Bellringer

Based on you experience with the microscope, which was larger, plant cells or bacterial cells?

How do you think those bacterial cells were able to move around?

Agenda

Collect Homework– Microscope Skills Lab– Any Old Assignments (P-T conf. tonight)

Notes: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells– Membrane and movement– 2 main types of cells– Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm The cell membrane is the outer

edge of a cell. Membranes are made of

specialized fats called “Phospholipids”

The membrane is filled with a jelly-like fluid called cytoplasm

Flagella & Cilia Flagella & Cilia are hair-like structures

attached to the outside of some cells. Unicellular creatures use these to swim.

– Flagella are long and few in number– Cilia are short and numerous

Video Clip: Flagella & Cilia

Human Flagella & Cilia:Sperm and Lungs

Types of Cells There are two types of cells:

– Prokaryotes: Simple– Eukaryotes: Complex

Prokaryotes Prefix “Pro” means “First” Prokaryotes are believed to be

the most primitive forms of life– They have no nucleus, so the

DNA floats free in the cytoplasm– There are no organelles

(specialized parts) inside

Bacteria are Prokaryotic

Eukaryotes

Prefix “Eu” means “New” These cells have internal organization

– The DNA is contained within a nucleus that keeps it separate from other parts of cell

– There are organelles specialized for jobs

Plants and Animals are Eukaryotic

List of Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Vacuoles

Nucleus The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA. It is large enough to be easily seen under

a microscope DNA is the coded instructions for telling

the rest of the cell how to make proteins.

Ribosomes Ribosomes are small structures where

proteins are assembled.– Some ribosomes are attached to the

endoplasmic reticulum.– Some ribosomes are ‘free floating’ in the

cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a series

of flattened tubes attached to the nucleus There are two types.

– Rough ER– Smooth ER

Rough ER Rough ER is called rough, because it

has ribosomes attached to the outer membrane.

Proteins made by the ribosomes enter into the rough ER where it is stored and chemically modified.

Smooth ER Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

attached to the outer membrane; therefore, it has a “smooth” appearance.

In the smooth ER, lipids are assembled and detoxification (breaking down harmful substances) occurs.

Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus’ function is to modify,

sort, and package proteins and other materials (lipids) from the ER and transport them to the outside of the cell.

Summary of Protein Building and Transportation within Cells 1) DNA within the Nucleus has instructions 2) Instructions are brought to the ribosomes by

a chemical signal 3) Ribosomes in the Rough ER build the protein 4) ER packages assembled proteins and

sends them to the Golgi Apparatus 5) Golgi Apparatus receives proteins and lipids,

then repackages them to be sent to next destination in the body.

Mitochondria Mitochondria are organelles that convert

the chemical energy stored in food (glucose) into a usable form (ATP).

This process is called cellular respiration

Lysosomes Lysosomes are small organelles filled with

digestive enzymes. These enzymes function in breaking down

and recycling molecules within the cell.

Vacuoles

Vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates for the cell to use at a later time.