6>3 6; 3 < 3 634 2 <6 ? 32 :43 $2 3 ?:6=$3$62 6; A?->7-A$. R>=?$ P= 2? 3 S$->7-I=7 <4 %$7? 36 463 :43= 6; 3E:$4, <$7(' 2 7== ?$=3$2/>$=? L$47= ?$=::4?, $2/ $34 $77?

64 $:4$=62?.



M$?3 P=, 3 /43=3 6; 3 T>4$= 4;644=, = 2 %$7, 7$#? $2 =#47E>46:2 5:$37=, =3>?$? 62 3 =:63 3 :4$25$:7= 6; ?523 /6#4223, 2?;64? :72= ;64 3 7$643$62 6; 3 562?$3$62 6; $= >2;643>23 56>234 <23 6::643>2$3 =6>7? 44$#. T S>732 ::4= 36 # 56 36 3 56257>=$6233 $= %-G42? V$$4 $/3 = ?2/46>= 36 3 D=:63$= <$7 $2 E>46: = ? 2 $2 T>4. A :763, 3 ?3$7= 6; <$5 4 <77 26<2, <= 7$? 36

4$2/ 6>3 M$?3= ?=34>53$62. H <= 7? 36 7$# 33 3 S>732 ? 4:23?6; $= $2>=3$5, ? 56 36 = 3 4464= 6; $= $77$47 :67$5, 2? ?=$4? 333 7 =33=2 =6>7? 43>42 36 T>4 36 /$# $= #7>7 ==$=325 $2 3464/2$=3$62 6; 3 E:$4. S6, ;34 762/ %$7, M$?3, 55:3$2/ 34546>=$2#$33$62, 5 5 36 $= 23$# 72?, 2? <= ? G6#4264 6; S4$. S6437;34 $= ::6$2323 <= ?26>25? 36 3 P75 ;7= 55>=4=, <6 <4

:4:4? 36 :46# 33 A?->7-A$ ? 2 ====$23? M$?3= 64?4=. A;34 2 $2$>$36>= 34$7, >?/= <6 :432?? 36 54?$3 3 6#$6>= $2#23$62= 6;

=>642? <$32===, <= ;6>2? />$73, 2? = $3 $/3 # 2 ?2/46>= 36%5>3 2 =6 >5 76#? 2? 4=:53?, <= 562?2? 36 $:4$=6223$2 ;6434== $2 A4$. T4 <= 343? <$3 /43 $2>2$3 2? ?:4$#? 6; 77 3 56;643= 2? =6 6; 3 25=((=4$= 6; 7$;. A= $= =3462/ 562=3$3>3$624=$=3? 3= :4$#3$62= ;64 34 4=, <= =342/7? $2 M, 188), 64?4 6; $= :4=5>364=, 2? $= ? <= =23 36 3 P75, =6 33 34 =6>7? 26?6>3 6>3 $= ?3.

T S>732 ? 4$? $=7; 6; 77 3 5$; ;4$2?= 6; 7$43 $?$37 ;34 $=55==$62 36 3 3462, >3, 5>3$6>= 2? ;4;>7 23>4, 366 26 ;>434

$?$3 =3:= 36 $:6= =67>3 ?=:63$= >:62 $= :6:7. M$27 <$3 3653 6; 66?<$2$2/ E2/72? 2? <$22$2/ 4 /66?-<$77 3 3 54$3$57 :4$6? :45?$2/ 3 6>34 6; 3 <4 <$3 R>==$, :4657$? 3 C62=3$3>3$62 6; M$?3 P=, 2? T>4$= P47$23 <= 776<? 36 3. T S>732 $:6=?$= <$77 >:62 3 P47$23 2? 4?>5? $3 36 $:6325 >3 34 <4 2

:34$63$5 ?:>3$= <6 =:6 3$4 $2?= ;47 2? ?;$? 3 6245= <43. A37=3, $2 F4>4, 18+8, =6437 ;64 3 56257>=$62 6; 3 343 6; :5 <$3R>==$ 3 S3. S3:26, 3 S>732 ?$==67#? 63 H6>==, 2?, <$3 :432??47>5325, =>=:2?? 3 C62=3$3>3$62. H 2%3 :465?? 36 ?:4$# 3 S>7$P643 6; 77 :6<4 2? 36 3 P75 =>:4. T $2$=34= 5 4

:>::3=, <6= =>$==$62 <= 6>/3 3 7$52= 33 <= 776<? 36 3 367 3 :>7$5 ;>2?=. T 5623467 6; 3 4 2? 2#, 6; ;64$/2 ;;$4=, 6; 3 ;$225= 6; 3 E:$4, #4 425 6; 3 ?$2$=343$62, 3 ::6$2323 6; #4 6;;$5$7 <4 $2 3 2?= 6; 3 S6#4$/2 2? $= 5644>:3 C4$77. H#$2/ ::4? P436()4$2 G>4? 36 2;645 $= <$77, 7? C62=323$26:7 >2?4 43$7 7<. I3 <= 4$/2 6; 34464 =:4? 262 <6 <4 263 ;64 $. F46 3?$==67>3$62 6; T>4= ;$4=3 P47$23 $2 18+8 >23$7 3 :46573$62 6; 3C62=3$3>3$62 $2 1908 T>4 <= 6::4==? 62 6; 3 6=3 ?647$=$2/ 2??=34>53$# 3422$= 33 3 <647? = 26<2. F64 3 O3362 E:$4 36=

3$43 4= <4 3 6=3 >2:: 2? ?$==346>= 6; $3= 762/ $=364.



