PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009

Organic Chemistry

PAGE 1

Organic compound: A compound based on carbon, often in covalent chains. Most contain hydrogen.

Organiese verbinding: ’n Verbinding gebaseer op koolstof, dikwels in kovalente kettings. Die meeste bevat waterstof.

AFRIKAANS

Khomphaonde ya okaniki: Khomphaonde e thehilweng hodima khabone, hangata e le meharelong e momahaneng. Bongata ba yona e na le haedrojine.

SESOTHO

Imbumba yendalo (Organic compound): Imbumba esekelwe kwi-carbon, ixesha elininzi iba ngamatsheyina aqhageneyo. Uninzi lwezi mbumba ziba ne-hydrogen

XHOSA

Inhlanganisela ye-oganikhi: Inhlanganisela esekeleke kukhabhoni, ngokuvamile kumaketango ayikhovalenti. Iningi line-hydrogen.

ZULU

Hydrocarbon: A compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Koolwaterstof: ’n Verbinding bestaande uit koolstof- en waterstofatome.

AFRIKAANS

Haedrokhabone: Khomphaonde e entsweng ka diathomo tsa khabone le haedrojine.

SESOTHO

I-Hydrocarbon: Imbumba eyenziwe ngee-atom ze-carbon neze-hydrogen.

XHOSA

I-Hydrokhabhoni: Inhlanganisela eyenziwe ngekhabhoni nama-athomu e-hydrogen.

ZULU

Carbohydrate: A family of organic compounds which have a carbon backbone and have many water molecules attached on them.

Koolhidraat: ’n Familie van organiese verbindings met ’n koolstofruggraat waaraan baie watermolekules geheg is.

AFRIKAANS

Khabohaedreite: Lelapa la dikhomphaonde tse nang le mokokotlo wa khabone mme di na le dimolikhule tse ngata tsa metsi tse hokahaneng le tsona.

SESOTHO

I-Carbohydrate: Usapho lweembumba zendalo ezisekelwe kwi-carbon kunye nee-molecules zamanzi ezininzi ezibambelele kuyo.

XHOSA

Ikhabhohaydrethi: Umndeni wezinhlanganisela ze-oganikhi ezinomgogodla wekhabhoni futhi zinamamolekuli amaningi amanzi anamathele kuwona.

ZULU

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 2

Molecular formula: A formula showing the number of atoms in a molecule.

Molekulêre formule: ’n Formule wat die aantal atome in ’n molekule toon.

AFRIKAANS

Fomulara ya molikhule: Fomulara e bontshang palo ya diathomo molikhuleng.

SESOTHO

Ulwakhiwo lwee-molecules (Molecular formula): Indlela yokwakha ebonisa inani lee-atoms kwi-molecule.

XHOSA

Ifomula yamamolekhuli: Ifomula eveza isibalo sama-athomu kumolekhuli.

ZULU

Empirical formula: The simplest form of the molecular formula.

Empiriese formule: Die eenvoudigste vorm van die molekulêre formule.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

Fomulara ya tshibollo: Sebopeho se bonolo ka ho fetisisa sa fomulara ya molikhule.

Ulwakhiwo olusebenzisekayo (Empirical formula): Eyona ndlela ilula yolwakhiwo lwee-molecules.

XHOSA

Ifomula engajulile: Indlela elula kunazo zonke yefomula yamamolekuli.

ZULU

Structural formula: Formula showing the layout of atoms and the covalent bonds between them as lines.

Struktuurformule: ’n Formule wat die uitleg van atome en die kovalente bindings tussen hulle met lyne toon.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

Fomulara ya popeho: Fomulara e bontshang moralo wa diathomo le dikopano tsa momahano dipakeng tsa tsona e le mola.

XHOSAUlwakhiwo loBume (Structural formula): Indlela yokwakha ebonisa ukuma kwee-atoms kunye namaqhina aqhageneyo aphakathi kwazo njengomgca.

