Organization of Organisms

From cell to tissue to organ to organ system to organism!

Cells • There are between 50 and 75 trillion cells in the human body. They originate from the single cell from which one forms and differentiate into the various forms. They perform different functions.

• Cells have different life spans and different functions

Tissues •

Cells group together in the body to form tissues - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function.

Types of Tissues

• There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body:

• epithelial tissue, • connective tissue, • muscle tissue and • nerve tissue

Epithelial Tissue

• - The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body's organs.

• Epithelial Tissue, Surface Specializations, and Glands transitional epithelium,

Epithelial lines things!

Connective Tissue

• - There are many types of connective tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue.

• Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.

Connective tissues

Muscle Tissue

• - Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.

3 types of muscle tissue

Nerve Tissue

• - Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body.

Organs

• An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose.

• There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ.

•

Skin is an organ

• In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes.

Organ Systems

•Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function.

•

• There are 10-12 major organ systems in the human body, they are the:

integumentary

Section 34.1 Summary – pages 893-898

• Skin, the main organ of the integumentary system, is composed of layers of the four types of bodytissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Skeletal System• Major Role:

The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.

• Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

Muscular System:• Major Role:

The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body

Circulatory System:• Major Role:

The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.

• Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood

Respiratory System:• Major Role:

The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. Major Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs.

Digestive System:• Major Role:

The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

Excretory System:• Major Role:

The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.

• Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Nervous System• Major Role:

The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc.

• Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

Endocrine System:• Major Role:

The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Reproductive System:• Major Role:

The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female. Major Organs: Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis.

Lymphatic/Immune System:

• Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. Major Organs: Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells

Web sites for a virtual tour!

• http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp• Feed the digestive system!• http://science.nationalgeographic.com/scie

nce/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system-article.html

• MRI trip through the body• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/mp

eg/umd_video.mpg

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:

• Draw a section of the skin next to the right arm, label the layers.

• 3. What is the integumentary system? • skin, hair, glands, and nails

4. What is the purpose of this system?

• to cover surfaces of the body and provide protection!

• holding your body together.

• Skin also functions as a sense organ, nervous tissue helps us detect external stimuli, such as pain or pressure to respond to stimuli, such as cold and fright.

• One function of skin is to help maintain homeostasis by regulating your internal body temperature.

• 5. What are the basic layers of the skin?

• a. Outer most epidermis

• b. Next layer down dermis

• c. lowest layer subcutaneous• hypodermis

SKELETAL SYSTEM•• Draw in the bones in

the diagram and label them on your diagram.

6. What is the function of the skeletal system?

• Provides support for the softer underlying tissues

• Provides a place for the muscles to attach• Protects vital organs• Manufactures blood cells• Serves as a store house for calcium and

phosphorus

7. Name the following bones:

• a. collar bone clavicle• b. Chest (breast) bone sternum• c. upper leg bone femur• d. Skull cranium/

skull• e. upper arm humerus• f. Shoulder blade scapula• g. Wrist bones carpals• h. Hip bones pelvic girdle

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/RIBS.MOV

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Draw in the bicep and quadriceps of the right arm and leg.

quadriceps

bicep

• 8. The main function of the muscular system is

Movement

• 9. The three types of muscles found in the human body are:

• a. Smooth found in walls of hollow organs like the stomach or blood vessels. Controlled involuntarily

• b. skeletal found attached to bones to all for movement. Controlled voluntarily

• c. Cardiac found in the heart muscle. Controlled involuntarily.

• 10. Skeletal muscles usually work in oppositional pairs.

• 11. Muscles work by contraction.

• SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. Ch 34, 30

CIRULATORY SYSTEM

• Cut out the heart and color the right atrium and ventricle blue the left, red. The aorta red the vena cava’s blue. Place the heart in the correct position in the body.

12. What is the main function of the circulatory system?

• TRANSPORT

• The blood carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all of the cells of the body. It also transports hormones, carbon dioxide and other wastes to the excretory system.

• 13. List 4 things that are transported by the circulatory system.

• a. oxygen• b. nutrients• c. hormones• d. carbon dioxide

e. Nitrogen wastes

• 14. List the names of the types of vessels the blood travels through starting with the ones that branch off of the aorta. Describe their structure as it relates to the function.