(&

CHAPTER IV

THE SPRE% OF !ORRUPTIO&

THE =>732= :67$5 <= ?$453? 2446< ;23$5$=. I3 $= :6==$7 33

=$2547 7$#? 33 54>7 ?=:63$= <= 3 =3 4>7 ;64 T>4. H 3? 3C4$=3$2=, 2? $3 <= $= $3$62 36 47$= 3 ?4 6; 3 P2-I=7$3=, 36

/34 36/34 46>2? $=7; = 3 C7$: 77 3 ;6776<4= 6; 3 ;$3 6; <3#4 45, =6 = 36 ;64 =3462/ :67$3$57-47$/$6>= 562;?43$62 6; M6=7=33 =6>7? : $2 55 3 //4==$62= 6; E>46: 2? 7$43 M>==>72

:6:7= 26< =>53 36 3 C4$=3$2=. I3 <= $= $, 366, 36 <$3?4< 77 =>54$/3= = $= :4?5==64= ? /423? 36 3 C4$=3$2 =>53= 6; T>4 2? 364#6 3 $44$33$2/ :4$#$7/= <$5 3 C:$3>73$62= ? /$#2 36 ;64$/24=<$3$2 T>4$= 344$364@263 $2 3=7#= $/267 ?=$/2=, >3 <$5 <4

:46=5>3? =>5 $/267 36?= = 247 36 ?=346 $2=3? 6; 36 =342/323 M6=7 =>:45 $2 T>4.

I3 $= 263 25==4 4 36 ;6776< 3 $=364 6; T>4 >2?4 3 H$?$2 4/$.H6<, ?;3? $2 <4, = <= 4;3 6; #=3 2? 4$5 344$364$= 6< 3 =:72?$?2#, 543? A?->7-A$, <=(* 776<? 36 ;77 $236 ?5, =6 33 <2T>4 <= 3 <4 <$3 G45 $2 189+, = ;6>2? 4=7; <$3 263 =$2/7 =$:33 56>7? ? ;$3 36 :>3 36 = 6< 4 ;$2 4 <= =34#? 2? 2/753?,=6 33 $3 5 ?647$=? 2? 7:7== 36 ?;2? 4 /$2=3 4 ;6= 6<5644>:3$62 2? 3 <67=7 ::46:4$3$62 6; :>7$5 62= 3 543>4= 6; 3P75 46>/3 4 ;$225= $236 =6 6:7== 562?$3$62 33 = <= 3$? 2? 2?;663 4 ;64$/2 54?$364=, 2? ? 34;64 36 =>$3 36 3 5623467 6; =#47?:4323= 6; 4 $23427 ?$2$=343$62 56$==$62= ::6$23? 3C4$=3$2 P6<4= 6< >=3$5 <= 6>/3 2? =67?, 2? :4663$62 $2 77 3=4#$5= <= <4?? 36 3 :4=$3 64 3 $/=3 $??4 6<, $2 562=>25 6; 3 ==54= 6; C4$=3$2= 2? 3 $:6325 6; 4 G6#4223 36 $23$264?4, T>4$= :34$63= <4 >$7$3? =$2/ ;64$/2 /2?44$ ;645?>:62 4 3 P6<4= 6<, $2 =643, T>4 5 =6 < 2? ;;3 33 #236 4 ;4$2?= 4 ?$=$23/43$62 ::4? 36 3 $2#$37 2? ?7? 627 3 76>= 6; 3 4$#7 P6<4=, <6, ;4$2/ ;64 <3 $= 577? 3 725 6;

:6<4 $2 E>46:, 67=34? >: 3 S$5 M2 2? :46;==? ?=$4 36 :4=4#3 $23/4$3 6; 3 O3362 E:$4. A77 3= 3$2/= <4 4/4?? <$3 ?$=

3 T>4=, 2? :45$:$33? 3 4#67>3$62 /$2=3 3 G6#4223 4=:62=$7 ;64 3 4:$? ?5 6; 3 23$62 >3 $2 3$= 5:34 I <$77 562;$2 =7; 36 2 556>23



6; 3 :43$5>74 ;64= <$5 3 ?=:63$5 6::4==$62 6; 3(+ M>==>72 T>4===>?, >23$7 3 7=3 33 6::4==$62 5 =6 $2=>::6437 = 36 /6? $236477$62 263 627 3 >::4 57===, >3 #2 3 $/26423 T>4$= :=23=, <6,=4#$2/ =6 :3$237 2? 4#7 $2 3 4, ? $3436 2 #4 ;$3;>7 <$33 ;$3;>72== 6; ?6/ 36 3 S>732= :4=62.

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

26 723 $2 3 S33 64 /46>: 6; $2?$#$?>7= =3462/ 26>/ 36 33:3 $=6#4346<. T>= =3$44? >: =34$; 3<2 3 ?$;;423 C4$=3$2 =53=2?(8 $2;7? M>==>72 ;23$5$=, =6 33 :6:>73$62= <$5 ;64 $= 3$? 7$#? =$? =$? $2 :5, 36743$2/ $; 263 76#$2/ 5 634, ;77 >:62 5634 <$3 =<64? 2? ;$4 2? <2 $= 6::4==? =>53= 477? >25?

