Organic Molecules: an Overview Organic vs. inorganic molecules
What is the difference???
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CARBON Can form 4 covalent bonds with 4 different elements, can
also bond with other C atoms Allows for a diverse number of carbon
molecules to be formed Can form long chains of carbon and hydrogen
atoms bonded togetherhydrocarbon chain Branch structure Ring
structure
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Introductory TermsIntroductory Terms Biomolecules = 4 types of
organic compounds Monomer = subunits, building blocks of a polymer
Example: Lego block Polymer = monomers linked together Example:
Lego castle
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How do we build and break up organic compounds? 1) Dehydration:
Synthesis of a molecule, building 2 monomers are linked together by
a covalent bond Water is formed and released
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2) Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules, going in reverse Water
is ADDED Polymers are broken into monomers.
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Lipids Different types Structure: Made up of hydrocarbon chains
Insoluble in water, mostly nonpolar Functions: Long-term energy
storage Chemical messengers (hormones) Insulation
Waxesprotection
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Lipids 1) Triglycerides Fats Made of Glycerol 3 fatty acids
Fatty acid = long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl (COOH) group at
an end. The hydrocarbon chain gives this molecule its hydrophobic
nature Ester compounds (ROR) with many different types/functions
Made through a dehydration reaction and involved in hydrolysis
reactions.
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Lipids Saturated Fat = no double bonds Saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated Fat = double bonds Not saturated with hydrogen Double
bond allows a bend in fatty acid chain so the chains cannot pack
togetherlow melting point
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Lipids 2) Phospholipids Have only 2 fatty acids Instead of 3 rd
fatty acid, they have a phosphate group Amphipathic Contain both
nonpolar and polar regions Major component of cell membrane
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Lipids 3) Steroids Made up of 4 interconnected carbon rings
Examples: Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen
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Carbohydrates Some have aldehyde groups (aldoses) and some have
ketone groups (ketoses) 5-C (pentose) or 6-C sugars (hexose)
Monomers: monosaccharides Functions: Short-term energy storage
Pasta dinner before the big race, game, etc. Structural Support **
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose
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Carbohydrate Composition Monosaccharides: one sugar, simple
sugars Basic formula of CH 2 O Seen mostly as cyclic compounds
Quick energy Ex. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
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Carbohydrate Composition (cont.) Disaccharides: double sugar 2
monosaccharides linked from dehydration reaction Characterized by
linkages between monosaccharides Ex. Sucrose (table sugar),
lactose
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Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates 10+
monosaccharides linked together Energy storage Ex. Starch,
glycogen
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Carbohydrates Structural Polysaccharides 1) Cellulose Major
component of plant cell walls Monomer = glucose Cannot be digested
by humans Fiber! 2) Chitin Used by arthropods to build exoskeletons
Monomer = glucose, differs by a functional group. Cell wall of
fungi
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Proteins Structure: All proteins are created from unique
combinations of 20 different amino acids C,H,O,N Major Functions:
Structure (keratin in hair & nails) Contraction/movement (actin
& myosin in muscles) Energy Transport (hemoglobin transports
oxygen) Signaling (hormones can signal cells to respond) Defense
(antibodies) Enzymes in metabolism (speed up chemical reactions by
lowering activation energy)
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Protein StructureProtein Structure Amino Acids monomers of
proteins Contain BOTH carboxyl and amino groups 20 types linked
together by amide linkages/peptide linkages through a dehydration
reaction. R Groups attached to an amino acid create the differences
among the 20 amino acids.
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Protein TerminologyProtein Terminology Peptide = 2+ amino acids
Polypeptide = Many amino acids linked together. **The amino acid
sequence is VERY important for the correct shape and function of a
protein !!!
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Amino AcidsAmino Acids
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Protein StructureProtein Structure 4 Levels of Protein
Structure 1)Primary Structure Unique sequence of Aas Determined by
genes. Sickle Cell Anemia 1)Secondary Structure 3) Tertiary
Structure *4) Quaternary Structure
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Proteins Denaturation: Situation where a proteins shape is lost
When pH, salt concentration, extreme heat, and/or other
environmental factors are altered, the protein may unravel and lose
its shape Biologically inactive A change in structure alters
function
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Diseases Associated with Protein Structural Errors Sickle Cell
Anemia Alzheimers
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Functions Information storage
Participate in chemical reactions Protein synthesis Enzymes
Genetics Monomers nucleotides Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
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Nucleotides Pentose (5-carbon) sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous base
**Linked together by.. DEHYDRATION REACTION
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Types of Nitrogenous Bases 1)Purines Double ring structure
Adenine, Guanine 2)Pyrimidines Single ring structure Cytosine,
thymine, uracil
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REMEMBER!!! Adenine (A) Thymine (T) AND Guanine (G) Cytosine
(C)
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DNA vs. RNADNA vs. RNA RNA is single stranded; DNA is double
stranded RNA has uracil instead of thymine RNA has ribose sugar,
& DNA has deoxyribose sugar. Functions: DNA serves as the
genetic code for production of proteins. RNA- DNAs helper
