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Optic canal Canalis opticus

Optic nerve N. opticus CN (Cranial nerve) IIOpthalmic artery A. opthalmica

What happens when there is pathology affecting the optic canal?

Article: Meningiomas Involving the Optic Canal

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Superior orbital fissure Fissura orbitalis superiorOculomotor nerve N. oculomotorius (CN III)Trochlear nerve N. trochlearis (CN IV)Opthalmic nerve N. opthalmicus (V1, branch of CN V)Abducens (abducent) nerve N. abducens (CN VI)Superior opthalmic vein V. opthalmica superior

What happens when there is pathology affecting the superior orbital fissure? Superior orbital fissure syndrome

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Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundumMaxillary nerve N. maxillaris (CN V2, branch of CN V-trigeminal nerve)

What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen rotundum?

Trigeminal neuralgia is caused by maxillary and mandibular nerve entrapment: greater incidence of right-sided facial symptoms is due to the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale being narrower on the right side of the cranium.

Trigeminal neuralgia

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Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Mandibular nerve N. mandinbularis (V3, branch of CN V)

What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen ovale?

See the previous slide

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Foramen spinosum Foramen spinosum

Medial meningeal artery A. meningea media (branch of maxillary artery)

What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen spinosum?

• Multiple Middle Meningeal Artery Aneurysms A Case Report

• Epidural hemorrhage

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Carotid canal Canalis caroticus

Internal carotid artey A. carotis internaInternal carotid plexus Plexus caroticus internus

What happens when there is pathology affecting the carotid canal?

• Internal carotid artery agenesis: diagnosis, clinical spectrum, associated conditions and its importance in the era of stroke interventions.

• Bilateral internal carotid artery hypotrophy in malignant osteopetrosis.

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Internal auditory meatus (canal) Meatus acusticus internusFacial nerve N. facialis ( CN VII)Vestibulocochlear nerve N. vestibulocochlearis (CN VIII) Artery of labyrinth A. labyrinthi (branch of basilar artery) The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, receiving the ultimate distribution of the auditory nerve. It is called the labyrinth, from the complexity of its shape.

What happens when there is pathology affecting the internal auditory canal?Acoustic Neuroma X Stylomastoid foramen: CN VII Bell’s palsy

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Jugular foramen Foramen jugulareInferior petrosal sinus Sinus petrosus inferiorGlossopharyngeal nerve N. glossopharyngeus (CN IX)Vagal nerve N. vagus (CN X)Accessory nerve Nervus accessorius (CN XI)Sigmoid sinus Sinus sigmoideusPosterior meningeal artery A. meningea posterior

What happens when there is pathology affecting the jugular foramen?Vernet's syndrome

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Hypoglossal canal Canalis hypoglossiHypoglossal nerve N. hypoglossus (CN XII)

What happens when there is pathology affecting the hypoglossal canal?Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Hypoglossal Nerve

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Foramen magnum Foramen magnumMedulla oblongata Medulla oblongataMeninges MeningesVertebral arteries Aa. VertebralesSpinal root of accessory nerve Radix spinalis n. accessorius

What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen magnum ?Foramen magnum tumor--the diagnosis and surgical approach