3$4 =:$4$3 <$3 ?4?;>7 ==54=.S6, 366, <= $3 $2 $= ?7$2/= <$3 $2?$#$?>7=, $2 3 =753$62 6; $= 543>4= 2?$2 $= 34323 6; 3. A 3423 <6 $= 2=7#$2/ $= 56>234 23>477 766= >:6262=3 :34$63= <$3 =>=:$5$62 = :6323$7 47=. H 52263 <77 :76 3=4#$5= 6; =>5 2 = $= ?#$=4= 2? $2$=34=. H 7=6 $=34>=3= $7$3, =/$#$2/ :6<4 36 ?2/46>=. T>= T>4$= /2372 6; 3 6;;$5$7 57==, <6

:6====? ?$=3$253$62, 4$2=, 2? :46$3, ? #4 7$337 =4 $2 3 ?$2$=343$62.T C4$77 6; 3 S>732 <= $27 56:6=? 6; = 2? $77$343 36>/5>22$2/ :6:7 #4$5$6>= 2? >2=54>:>76>= :4=$3=, 6; <6 3 6=3

$2;7>23$7 <4 263 T>4=, >3 S4$2=, A4=, 2? C$45==$2= 2 <6, $2/?#6$? 6; 34> :34$63$= 2? #$2/ 3 33$223 6; <73 = 3$4 62 $,<6>7? # 26 4=62 ;64 6$2$2/ $2 562=:$45 /$2=3 3 D=:63$=. B>3 3S>732 $=34>=3? #2 3= 4? $2=34>23= 6; $= <$77. H#$2/ :46;6>2?26<7?/ 6; 3 #$7 =$? 6; >2 23>4, :7? 6;; 62 543>4 /$2=3 3634, ? 3 76>= 6; 5 634, :$? 3 36 =: >:62 5 634,

:4#23? 2 =643 6; ;4$2?=$: 3<2 3, 2? /6#42? 3 34464. TC4$77, =77$2/ :>7$5 ::6$2323=, =:4? 3 :6$=62 6; 5644>:3$62(9 333432? 36 ?647$= <67 :6:7. T6 >63 3 <64?= 6; Y6>2/ T>4 <4$34 T4 <= 7;3 $2 T>4 >3 62 $?7, >3 62 6:2$2/ ;64 36= <6

=:$4?, 2? 33 <= 36 == 4$5= 2? =:2? 3 $2 /46== =2=>7 >=23.B>3, ;64 3 33$223 6; 3$=, 62 ? 36 ?574 62=7; 3 =: 6; 3 P75, 2?



36 /$# :466;= 6; 62= =4#$7$3 =54$;$5$2/ ;34, 634, 4634, ;4$2?=, :4$25$:7=, 562=5$25, 77 :34$63$5 =23$23=, 2? 77 >2$3.

I3 $= <62?4;>7 33 34 <4 2 62=3 2 67?$2/ $/ :6=$3$62= ?>4$2/ 3$= :4$6?, >3 =>5 34 >2?6>3?7 <4, 36>/ 3= <4 ;64 3 6=3 :43

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

I2 64?4 36 $2=>4 3$4 7$2? 6?$25 36 $ = 3 P?$=, $3 <= A?>7 H$?=$ 36 : $= M>==>72 =>53= $2 =33 6; $/26425. H 2< 33 37$47 $?= 6; 6?42 E>46: ? 2 :723? $2 T>4, 2? ?34$2? 36>:4663 3, 64 3 2 43 :4#23 3$4 =:4?. H 2?#6>4?, 263 <$36>3 =6=>55==, 36 5>3 T>4 6;; ;46 3 $2;7>25 6; W=342 :46/4==. H$= =>53=,<$3 543$2 %5:3$62=, <4 263 :4$33? 36 34#7 $2 ;64$/2 56>234$=, 2? #2

3$4 /6$2/= 36 2? ;46 <$3$2 3 E:$4 <4 4/4?? <$3 =>=:$5$62. I3 = 2=>//=3? 33 776<? $= 2# 36 463 5>= ;4? 7=3 $= =$764= =6>7?

$265>73? <$3 $?= 6>3 7$43 <$7 #$=$3$2/ W=342 :643= 3 2 43, ::4= 36 # 5622$#? 3 3 723 $= M$2$=34 6; M4$2 6; 32$77$62= =347$2/, <$5 <4 36 # 2 ?#63? 36 2#7 %:2?$3>4. R7$=$2/,6<#4, 33 3 :4=4#3$62 6; 3 E:$4 ?:2?? >:62 3 464/2$=3$62 6; $= 4, 3 S>732 <= 56:77? 36 :46#$? ;64 3 ?>53$62 6; $= 6;;$54=,=6 6; <6 <4 =23 36 G42 2? 634 ;64$/2 56>234$=, <$7 36>=2?=<4 :==? 346>/ 3 T>4$= $7$34 =5667= $2 T>4 $3=7;, <4 3 <4

$2=34>53? E>46:2 354=. O;;$54= 3>= 34$2?, 6<#4, <4 766? >:62= =6<3 ?2/46>=, 2? <4 335? 36 3 A4 C64:= $2 #4$6>= :43= 6; 3 E:$4, >3 263 36 33 :643$62 6; 3 T>4$= 4)1<$5 />4?=C62=323$26:7, 3 5234 6; 3 D=:63$=, 2? 3 S>732= :4=62 ;64 34 3

::4? ;23$57 3466:=, ;$3;>7 36 3$4 =34, <4 6;;$54? 2 <6 ?4$=2 ;46 3 42=, =6 6; <6 56>7? 263 #2 4?, >3 <6 56>7? 47$?>:62 36 544 6>3 3 64?4= /$#2 36 3 3 P75.

