Organize the Body of Your Speech

and Locate Supporting

Materialsand

Evaluate Supporting Materials

and

Cite Sources in Your Speech

Characteristics of a Formal OutlineOutline is written in complete sentencesOutline includes all important and relevant information

Outline is typedOutline includes citations within textOutline includes two-five (2-5) main points (I, II, III…)

Outline includes supporting information as sub points (A, B, C…) Each main point must contain a minimum of two supporting details.

If needed, outline includes elaborated information as sub sub-points (1, 2, 3…)

Organizing the body of your speech

Identify 2-5 main points (central ideas you want to present to your audience)Keep main points related, distinct, equally important

Use only one idea per main point

Consider organizational pattern of main points

Organizational Patterns of a Speech

Topical / Logical pattern (based on types or categories)The Division of College Students: Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior

Diabetes: What is Diabetes, What Causes Diabetes, What are Symptoms of Diabetes, What are Treatments of Diabetes

Chronological pattern (based on how things occur in time)Oprah: Oprah’s Childhood, Oprah’s rise to success, Oprah’s future ambitions

Spatial pattern (based on where things are located in space)Places to visit in Alabama: Huntsville, Birmingham, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Mobile

Compare & Contrast (Informative or Persuasive)Shelton vs UA, Wedding Rituals: India vs UA

Organizational Patterns of a speechCause & Effect pattern

Binge Drinking: The effects of binge drinking on a college campus, the causes of binge drinking on a college campus OR discuss 2-5 causes OR discuss 2-5 effects

Problem & SolutionOvercrowded Prisons: The problem of overcrowded prisons, the solution to overcrowded prisons OR the problem of overcrowded prisons, why this has become a problem, the solution to overcrowded prisons

Use transitions to create a parallel structure (flow between main points and sub points)

Transitions – words, phrases, or sentences that show a relationship between main points and connect ideasInternal Preview – acknowledges you are transitioning to a new idea/main pointInternal Summary – briefly reminds audience of previous ideas/main pointsSignposts – show flow of main points

Supporting MaterialsSupporting materials are used to clarify an idea, make an idea interesting, make an idea memorable, or prove an idea

Types of Supporting MaterialsFactsStatisticsExamplesExpert opinionsStories /AnecdotesAnalogiesQuotations / TestimoniesDefinitions

Locating Supporting Materials

BooksProfessional Journals (most specialized research and current research)

NewspapersReference Works (Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Almanac, etc)

Internet-based sources (Websites)MagazinesNon-print Materials (Audio, Audiovisual, etc)

Personal InterviewsObservations

Locating GOOD supporting materialsAuthority / Credibility: Anyone can establish a website. Evaluate!

Objectivity: Is the information bias? Is it an advertisement?

Currency: When was this information produced? Is it updated?

Citing Sources: (include this in oral & written citations)

Title of ArticleTitle of PublicationAuthor of ArticleDate of ArticleWebsite (name of organization, institution, etc.)

Webpage *see citation checklist on website

Orally Cite Sources in SpeechProvide detailed information the first time but make shorter references to source later in speech

Use multiple sources to cite supporting material

Use EasyBib to help locate important information for citation

Establish unknown credibility by making note of source’sEducationExperienceAffiliations (halo effect?)Reputation

It is better to over-cite than to under-cite!