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Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED
OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS
•CARBON
•HYDROGEN
•OXYGEN
•NITROGEN
• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON ISCALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)
•PHOSPHORUS•SULFUR
aka “CHNOPS”
Unique Properties of Carbon
• Forms 4 covalent bonds• Long Carbon chains are formed.
THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON CARBON COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS:
1. 1. CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDSLIPIDS
4. 4. NUCLEICNUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS
3. 3. PROTEINSPROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
• Chemical Structure
Saccharide(monomer/subunit)One saccharide or Monosaccharide
Common Monosaccharides• Glucose• Galactose• Fructose
gl
ga
Common Disaccharides
• Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
• Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
• Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
gl ga
fr
+ =
gl fr+ =
gl gl+ =
gl ga
gl fr
gl gl
“ose” = sugar
Common Polysaccharides
gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl glStarch
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
…..
…..Cellulose
Starch = SugarCellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper, wood, stems)
Glycogen = quick sugar because of branching
gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl …..Glycogen gl
glgl
glgl
gl
glgl
gl
CARBOHYDRATES•INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE
• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS
•Glucose: C6H12O6.– Main product of photosynthesis– Starting material for Cellular
Respiration– “fuel” in living things
•transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.
Polysaccharides: complex carbs•Formed by linking many monosaccharides•Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked
together– Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS
•Glycogen: stored in human liver– Thousands of glucose units
•Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)
– Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms
»Wood»Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***
Lipids• Chemical Structure
Fatty Acid(monomer/subunit)
Lipids
Lipids
LIPIDSINCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,.
•CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDSFOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE = FAT
•PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE
Nonpolar & Polar portions
Cell Membrane – LipidsPhospholipid bilayer
Lipids
Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
UnsaturatedC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
PROTEIN• Chemical Structure
Amino Acid(monomer/subunit)
PROTEIN
PROTEINS
•Most complex organic molecules
•COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS
•There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)
Protein Functions
• enzymes, muscles, skin, hair
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA)
Nucleotide(monomer/subunit)
• Nitrogen Base• Sugar• Phosphate
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS•LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIALMade of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A
(deoxyribose sugar)2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)
•D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES
Carbon Cycle