A77 :46/4== <= :47=? 3 ;4 33 4>7? 3 3 P75. T $2346?>53$62 6; 3:<4$34= 2? 37:62= = $2/ 6; :6==$7 >= 36 562=:$4364= <= :46$$3?.T P4== ? 26 7$43 3 =34$53=3 52=64=$: <= %45$=? 6#4 77 :4$23?334 33 5 $236 T>4. T6 ;6>2? $2 :6====$62 6; <64 6; H443



S:254=, ;64 %:7, <6>7? 2 $:4$=6223. T 52=64 <6>7? 263 562=2336 3 :46?>53$62 6; H73 $2 3 334, 5>= $2 33 :7 3 $77$2/ 6; 6245 $= 4:4=23? 62 3 =3/.

U2?4 3 H$?$2 4/$ 34 <= 6; 56>4= 26 456/2$3$62 6; 3 $2#$67$7$3

6; 3 ?6$5$7. T 6>== 6; ?>53? T>4= <4 ;4>237 462 $236 3 :67$5 $2 =45 6; ;64$??2 7$343>4. T6 =>5 2 %323 <= 3 4$/3 6; :>7$53$2/ ?2$?, 33 $3 <= 263 =; ;64 34 64 ;6>4 ;4$2?= 36 =$3 2? 53 36/34 $2 5;. A T>4 56>7? 263 /$# ?$224-:43 $2 $= 6<2 6>= <$36>3 3

:4$==$62 6; 3 >364$3$=, 2? #2 $; 63$2? 33 :4$==$62, =6 :67$5/23 <6>7? 7$7 = 263 =23 36 =$3 3 $= 37, = 2 >2$2#$3? 2? 6=3>2<756 />=3, 3$2/ 237 263= 6; 3 562#4=3$62 2? =77$2/ 6>3562=:$45$=.

)'

I3 <= 736/34 $?6>= ==3 33 23>477 4? 77 224 6; 3423=, /432? :33, <6 $2/ 3 543>4= 6; 3 P75 <4 27? 36 6::4== 3 :6:7<$3 $:>2$3. T4 <=, ;64 %:7, 3 $2;6>= F$ P=, 5$; 6; 3=543 :67$5, <6 >=? $= 6;;$5$7 >364$3 36 /43$; $= #4 <$ 2?

:==$62, :7>2?4$2/ 2? 75$7$2/ 36= <6= :6====$62= 46>=? $= #4$5,$77$2/ 36= <6 =366? $2 $= <, 2?, <2#4 $= ;25 <= 33453?, ;645$7544$2/ 6;; 36 $= 4 3 <$#= 2? ?>/34= 6; :57 5$3$2=@ <435=6 3? 33 =6 =662 = 3 C62=3$3>3$62 <= 226>25?, 3 6 3 B46>==,;4$2/ $ 26 762/4, ;77 >:62 $ 2? 364 $ 36 :$5=.

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

3$4 )( 4:643= 36 3 P75. S:$= <6>7? /$2 2= ;4$2?=$:, <643=7#= $236 $= 562;$?25, 2? 32 ?26>25 $. P6:7 <4 =63$=

34? 3$4 6<2 473$62=. A77 3 =65$7 473$62=$:= 6; 3 ;$7, 3$7$34 5677/, 3 4/$23, 2? 3 2# <4 >2?4$2? ;64 $; 3 P75=>=:53? 2 $3 <6>7? =:4 26 ;;643 36 > 3 34=62 6; 36= 24=3 36 $.T4 <= 2 36=:4 6; 34464 2? >2$#4=7 ?$=34>=3. W2 3 =: ==3 <=$2346?>5? $236 3 4 $3 ?=346? 77 =:4$3 ? 564:=. I3 5 26<2 33 34<4 =:$= 62/ 3 6;;$54= 6; #4 >2$3, <6= >=$2== $3 <= 36 <35 3$4

4634 6;;$54= <$3 3 4=>73 33 34 <= 26 564?=$: #2 62/ 6;;$54=

6; 3 = 4/$23, 5 =>=:53$2/ 3 634 6; $2/ 3 =543 /23 6; 3



P75 3 2#4 ==? 36/34, 2? $2 2 5== ? 2#4 =:62 36 5634.

A2? #2 3 =:$= 3=7#= ? 634 =:$= =3 36 =: >:62 3 3 77-=>=:$5$6>= 4>74. T S>732= =:$= <4 $2 #4 ;64$/2 5:$37@=63$=

<64$2/ <$3 $3= =543 :67$5@36 : 2 >:62 3 %$7= 2? = #$?25 36234: ;4$2?= 6; 3$4= $2 T>4 <6 $/3 $2 56>2$53$62 <$3 3. A2?;46 3$= /43 4 6; =:$= ;766? 6; ?2>25$3$62= :6>4? $236 3 P75. T?2>25$3$62= <4 <77 :$? ;64, =6 3 =>::7 2#4 ;$7?, #2 <2 334464$=? :6:7 #6$?? 2 562?>53 33 56>7? 562=34>? $236 :67$3$576;;25. A/23= :46#653>4= $25$3? 2 36 53= 33 <6>7? ;;64? /46>2? ;64 55>=3$62.)) T =:$= ?$? 263 =$33 36 4 ;7= 3=3$62 /$2=3 3 $226523,2?, = $2 3 5= 6; M$?3 P=, 3 543>4= 6; 3 P75, <2 ?=$46>= 6; 4>$2$2/ =6 $2?$#$?>7, :76? <435= 36 34>: >: 3 37 33 <6>7?562?2 $. A ;4$2? 6; $2 =>;;4? 762/ $:4$=6223 5>= 3 =543

:67$5 =45? $= 6>= 2? 34 :432?? 36 ;$2? 56:46$=$2/ ::4= <$53 3=7#= ? ;64/?. I3 $= =5457 25==4 36 ?? 33 #$7 :6:7 #$7?3=7#= 6; 3 ==3 36 7# 75$7 3432$2/ ?2>25$3$62.