Ifomula eyisakhiwo: Ifomula eveza isakhiwo sama-athomu namaxhama ekhovalenti phakathi kwawo njengomugqa.

ZULU

Organic Chemistry

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 3

Homologous series: A family of organic compounds with the same structural features. Eg: Alkanes.

Homoloë reeks: ’n Familie van organiese verbindings met dieselfde strukturele kenmerke. Voorbeeld: Alkane.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHOMatoto a tshwanang: Lelapa la dikhomphaonde tsa okanike tse nang le dikarolo tse tshwanang popehong. Jk: Dialkane.

Usapho lweembumba ezilandelelanayo (Homologous series): Usapho lweembumba zendalo ezakhiwe ngokufanayo. Umz. ii-Alkanes.

XHOSA

ZULU

Uchunge oluhambisanayo: Umndeni wezinhlanganisela ze-oganikhi ezinezici ezifanayo zezakhiwo. Isb: ama-alkanes.

General formula: A formula that can be used to find the molecular formula of a compound from a homologous series.

Algemene formule: ’n Formule wat gebruik kan word om die molekulêre formule van ’n verbinding uit ’n homoloë reeks te bepaal.

AFRIKAANS

Fomulara e akaretsang: Fomulara e ka sebedisetswang ho fumana fomulara ya molikhule ya khomphaonde ho tswa letotong le tshwanang.

SESOTHO

XHOSAUlwakhiwo Jikelele (General formula): Indlela yokwakha enokusetyenziswa ekufumaneni ulwakhiwo lwe-molecule yembumba kusapho lweembumba ezilandelelanayo.

ZULU

Ifomula jikelele: Ifomula engasetshenziswa ukuthola ifomula yamamolekuli enhlanganisela ephuma ochungeni oluhambisanayo.

Alkanes: Hydrocarbons which are based on carbon chains with single covalent bonds between them. General formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2.

Alkane: Koolwaterstowwe wat gebaseer is op koolstofkettings met enkel- kovalente bindings tussen hulle. Algemene formule vir alkane is CnH2n+2.

AFRIKAANS

Dialkane: Dihaedrokhabone tse thehilweng meharelong ya khabone ka dimomahano di le ding dipakeng tsa tsona. Fomulara e akaretsang ya dialkane ke CnH2n+2.

SESOTHO

XHOSAIi-Alkanes: Ii-Hydrocarbons ezisekelwe kumatsheyina e-carbon aneqhina eliqhageneyo elinye phakathi kwazo. Ulwakhiwo jikelele lwee-alkanes ngu CnH2n+2.

Ama-alkanes: Ama-hydrokhabhoni asekeleke kumaketango ekhabhoni anamaxhama ekhovalenti eyodwa phakathi kwawo. Ifomula jikelele yama-alkanes ithi CnH2n+2.

ZULU

Organic Chemistry

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 4

Alkenes: Hydrocarbons which are based on carbon chains with double covalent bonds between them. General formula of alkenes is CnH2n.

Alkene: Koolwaterstowwe wat gebaseer is op koolstofkettings met dubbel- kovalente bindings tussen hulle. Algemene formule vir alkene is CnH2n.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

Dialkine: Dihaedrokhabone tse thehilweng meharelong ya khabone ka dimomahano tse habedi dipakeng tsa tsona. Fomulara e akaretsang ya dialkine ke CnH2n.

Ii-Alkenes: Ii-Hydrocarbons ezisekelwe kumatsheyina e-carbon anamaqhina aqhageneyo amabini phakathi kwazo. Ulwakhiwo jikelele lwee-alkenes ngu CnH2n.

XHOSA

ZULU

Ama-alkenes: Ama-hydrokhabhoni asekeleke kumaketango ekhabhoni anamaxhama ekhovalenti ayidabuli phakathi kwawo. Ifomula jikelele yama-alkenes ithi CnH2n.

Alkynes: Hydrocarbons which are based on carbon chains with triple covalent bonds between them. General formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2.