• a. arteries: thick walls/ force from heart • b. arterioles: thinner walls/ transport• c. capillaries: very thin, single cell thick walls for

diffusion of gasses to cells• d. venules: thicker than capillaries/ transport• e. veins: larger but not as strong as arteries/ with

valves to prevent back flow because there is not as much force in the veins going back toward the heart.

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

• 15. What is the name of the system that picks up the fluid that leaks out of the circulatory system?

• lymphatic

• 16. List the main components of blood and their functions

• A. red blood cells: transports oxygen• B. white blood cells: fights infection. • C. platelets: helps the blood clot• D. plasma: liquid part of blood, transports the

rbc’s and wbc’s and platelets and nutrients

Red blood cellserythrocytes

Leukocytes

plasma

platelets

• 17. What is the name for red blood cells?• erythrocytes

• White blood cells? • leukocytes

• 18. The path of blood through the heart• starting from the #2 superior and #1 inferior vena cava is

#3 right atrium, • #4 Bicuspid valve • # 5 right ventricle• # 6 pulmonary valve,• #7 and 8 pulmonary arteries go to the lungs, • # 9 pulmonary veins• # 10 left atrium• #11 mitral valve• #12 left ventricle• #13 aortic valve• #14 aorta• #15 to heart• and body.

http://www.lakemichigancollege.edu/dept/Arts-Sciences/bio/anat/mapheart.html

• SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. Ch 34, 30

Non Newtonian fluids

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zoTKXXNQIU&feature=youtube_gdata_player

Blood labs

• 1. Blood Composition • 2. Blood viscosity • 3. Vessel Size and Force• 4. Heart Muscles and chambers

Blood Composition 1. How much will be plasma in ml?2. Red blood cells in ml?3. White blood cells in ml?4. Thrombocytes/platelets?In real blood these would be suspended in the plasma until it was spun

in a centrifuge to form layers like in the picture. 5. Imagine if a person had too many red blood cells, what problems

might this cause?6. If they have too few red blood cells what is it called?7. Would this alter the way the blood flows in the vessels?8. Why do doctors ask patients to stop taking aspirin and Advil prior to

surgery?9. Do you know why some doctors recommend a small dose of aspirin

for people at risk for a stroke or heart attack?

Blood viscosity1. What is different about them?2. What is viscosity?3. What makes your blood viscous?4. What makes your blood less viscous?5. Some fluids act different under stress. Non-

Newtonian fluids like blood can flow better when there is less pressure applied to them.

6. Why do you think this is true?7. Play with the non-Newtonian fluid and try to

explain why it does what it does!

Vessel Size and Force1. Which tube seemed to have the most “forceful” flow of liquid

coming out?2. How does the diameter of the vessel alter the pressure on the walls

or the force of the flow?3. If the same amount of fluid is flowing through 2 vessels and one

vessel is larger in diameter then the other, which one will have a greater force of flow coming out? The larger or smaller diameter one?

4. What happens to the pressure exerted on the walls of that vessel?5. What happens to the force in the vessels as it moves further away

from the heart?6. Which vessels have the greatest force exerted on them from the

heart? Why?7. Which vessels have the least forces exerted on them? Why?

Heart Muscles and chambers

1. Which chambers seem to be the most muscular?

2. Which are the smallest chambers?3. Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated

blood?4. Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated

blood?

• Blood pressure: a measure of how much pressure is exerted against the vessel walls by the blood.

• Contractions of the heart ( systole) causes pressure to rise.

• Relaxation (diastole) causes pressure to lower.

Things that alter blood pressure

• Blood pressure is affected by several factors:• peripheral resistance• vessel elasticity• blood volume• cardiac output

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

Vessel Elasticity Blood Volume Cardiac OutputPeripheral Resistance

Peripheral resistance is the force against blood flow. It can increase if the vessels decrease in size

• A healthy elastic artery expands, absorbing the shock of systolic pressure. The elastic recoil of thevessel then maintains the continued flow of blood during diastole.• When an individual has arteriosclerosis, arteries become calcified and rigid, so they can't expandwhen the pulse wave of systolic pressure passes through them. Thus the walls of the artery experience higher pressures and become weaker and weaker.

When there is a greater volume of fluid, more fluid presses against the walls of the arteries resultingin a greater pressure.• When there is less volume there is less pressure.

Anything that decreases cardiac output, also decreases blood pressure, because there is lesspressure on the vessel walls.• An increase in cardiac output results in increased blood pressure.