T ?26>25? <4 6;32 562?2? <$36>3 2 :4325 6; 7/7 34$7. M26; 3 =3 2 $2 3 56>234 ?$=::4? ;46 3$4 ;$7$= 2#4 36 43>42, 3$4 ;3 3 6>7$33, 64 ?3 3 564?, 64 3 34?$3$627 ?46::$2/ $236 3B6=:64>= 6; =5 5623$2$2/ 3 #$53$. E%$7 64 $:4$=6223 ;64 34 6; 4= <4 3 :>2$=23= <4?? ;64 $264 $2?$=543$62=@525 <64?=%:4==$2/ ?$=::46#7 6; 3 36?= 6; 3 P75, 64 3 :6====$62 6; ;64$/2

::4 6; 7$47 #$<=. P6:7 <4 3643>4? $2 3 P75 36 34 3$4 ;4$2?= 2?473$62=. T6>=2?= 6; ;$7$= $2 T>4 # ? 36 6>42 4= 3642 <;34 ?2>25$3$62= 3 =:$=. A;34 3 :46573$62 6; 3 C62=3$3>3$62 6>3=#23 36>=2? %$7= 43>42? 36 T>4 ;46 463 :43= 6; 3 E:$4 3S$4$= 6; T>4 2? ;46 ;64$/2 56>234$=, 2? 6< 2 36>=2?= # 2

:>3 36 ?3 64 # ?$? $2 5:3$#$3 26 2 52 377.

I 23$62 4 33 ?>4$2/ 3 7334 4=)& 6; 3 H$?$2 4/$ 2T>4= <4 ?26>25? 2? =>;;4? 5>= 3 2$;=3? ;4$2?=$: ;64 3E2/7$=. T T>4= 4 263 ;$57 :6:7, 2? ?=:$3 3 3$43 4= 766;2== 6;

3 E2/7$= 346>/ $=5625:3$62= 4/4?$2/ 3 T>4$= :6:7, 3 T>4=3=7#= # #4 4$2? ;$3;>7 36 3$4 67? ;4$2?=, 2? 3 :4=2323>=$= ;64 E2/72? $= 26 :==$2/ <#. B>3 3 P75 3? 3 B4$3$=G6#4223 <$5 ? 33:3? 36 ;645 4;64= >:62 T>4, 2? $3 =>=:53?77 E2/7$=2 6; =4$2/ 3 #$<= 6; 3 B72 C6$33. O2 3 634 2?,G42 $2;7>25 5 =52?23 3 3 P75 6>3 3<7# 4= /6, 2?4$2? =6 >23$7 3 6#4346< 6; 3 D=:63$= ;64 G42 ?$:765 $= 263=23$237 $3 ?$? 263 <644 3 P75 <$3 >2$34$2 :4==>4 ;64 3 = 6; =5>4$2/ 3 334 /6#4223 6; 3 >2;643>23 =>53= 6; 3 S>732 2? $3 #2==$=3? 3 P643 36 3<43 3 ;;643= 6; 3 634 P6<4=. I3= $2 653 <= 36;>434 G42 5645$7 $234=3=. T G42 E== $2 C62=323$26:7



=>? 5625==$62= 6>3 6; 3 T>4$= G6#4223 5>4$6>= 36?=, 2?2< <77 6< 36 >= 6; P75 $234$/>= 2? 5644>:3 6;;$5$7$=. H7:? 3$4 G6#4223, G42 =2?$53=, <$3 52$57 ?$=4/4? 6; 3 ;53 33 3<4 >44$2/ 3 56>234 36 $3= 4>$2, <64? $2 7/> <$3 36= $2 3 P75,<6 <4 4? 36 34 3$4 ;3472? ;64 4$, 2? =5>4? 3 B/??4$7< 5625==$62 <$3 $3= $2$>$36>= $7634$5 />423,)* 2? 634 :4$#$7/=,62 34= ;4 64 6246>= ;64 T>4 32 56>7? # 2 63$2? ;46 634 >434=, 3>= >4?2$2/ 3 56>234 <$3 >2;$4 67$/3$62=, <$5 26< 54$::7 4 ;;643= ;64 4;64 2? 464/2$=3$62.