Alkyne: Koolwaterstowwe wat gebaseer is op koolstofkettings met drievoudige kovalente bindings tussen hulle. Algemene formule vir alkyne is CnH2n-2.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHODialkhaene: Dihaedrokhabone tse thehilweng meharelong ya khabone ka dimomahano tse hararo dipakeng tsa tsona. Fomulara e akaretsang ya dialkhaene ke CnH2n-2.

Ii-Alkynes: Ii-Hydrocarbons ezisekelwe kumatsheyina e-carbon anamaqhina amathathu aqhageneyo phakathi kwazo. Ulwakhiwo jikelele lwee-alkynes ngu CnH2n-2.

XHOSA

ZULUAma-alkynes: Ama-hydrokhabhoni asekeleke kumaketango ekhabhoni anamaxhama ekhovalenti amathathu phakathi kwawo. Ifomula jikelele yama-alkynes ithi CnH2n-2.

Saturated compounds: These compounds have the maximum number of hydrogens joined to carbon and have single bonds between the carbon atoms in the chain. Alkanes are saturated, while alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated.

Versadigde verbindings: In hierdie verbindings is die maksimum aantal waterstowwe aan koolstof verbind en daar is enkelbindings tussen die koolstofatome in die ketting. Alkane is versadig terwyl alkene en alkyne onversadig is.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

Dikhomphaonde tse loetseng: Dikhomphaonde tsena di na le palo e kahodimodimo ya dihaedrojine tse kopaneng le khabone mme di na le dikopano di le ding dipakeng tsa diathomo tsa khabone moharelong. Dialkane di loetse, ha dialkine le dialkhaene di sa loela.

XHOSAImbumba ezigcweleyo (Saturated compounds): Ezi mbumba zinobukhulu benani lee-hydrogens ezidityaniswe ne-carbon yaye nganye ineqhina elinye phakathi kwee-atom ze-carbon kweli tsheyina. Ii-alkanes zigcwele kodwa ii-alkenes kunye nee-alkynes azigcwelanga.

ZULU

Izinhlanganisela ezigcwele: Lezi nhlanganisela zinesibalo sokugcina sama-hydrogen axhunywe kumakhabhoni futhi anamaxhama angayinye phakathi kwama-athomu ekhabhoni eketangini. Ama-alkanes agcwele, kanti ama-alkenes nama-alkynes awagcwele.

Organic Chemistry

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 5

Substituent: An attachment to an organic compound which takes a place usually occupied by hydrogen.

Vervanger (substituent): ’n Aanhegting aan ’n organiese verbinding wat die plek neem wat gewoonlik deur waterstof beset word.

AFRIKAANS

Seemedi: Sehokelo khomphaondeng ya okanike se nkang sebaka se atisang ho ba sa haedrojine.

SESOTHO

I-Substituent: Isihlomelo kwimbumba yendalo esithatha indawo edla ngokuba yeye-hydrogen.

XHOSA

Imvalasikhala: Okuxhumeke kunhlanganisela ye-oganikhi okuthatha indawo ngokuvamile okune-hydrogen kuyo.

ZULU

Alcohol: An organic compound with the hydroxyl substituent (-OH). These compounds often have names ending in “-ol”.

Alkohol: ’n Organiese verbinding met die hidroksielvervanger (-OH). Hierdie verbindings het dikwels name wat eindig met “-ol”.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHOAlkhohole: Khomphaonde ya okanike e nang le seemedi sa haedroksile (-OH). Dikhomphaonde tsena hangata di na le lebitso le qetellang ka “-ol”.

XHOSAI-Alcohol: Imbumba yendalo ene-hydroxyl substituent (-OH). Ezi mbumba ziye zibe namagama aphela ngo”-ol”.

ZULU

I-alkhoholi: Inhlanganisela ye-oganikhi enemvalasikhala ye-hydroxyl (-OH). Lezi nhlanganisela zivame ukuba namagama agcina ngo “-ol”.

Amine: An organic compound with an amino substituent (-NH2). These compounds often have names ending in “-amine”.