Blood volume:

• increase in the number of cells can increase the viscosity of the blood; increased blood volume can make the heart work harder to pump the blood.

• Lower volume, lower blood pressure

• Salt in the diet can increase blood volume and increase blood pressure.

Resistance:

• increase the viscosity of the blood decrease the flow. Decrease the size of the vessel increase the pressure. Increase the size of the vessel, increase the flow but lower the pressure. Increase pressure and rate will increase the flow.

Disease:

• cardiovascular diseases can increase the risk of plaque forming in the vessels and decrease the flow. Weaken the vessels. Weaken the heart muscle itself.

Exercise:

• can improve the rate or efficiency of the heart muscle and the flow of blood.

Constriction of vessels

• Causes increased pressure.• Drugs can cause constriction, cold,

antihistamines, epinephrine , cocaine

• • 1. What is blood pressure a measure of? how

much pressure is exerted against the vessel walls by the blood.

• 2. If the size of the vessel is decreased, what will happen to the force of the blood moving through the smaller vessel? It will increase!

• 3. What kind of things could cause vessels to get smaller in diameter? Plaque build up, vasoconstriction, chemicals, drugs, stress, lack of elasticity.

• 4. How does decreased blood volume alter blood pressure? _lowers it

•5. How would exercising alter the cardiac output? IT WILL INCREASE OUT PUT would this change the blood pressure?_YES_ •how? _INCREASE IT, MORE BLOOD PUMPING EQUALS HIGHER PRESSURE IF THE VESSELS STAY THE SAME SIZE

•6. How would having plaque buildup in the vessels and “hardening” of the arteries alter the blood pressure? IT WOULD INCREASE THE PRESSURE BY DECREASING THE SIZE OF THE VESSEL OR THE ABILITY OF THE VESSEL TO ENLARGE WHEN THE PRESSURE INCREASED.

•7. What is viscosity? THE THICKNESS OF THE FLUID

• 8. If the viscosity of the blood increases, what will that do to the blood pressure? INCREASE IT.

•9. Would increasing or decreasing the number of red blood cells alter the blood pressure? YES • Why or why not? MORE rbc WILL INCREASE VISCOSITY INCREASING THE FORCE NEEDED TO PUSH IT THROUGH THE VESSELS, DECREASING THE # OF rbc’S WILL REDUCE THE VISCOSITY AND LOWER bp. As long at the total volume of blood is not changed by changing the number of red blood cells the viscosity can alter the blood pressure in this way.

10. Would changing the amount of blood plasma alter the blood pressure? YES Why or why not? less blood overall will reduce blood pressure; higher plasma may mean lower viscosity but it can mean more volume to the blood and that will mean more pressure on the vessels. Your body actually regulates the blood pressure this way with hormones that control the amount of urine you produce, thus altering the volume of your blood!

Tutorial web site for human anatomy

• http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/circulatorysystem/menu/menu.html

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The main function of the respiratory system is

• TO EXCHANGE GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND THE AIR

• 19. List the structures that the air passes through on its way into the body.

A. NOSE function: WARMS, MOISTENS AND CLEANS THE

AIR

b. TRACHEA function: TRANSPORTS AIR TO LUNGS

• c. BRONCHIAL TUBES • function: TRANSPORTS AIR TO BRONCHIOLES

• d. BRONCHIOLES • function: TRANSPORTS AIR TO ALVEOLI

• e. ALVEOLI

• function: EXCHANGES OXYGEN FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

• 20. The structures that increase surface area so maximum gas exchange can occur are the

• ALVEOLI

• 21. The Diaphragm and rib cage are used to allow inhalation and exhalation by CHANGING THE AIR PRESSURE AROUND THE LUNGS_

• 22. Excess carbon dioxide can cause the blood’s pH to DROP

• 23. The part of the body that controls breathing is the

• Medulla oblongata

• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM• add the stomach, esophagus, small and large

intestine, pancreas, liver and gall bladder.

• 24. In order to fight entropy, the human body needs lots of

•Energy

• 25. What is the main function of the digestive system?

• TO BREAK DOWN AND ABSORB NUTRIENTS TO PROVIDE ENERGY FOR YOUR CELLS

• 26. List the pathway of food through the digestive system:

• Mouth, • ESOPHAGUS,• STOMACH,• Small INTESTINE,• LARGE INTESTINE, • RECTUM

• 27. List two organs that the food does not pass through but that are important to digestion:

• a. gall bladder/ liver• b. PANCREAS

• 28 Where do the following things get chemically digested?