B>3 I >=3 263 ?$/4== $236 3 3643>6>= <= 6; T>4$= ;$225, <$5 $= 6>3=$?3 =56: 6; 3$= 66. S>;;$5 $3 36 = 33 G42 $2;7>25 3 3 P75>2?6>3?7 $232=$;$? 3 S>732= 34? 6; E2/72?, 2? 3 6=>$6>= =:$=45$#? 3$4 5>. T E2/7$= $2 T>4 <4 $2 26 <$= 67=3?, >3 3 <4?574? 366 3 >364$3$=. F64 T>4 #2 36 =2 37$2/ 36 2E2/7$=2 <= ?2/46>=. T>4= ;4? 36 766 36<4?= 3 E2/7$= E== =3 :==? $3. T <4 ;64$??2 36 #$=$3 543$2 E2/7$= =37$=23=, =>5 =3 E2/7$= 66-=6: $2 P4, 2? 3 >$23 67? $22 $2 G73, >$73 762/ /6 3 G26=, <4, <$3 43$4? B4$3$= =-5:3$2 = 6=3, 2#7 6;;$54=, B4$3$=2? T>4$=, ? 2 <623 36 ;64/34 $2 /66? ;776<=$:. T =:$= <4 >=$7:76? $2 ?26>25$2/ =>5 T>4= = <4 =>::6=? 36 A2/76:$7. A ;4$2? 6; $2, <6 3 33 3$ 7? /66? ::6$2323 2? 26? 74/ $256, <=4:643? 3 =:$= = #$2/ $234$/>? 36 4$2/ 3 B4$3$= ;73 36C62=323$26:7. H <= $:4$=62? ;64 ;$# 4=. H <= 47=? <$3 77 634

:67$3$57 :4$=624= ;34 3 =>55==;>7 4#67>3$62, 2? 5 5 36 3 <647? 36;$2? $=7; :22$7== 36 742 33 $= <$;, #$2/ ;$4=3 56 7$2? ;46>25=$2/ <:$2/,)+ ? ?$? :453$577 $2 =34#$2/ 562?$3$62, 2? 33 $=5$7?42 <4 7$#$2/ 62 54$3.

I3 6>/3 263 36 ;64/6332 E2/7$=2 33 <2 3 <4 2//? $2 3$4 7=3 <4 <$3 3 B64=, 2? 77 E>46: <= 4#$7$2/ 3, 3 T>4= 762@2?2637 36= 6; 3 ?>53? 57=== <6 26< 4>7 3 56>234 = 3 Y6>2/ T>4

:43@<4 $2 =:3 <$3 3, 2? =6 6; 3 =>;;4? $2 562=>25. A2>4 6; 6>2/ 6;;$54= 6; 3 4 2? 2#, 2? 634=, :>3 3$4 2= 36

?65>23 $2 <$5 3 %:4==? 3$4 6: 33 3 B4$3$= 4= <6>7? :46#=>55==;>7 $2 S6>3 A;4$5, 2? 3$= 3 544$? 36 3 B4$3$= E== 36 :4=2336 3 E2/7$= A==?64. T P75 4? 6; 3$= 3 =:$= <4 =3 36 <64 36=543$2 <3 2= ::4? >:62 3 $254$$23$2/ ?65>23, 2? 62 62#4 62 6; 3= 2 ?$=::4?, $2/ =235? >: 36 :>3 $236 :4$=62, 64 36

=23 $236 %$7. O2 6; 3= 6>2/ 6;;$54=, S$443 B, =5:? ;46 36= <644=3? $, $? $=7; ;64 =6 3$ $2 3 />$= 6; 566 $2 3 B4$3$=C62=>73, 2? $= 26< 62 6; 3 7?$2/ 4= 6; 3 C6$33 6; U2$62 2?P46/4== $2 S762$.

T$= ?4?;>7 ==3 6; =:$62/ 2? 3 =>::4==$62 6; 77 $237753>7 7$43 ;774?4 62 3 ?>53? M>==>72= 32 62 3 C4$=3$2 =>53= 6; 3 S>732, ;64



?=:63$= ? 26 =>5 ;4 6; 3 G4 64 A42$2 = $3 ? 6; 3 :34$63$5 T>4,2? 3 C4$=3$2= 34;64 <4 263 =6 576=7 <35? 2? ? 64 525 6;

:>7$5 ::6$23)823. T C4$=3$2= 7=6 ? 62 $:64323 ?#23/ 6#4 3M>==>72 T>4= $2 =6 >5 = 3$4 :4$#$7/= 776<? 3 36 =37$= =5667=>256234677? 3 S33, <$5 :46#$?? 64 7$47 ?>53$62 32 <=

:6==$7 $2 3 M6=7 =5667=. I3 52 4?$7 >2?4=366?, 34;64, 6< :34$63$5 T>4= 6; 3 >::4 2? $??7 57===, /46>2? ?6<2 >2?4 3$= 342233 /# 3 26 #6$5 $2 3 ?$2$=343$62 2? :75? 6#4 3 2 2 <6<4 >44$2/ 3 56>234 36 $3= ?=34>53$62, <4 :4:4? 36 6$2 $2 2 6#2333 :46$=? ;$4 525 6; 6#4346<$2/ 3 H$?$2 4/$.

I3 $= 7=6 = 36 >2?4=32? 33 3 C4$=3$2=, <6 ?>4$2/ 3$= 4$/2 <4?:4$#? 6; =6 6; 3$4 25$23 4$/3=, <6 <4 343? <$3 64 /77$2/5623>7 32 #4 ;64, = =>53 2? ?=:$=? :6:7, 2? 7$#? $2 :4:3>7?4? 6; ==54 2? 6>34/, <756? 3 4#67>3$62 33 :75? 3 62 2>7$3 <$3 3 M>==>72= >3 6< $3 5 36 :== 33 3 D=:63$= 5=6 $236747 36 3 === 6; 3 T>4$= :6:7 = 36 %5$3 36 477$62 #2 3