Amien: ’n Organiese verbinding met ’n amienvervanger (-NH2). Hierdie verbindings het dikwels name wat eindig met “-ien”.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHOAmine: Khomphaonde ya okanike e nang le seemedi sa amino (-NH2). Dikhomphaonde tsena hangata di na le lebitso le qetellang ka “-amine”.

I-Amine: Imbumba yendalo ene-amino substituent (-NH2). Ezi mbumba ziye zibe negama eliphela ngo “-amine”.

XHOSA

I-amine: Inhlanganisela ye-oganikhi enemvalasikhala ye-amino (-NH2). Lezi nhlanganisela ngokuvamile zinamagama agcina ngo “-amine”.

ZULU

Organic Chemistry

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 6

Haloalkane: An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br or I).

Halo-alkane: ’n Alkaan met een of meer waterstofatome wat met ’n halogeen (F, Cl, Br of I) vervang is.

AFRIKAANS

Haloalkane: Alkane e nang le athomo e le nngwe kapa ho feta tse nkelwang sebaka ke halojine (F, Cl, Br kapa I).

SESOTHO

I-Haloalkane: I-alkane enee-atoms ze-hydrogen enye okanye ngaphezulu, ekuthathwe indawo yazo yi-halogen (F, Cl, Br or I).

XHOSA

I-Haloalkane: I-alkane eneyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu e-hydrogen ondawo yawo ithathwa yi-halogen (F, Cl, Br noma I).

ZULU

Carbonyl: A name given to a carbon in an organic compound with a double-bonded oxygen attached to it (C=O). Examples are carboxylic acids, ketones and aldehydes.

Karboniel: ’n Naam gegee aan ’n koolstof in ’n organiese verbinding met ’n dubbelgebinde suurstof daaraan geheg (C=O). Voorbeelde is karboksielsure, ketone en aldehiede.

AFRIKAANS

Khabonile: Lebitso le fuweng khabone khomphaondeng ya okanike e nang le oksijine e hoketsweng habedi ho yona (C=O). Mehlala ke diasiti tsa khaboksile, dikhetone le dialdehaete.

SESOTHO

I-Carbonyl: Igama elinikwa i-carbon kwimbumba yendalo enamaqhina amabini adibanisa i-oxygen kuyo (C=O). Imizekelo zii-carboxylic acids, zii-ketones kunye nee-aldehydes.

XHOSA

I-Carbonyl: Igama elinikwa ikhabhoni kwinhlanganisela ye-oganikhi ene-oksijini enamaxhama ayidabuli axhumeke kuyo (C=O). Izibonelo ama-carboxylic acids, ama-ketones nama-aldehydes.

ZULU

Ketones and aldehydes: compounds with a carbonyl in the length of the chain. Aldehydes have the carbonyl at the end carbon and have names that end in “-al”. Ketones have the carbonyl in the middle of the chain and have names ending in “-one”.

Ketone en aldehiede: Verbindings met ’n karboniel in die lengte van die ketting. Aldehiede het die karboniel aan die eindkoolstof en het name wat eindig met “-aal”. Ketone het die karboniel in die middel van die ketting en het name wat eindig met “-oon”.

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

Dikhetone le dialdehaete: dikhomphaonde tse nang le khabonile boteleleng ba moharelo. Dialdehaete di na le khabonile khaboneng ya qetello mme di na le mabitso a qetellang ka “-al”. Dikhetone di na le khabonile bohareng ba moharelo mme di na le mabitso a qetellang ka “-one”.

Ii-Ketones kunye nee-aldehydes: Iimbumba ezine-carbonyl ngentla apha kweli tsheyina. Ii-aldehydes zine-carbonyl ekupheleni kwetsheyina yaye zinamagama aphela ngo “-al”. Ii-ketones zine-carbonyl embindini wetsheyina yaye zinamagama aphela ngo “-one”.