• a. Starches: mouth • b. proteins: stomach and small intestine• c. Fats: small intestine• d. most carbohydrates: small intestine

• 29. What structures in the small intestine help it perform the function of absorption?

Villi and micro villi_

• 30. What is the other name for the large intestine

• colon31. What is absorbed in the large intestine? • Water, salts

• EXCRETORY SYSTEM• Add the kidneys, bladder, and ureters.

• 32. Toxic waste, carbon dioxide, excess water and salts must be removed from the body. What system does this?

• Excretory

• 33. The microscopic blood filtering units of the kidneys are called nephrons

• 34. As blood is forced through these structures what is removed?

• Plasma/ the liquid portion of the blood so it can be cleaned of waste!

• 35. The path of urine out of the body starts in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and it goes

next to the __ureters__, then to the __bladder__ and then out the __urethra to exit the body.

• 36. If the kidneys do not function, a person will need ___dialysis____ or

• __a kidney transplant to save their life.

• NERVOUS SYSTEM• Add the brain and brain stem to your model

• SC.912.L.14.26 Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.ch 33

The Cerebrum

• The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action

• It is divided into 4 lobes

The Cerebellum:• The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to

the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance

Pons-

• part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis

Medulla Oblongata-

• this structure is the caudal-most part of the brain stem, between the pons and spinal cord. It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate

http://gardenrain.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/brain.gif

Lobes of the brain

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

• Color it orange

Parietal Lobe-color yours blue• associated with movement, orientation,

recognition, perception of stimuli

Occipital Lobe-color yours green

• associated with visual processing

Temporal Lobe- color yours pink/red

• associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Lobes of the brain• Color and label

the frontal lobe orange, the occipital lobe green, the parietal lobe blue and temporal lobe pink

• cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla. P 969

• 37. The main function of the nervous system is to _

• provide communication using chemical and electrical messages to the body

• 38. The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

• Draw one and label the cell body, dendrites and axon. Show with an arrow the direction an impulse goes

• 39. How does the nerve cell create an electrical current?

• using chemicals to change the charge on the cell

• 40. What is the space between two neurons called

• SYNAPSE

• 41. The nervous system is divided into two parts. Name each part and describe its functions.

• A. central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

• Functions:

• B. peripheral nervous system• Functions:=connects all parts of the body to

the brain and spinal cord

• 42. Name the four major regions of the brain.• A. cerebrum

• B. cerebellum

• C. Medulla oblongata

• D. Spinal cord

• ENDROCRINE SYSTEM• Add the adrenal glands, thymus, pituitary,

thymus and thyroid glands

• 43. The endocrine system controls the functions of many other systems.

• What is the advantage of the hormone over an electrical signal like from the nervous system?

• it can work over longer periods of time and be more controlled

• 44. Most of the chemical signals are controlled by the _hypothalamus__, part of the brain.

• 45. The “master gland” is the ___Pituitary__gland___ which regulates other glands of the body by sending stimulating hormones to them.

• 46. Describe the function of the following glands:

• a. thyroid: Makes thyroxin, controls metabolism• b. Adrenal: Makes adrenaline, controls fight or

flight reaction• c. pancreas :Makes insulin to control blood sugar

levels• d. ovary: Makes estrogen to control the female

reproductive• e. testes: Makes testosterone, controls sperm

production

• REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM• Add the reproductive organs to the model.

Female: • Basic anatomy and physiology. • 1. Ovaries• 2. oviduct ( fallopian tube) • 3. uterus • 4. cervix • 5. vagina.

• Female: • 1. Ovaries _store, nurture eggs, produce estrogen and

progesterone• 2. oviduct ( fallopian tube) connect ovaries to uterus,

site of fertilization • 3. uterus site of implantation, aka womb. Has

endometrium.• • 4. cervix lower portion of uterus, opens to the vagina

allows sperm into and baby out of the uterus. 5. vagina. Birth canal opening to female reproductive tract.

Male: • Basic anatomy and physiology. • 1. Seminal vesicle • 2. prostate gland • 3. vas deferens• 4. urethra • 5. epididymis • 6. scrotum • 7. penis • 8. testes.