:3$23, 47$/$6>= M6=7 :=23=, <6 ? $3436 4#4? 3 S>732 = 3$4 =:$4$3>7 4>74 = <77 = 3$4 6245, 2? ? 2 7$2?7 2? ;23$5776?$23 36 $= <$77, 4>$4= =6 %:723$62. T 34$;3, 4?-<64$2/ T>4$=

:=23= =>;;4? = >5 = 3 C4$=3$2= ;46 3 #$7= 6; 3 ?$2$=343$623 :$? 3 = # 3%=, 2?, 7$ 3$4 C4$=3$2 2$/6>4=, 3 <453? 3 3%-56775364=, $2/)96;32 $77/77 >753? 2? 6=3 4=7343? :33 3423=. T :46#$25$7 6;;$5$7= ?$? 263 45$# 3$4 : 4/>747,

2? =6 456>:? 3=7#= 5644>:3 :453$5=. T>= 3 4$5, :$2/ 4$=,=>55?? $2 2 5== $2 #6$?$2/ 3%3$62 736/34, 2? 2 >2;$4 %:3$62= <4 776<? <$3 3 4=>73 33 $2 =6 :75= 247 77 3 >4?26; 3%3$62 ;77 >:62 3 :664. T :=23= <4 =4<? 26>/ 36 :45$# 333 62 3>= <4>2/ ;46 3 ?$? 263 :46?>5 2 /66? ;64 3=7#= 64 3$4 56>234, >3 <23 36 24$5 3 4>7$2/ 57$>, 2? 33 C62=323$26:7 =<776<? >:3 >/ =>= 33 <4 567753? $2 #4 :43 6; 3 E:$4. T 2< 33 34<4 M$2$=34$= =37$=? $2 56=37 :75= 2? $23$2$2/ 74/ 2>4 6; <77-:$? 6;;$5$7=, <$7 3 4=>73 6; 3$= %34#/23 %:2?$3>4 <= 2632<4 36 =2. T>= 34 <= M$2$=34 6; P>7$5 W64=, >3 34 <4 26

46?= 64 $44$/3$62 <64= M$2$=34 6; P67$5, >3 26 :46353$62 6; 7$; 2? :46:43 M$2$=34 6; J>=3$5, 2? 26 >=3$5 M$2$=34 6; W4, 2? =34#?4.

B>3 3 =36$57 M>==>72 :=23=, <6= ;$3;>72== $= = 33 6; ?6/, <4763 36 3$2 $77 6; 3$4 S>732, 2? 3 :>3 3 7 >:62 $= M$2$=34= = ?6$2/<462/ <$36>3 $= 26<7?/. O::4==$62 2? >2>=3 3%3$62 3=7#= <6>7?263 # ?4$#2 3= :6:7 $236 4#673, 2? 3 Y6>2/ T>4 6#23 <6>7? #? =77 525 6; =>55==, ? 263 A?>7 H$? 2/753? 36 =5>4@<3<6>7? # 2 =6 = 36 =5>4@3&0 5623$2>? ;$?7$3 2? ;;53$62 6; $=

4, 6; <$5 3 =:72?$? :=234 6; 3 56>234 ;64 3 562. I #%:7$2? 33 3 S>732 <= 54;>7 36 ::4 3 A72$2 2? 634 4/$23=



33 <4 =33$62? $2 C62=323$26:7 36 :46353 $= :4=62, 6#4< 3 5$3, 2? :4=4# 3 D=:63$= 2? =< 36 $3 33 3= 2 ?>7 45$#? 3$4 :,<4 <77 ;? 2? :46:47 5763?. B>3 <$3 3$= %5:3$62 3 $7$34?$2$=343$62 6; 3 E:$4 <= 7;3 <677 $2 3 2?= 6; 3 P75 ;#6>4$3=,<6, <$3 3$4 54534$=3$5 /4? 2? 3637 75 6; :34$63$5 =23$23, 24$5?3=7#= 3 3 %:2= 6; 3 23$627 ?;25 2?, <$3 5776>= $2?$;;425 363 =>;;4$2/= 6; 3 2, :453$577 =34#? 3 4.

I2 T>4, 3 >4?2 6; 67$/364 =4#$5 $= :75? %57>=$#7 62 3 M>==>72 :6:>73$62, 3 C4$=3$2= >: 3$77 26< #$2/ 26? 56:73 %:3$62, $2 43>42;64 <$5 3 # :$? =77 :677-3%. T T>4$= =67?$4 $= 62/ 336>/=3 = <77 = 3 4#=3 $2 3 <647?, 2? <$77 >2?4/6 /43 4?=$:=>256:7$2$2/7 >3 34 4 7$$3= #2 36 $= 2?>425. I3 <6>7? ?$;;$5>73 36%//43 3 :$3$7 562?$3$62 6; 3= ;$2 3466:=, = I # 6;32 =2 3 $2

:46#$25$7 /44$=62= 2? :6=3= $2 3 ?= 6; 3 67? 4/$. T 2#4 45$#?3$4 ;>77 43$62= =63$= 3 <4 $2 =34#$2/ 562?$3$62 3 <4 $77-5763?#2 <2 />4?$2/ 3 ;4623$4 346>/ 3 4? B72 <$234= 6;32 $2 4/= 2?3334=, <$3 <3 4$2? 6; 3$4 >2$;64= =>:&1 :723? <$3 =>5 23$#/423= = 3 56>7? :$5 >: 3$4 =77 : <= 7<= $2 444= 3 <4>234$2? 2? >2?$=5$:7$2?@ :$3$;>7 <=3 6; 3 ;$2=3 $7$34 34$7 $2E>46: 2? 3 6;;$54= 3=7#= $44/>747 :$?, =76#27, 5>= 3 ? 262= 36 :465>4 3 ?525$= 6; 7$;, 2? =342/? 62 ;46 3 634 33;>7 =: ==3, <4 $2 26 562?$3$62 36 $2=:$4 3$4 2 <$3 3 $/ =:$4$32? =:4$3 ? 564:= 33 >=? 36 ?$=3$2/>$= 3 T>4$= 4. B>3 ?=:$3 77 3$=,

<2 ;$/3$2/ ? 36 ?62 3= 2 44? 33 3 <4 T>4$==67?$4=, 2? ;6>/3 <77.