XHOSA

ZULU

Organic Chemistry

Ama-ketones nama-aldehydes: izinhlanganisela ezine-carbonyl eketangini. Ama-aldehyde ane-carbonyl ekugcineni kwekhabhoni futhi anamagama agcina ngo-“-al”. Ama-ketone ane-carbonyl phakathi neketango futhi anamagama agcina ngo-“-one”.

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 7

Carboxylic acids: Organic acids with the carbonyl at the end of the chain with a hydroxyl (-COOH). These compounds have names ending in “-oic acid”.

Karboksielsure: ’n Organiese suur met die karboniel aan die einde van die ketting met ’n hidroksiel (-COOH). Hierdie verbindings het name wat eindig met “-oësuur”.

Ama-carboxylic acids: Ama-asidi e-oganikhi ane-carbonyl ekugcineni kweketango ene-hydroxyl (-COOH). Lezi nhlanganisela zinamagama agcina ngo-“-oic acid”.

AFRIKAANS

Diasiti tsa khaboksile: Diasiti tsa okanike tse nang le khabonile qetellong ya moharelo o nang le haedroksile (-COOH). Dikhomphaonde tsena hangata di na le lebitso le qetellang ka “asiti ya -oic”.

SESOTHO

Ii-Carboxylic acids: Ii-asidi zendalo ezine-carbonyl ekupheleni kwetsheyina eline-hydroxyl (-COOH). Ezi mbumba zinamagama aphelaa ngo “-oic acid”.

XHOSA

ZULU

Esters: Compounds used in the food and pharmaceutical industry for their sweet, fruity smells. They are the products of a reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols and are linked by an ester bonds (-C-O-C=O).

Diestere: Dikhomphaonde tse sebediswang indastering ya dijo le meriana bakeng sa menko ya tsona e monate, ya ditholwana. Ke dihlahiswa tsa riekshene e dipakeng tsa diasiti tsa khaboksile le dialkhohole mme di hokahantswe ke dikopano tsa estere (-C-O-C=O).

Ii-Esters: Zimbumba ezisetyenziswa ekutyeni nakushishino lwamayeza ngenxa yevumba lazo elisutu nelinjengeziqhamo. Ziimveliso zophembeleleko phakathi kwe-carboxylic acids kunye nee-alcohols yaye ziqhobosheke ngeqhina le-ester (-C-O-C=O).

Ama-ester: Izinhlanganisela ezisetshenziswa embonini yokudla neyemithi ngenxa yephunga lazo elisaswidi nelisazithelo. Ayimikhiqizo ewukuphendulana phakathi kwama-carboxylic acids nama-alkhoholi futhi ahlanganiswe yixhama le-ester (-C-O-C=O).

Esters: Verbindings wat in die voedsel- en farmaseutiese bedryf gebruik word vir hul soet, vrugtige geure. Hulle is die produkte van ’n reaksie tussen karboksielsure en alkohole en word verbind deur ’n esterbinding (-C-O-C=O).

AFRIKAANS

SESOTHO

XHOSA

ZULU

Organic Chemistry

PLEASE NOTE: WE TAKE OUR BEST CARE WHEN PREPARING THESE GLOSSARIES - THEY ARE HOWEVER ONLY GUIDELINES TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER SENSE OF DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY. REMEMBER THAT IN THE EXAM YOU NEED TO KNOW THE PRECISE ENGLISH DEFINITION. 2009 PAGE 8

Organic Chemistry

PROPANE PROPENE PROPYNE PROPANOL

PROPANONE PROPANOIC ACID PROPANAL PROPYLAMINE

NH2

ALKENE

-ene -yne

ALKYNE

-anol

ALCOHOL

-anone

KETONE

-anoic acid

CARBOXYLIC ACID

-anal

ALDHYDE

NH2 -ylamine

AMINE

ALKANE

-ane

Homologous group:

Functional group

Ending to name

Pre�x

Number of carbon atoms3 = Prop

PROP ANE

Su�x

EXAMPLE

ALKANE -ane

ALKANE

Remember that thissection of the Glossaryrelates to the poster on Organic Chemistry.