• 1. Seminal vesicle- adds fluid to the semen • 2. Prostate gland-adds alkaline fluid to semen • 3. Vas deferens transports sperm from testes to

urethra • 4. urethra transports sperm and urine our of

body• 5. epididymis sperm maturation and storage• 6. scrotum Sac holding testes to control

temperature • 7. penis male organ for transferring sperm to

female• 8. testes. Make sperm

FertilizationHow long are the sperm and secondary oocyte

viable?• oocyte: only 12 to 24 sperm: 72 hours • The fertile period for a woman is 3 days before

ovulation and 24 hours after.• Sperm may never make it to the cervix

destroyed by the acidic environment of the vaginal tract/ blocked by the mucous of the cervix/ destroyed by lymphocytes

Immediately after fertilization

• cleavage• morula• blastocyst

implantation

• http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlabfertilization4.htm

implantation

The uterine wall is maintained by hormones

How is the sloughing off of the uterine wall is prevented?

• The trophoblast cells of the embryo maintain the corpus luteum by releasing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

• The placenta can take over the endocrine functions after 2 months

Formation of germ layers

ectodermendodermmesoderm

Folding occurs to make the notochord and spinal cord

Embryonic development 35 days -45 days

1st trimester (1st 12 weeks)

• Major organs develop• Fingernails first form• Neck and toes form• By the end of the first trimester the embryo is

called a fetus.

2nd trimester • Baby's skeleton develops bones• Baby can make sucking motions• Baby begins to hear• Baby's hair becomes visible• Fingerprints and footprints form• Real hair grows• Baby responds to your voice• Baby's fingernails develop• Week 27: Second trimester ends• lungs and nervous system are continuing to

mature

3rd Trimester• Baby's eyes open• Baby's bones are fully developed• Baby detects light• Baby's fingernails grow• Rapid weight gain begins• Lungs mature• Week 37: Baby is full term

52-56 days

• 47. Where are sperm produced? __testes

• 48. What is true about the eggs a female has during her lifetime?

• The eggs a female has during her lifetime are all in the ovaries at the time of birth.

• They mature one at a time each cycle after puberty.

• 49. What is the function of the endometrium? provides nutrients for the fertilized egg

• 50. What is the purpose of the placenta? produces oxygen for the fetus

• The placenta is an organ formed during pregnancy and links the baby and mother via the umbilical cord. It's the organ responsible for gas exchange (getting oxygen from baby to mother or carbon dioxide in the opposite direction!), excreting waste, controlling water balance and pH and also for nutrient transfer.

• 1. Where does fertilization occur? • In the fallopian tubes• 2. How many chromosomes (each) are in

normal sperm and eggs? • 23• 3. What process occurs to make sure the

eggs and sperm have the correct number of chromosomes?

• meiosis• 4. What is a fertilized egg called? zygote

• 5. What process produces the ball of cells called a morula that implants into the uterus just a few days after fertilization? mitosis.

• 6. By the 10th day the hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst is fully implanted in the

• Lining of the uterus called the what? endometrium• 7. The placenta forms after 2 weeks. What is the main

function of the placenta? To transfer oxygen to the fetus and remove carbon dioxide and wastes.

• 8. Organ systems begin to develop in the first trimester, the embryo changes its name at the end of the first trimester to now be called a what? A fetus

http://www.thirdage.com/health/adam/imagepages/17010.htm

Study for the test!• The immune system! 1st line of defense,

specific and non specific, vaccines, antibiotics, some diseases are contagious some genetic, education is a good way to help stop the spread, know some genetic diseases like down’s, cystic fibrosis and diabetes as oppsed to cancer which can have environmental causes. B-cells make antibodies

• Benefits of genetic engineering? drugs

• What is the best way to prevent the spread of disease?

• What does interferon do?

Know all of the systems! • Respiratory! The nose does what? • What are alveoli? • Why does air move into the lungs?• Digestive: what is the order of the food as it passes

through the system?• Where is most chemical digestion taking place?• Where is most water reabsorbed?• Excretory what is the basic unit that is microscopic in

the kidney called?• What is the order that urine flowed from the body?

• Nervous: what does this system do?• What are the parts of a neuron? What does

each do?• What is the space between neurons called?• What makes up the central nervous system?• Endocrine: What is the master gland?• Which gland controls insulin?• Lymphatic: What are the organs of this

system? Tonsils, spleen, nodes, lymphatic fluid!