T T>4$= =67?$4 $/3 #2 # :>3 >: <$3 77 3$= ?>4$2/ $= ;6>4 4= 6; =4#$5 <$3 3 5676>4=, ;64 $3 3= >5 36 46>= $ 36 >3$2 >3 $=6::4==$62 366 62 ;64 33 <= $236747 36 $ 2? 36 $= ;$7 3$2$>$36>= 5>=36 /4< >: 6; :$2/ $ <$3 3 4 ;64 =#47 4= ;34 $=34 6; =4#$5 ? 7/77 %:$4? 2? 3 4=4#$=3= 7=6, <2 577? 6>3 ;64 3$4

:4$6?$57 34$2$2/, <4 263 $2;4>237 544$? 6;; 36 463 :43= 6; 3 E:$42? 56:77? 36 4=> 3$4 $7$34 =4#$5 ;64 2 $2?;$2$3 3$. T <64=3 763

6; 77 <= 33 6; 4/$23= 64?4? 36 3 H? 64 3 Y2. I2 36= <$7?4/$62= 3 <435? 3466:=, $77->$::?, <$3 <677 $2?>3 342=:643, 2?34;64 7<= =643 6; ;66?, 2? /2477 :46#$?? <$3 $2=>;;$5$23>2$3$62, ? 36 544 62 762/ 5:$/2= /$2=3 3 47 A4=. T 3>==>;;4? /43 :4$#3$62=, 2? <4 263 =7?6 ?;3? 2? ==54? $2562=>25 6; 3&' 54$$27 2/7$/25 6; T>4= 4>74=. E?>53? =>4/62=<4 447 335? 36 3= %:?$3$62=, 2? I # 2 ==>4? 67? =67?$4=,<6 ? =4#? $2 A4$, 33 $; 2 <= =$5 64 <6>2??, =6 33 <= >2736 45, 34 <= 7$337 525 ;64 $, = 34 <4 26 2= ;64 544$2/ $2? 33 $2 3= 5$45>=325= 3 $/26423 2? $77-:$? 2 <6 :7? 3 :43 6;

4 ?65364=, ;34 :432?$2/ 36 %$2 2, <6>7? ?574 33 <= $2 ?$2/ 562?$3$62, 2? ? $ >4$? $2 3 =2? <$7 3 7$#. I3 6;32 ::2?,



366, 33 =67?$4= $2 A4$, <2 3 ?$? /3 3$4 ?$=54/@:467 5>=3 <4 >2;$3 ;64 ;>434 =4#$5@<4 4;>=? 342=:643 5 36 T>4 62 3G6#4223 =$:=, 2?, $2/ :22$7==, ? 36 4$2 $2 33 7$2 72? >23$754$37 :6:7, 6; <6 34 4 ::$7 :723 62/ 3 T>4=, 5 36 3$4 4=5>. A ;4$2? 6; $2, <6 <= 45237 B4$3$= 562=>7 $2 T>4$= :643, ;34 54;>7 $2#=3$/3$62 $2 $= :43$5>74 ?$=34$53, ;6>2? 33 263 64 32 3<23 :4 523. 6; 3 =67?$4= <6 <4 =23 36 3 Y2 43>42? 36 3$4 6=. W2#4 562=54$:3= <4 544$? < ;64 =4#$5 $2 33 ?4?? 72? 34 <4 :$36>==52=, 2? 546<?= 6; <$7$2/ <62 <6>7? 56 36 3 =$:= =$? 36 $? 7=3;4<77 36 3 473$#= <6 3 2#4 %:53? 36 = /$2, 2? 74?6>42? = ??.

U2?4 3$= =65$2/ ==3 6; $7$34 7?$2$=343$62 34 <= /43 <=36; T>4= 6>2/ 266?. T 43 6; 6437$3 $2 3 4 <= &( %5==$#,2? 3$= <= 62 6; 3 :4$25$:7 5>== 6; 3 =32?=3$77 $2 3 2>4= 6; 3$=, 3;$2=3 :=234 $2 E>46:, = 56:4? <$3 3 4:$? $254= 6; 3 %:3?C4$=3$2 :6:>73$62. T= 562=54$:3=, <2 3 <4 3642 ;46 3$4 6=,6;32 7;3 $2? 3 <$#= 2? ;$7$= ?:2?23 62 3, =6 3 <67M>==>72 :6:7 =>;;4? /437 346>/ 3 #$7 34323 6; 3 4, 33 <=3 =3 :43 6; $3=7; 2? $2 <$5 #4 62 ? 473$#= 2? 3 7=3 $3 5 6>333 #2 3 ;$3;>7 :=234 76=3 $3= 7673, 2?, 7$ 3 M6=7= 6; 3 $/4 57===, <= 4? 36 4$= 2? =<: < 3 $236747 D=:63$=.

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