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Openness & Legibility: Mapping Cases from India Christine Richter and Yola Georgiadou presenting at IGC Cologne 1012 Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geoinformation Management Faculty of GeoInformation Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente, Netherlands NWOWotro Integrated Research Program: Using spatial information infrastructure in urban governance networks: reducing urban deprivations in Indian cities?”

Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

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Page 1: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Openness & Legibility: Mapping Cases from India

Christine Richter and Yola Georgiadou presenting at IGC Cologne 1012

Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo‐information ManagementFaculty of Geo‐Information

Science and Earth Observationof the University of Twente, Netherlands

NWO‐Wotro Integrated Research Program: “Using spatial information infrastructure in urban governance networks: reducing urban

deprivations in Indian cities?”

Page 2: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Aim of presentation

• To conceptualize differences between non‐GIS‐based and GIS‐based mapping interventions in urban governance

• To situate various geoICT‐based interventions ito tension between legibility and openness

• Point out possible future directions for geoICT‐based interventions to inhabit the tension between openness and legibility in urban governance

Page 3: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT(e.g. SDI since 1992)

Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property mapping 

And a new paradigm: E‐governance through Open Government Data (OGD) since 2009

Situating our research between…

Page 4: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility & Openness

The geospatial response to …

Key Concept Key Concept implies …

Aim Extreme forms and degenerate effects

NSDI 1992

Electronic Government via (geo)ICT

LEGIBILITY forthe state of the territory and society

Permanence

Disambiguation

Standardization

Comprehensiveness

Simplification 

Governability Authoritarian states 

Deletions & transformation of reality

Information flows leading a life of their own

OGD 2009

Electronic Governance via (geo)ICT

OPENNESSfor the citizen of stateinformation and to decision making arenas

Transparency 

Participation

Public Accountability

State Paralysis

Blame games 

Decrease in trust and efficiency

Undermining relationship between transparency and participation

Page 5: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Empirical Cases

GIS Property Mapping: state intervention to develop database of properties and owners as part of implementation of 74th Amendment decentralization efforts (for instance: increase municipal tax base). 

Slum Mapping:  state intervention to identify “beneficiaries” of various programs that target urban poverty, especially through housing and physical infrastructure provision.

Page 6: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Empirical Cases

GIS Property Mapping: state intervention to develop database of properties and owners as part of implementation of 74th Amendment decentralization efforts (for instance: increase municipal tax base). 

Slum Mapping:  state intervention to identify “beneficiaries” of various programs that target urban poverty, especially through housing and physical infrastructure provision.

Page 7: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

The geospatial response to …

Key Concept Key Concept implies … Aim Extreme forms and degenerate effects

GIS Property Database

Electronic Government via (geo)ICT

LEGIBILITY forthe state of the territory and society

Permanence

Disambiguation

Standardization

Comprehensiveness

Simplification 

Governability Authoritarian states 

Deletions & transformation of reality

Information flows leading a life of their own

SlumMapping

Electronic Governance via(geo)ICT

OPENNESS for the citizen of state information and to decision making arenas

Transparency 

Participation

Public Accountability

State Paralysis

Blame games 

Decrease in trust and efficiency

Undermining relationship between transparency and participation

Page 8: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

GIS PROPERTY MAPPING

High Legibility:

PermanenceDisambiguiationStandardizationComprehensivenessSimplification

Page 9: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

GIS Property Mapping: too much legibility, not enough openness?

Example from Pune, 25 May 2011

New Delhi, 23 Dec 2010

Deleting urban spaces & nobody notices until it is permanent.

Page 10: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

SLUM MAPPING

GIS PROPERTY MAPPING

High OpennessState‐citizen co‐construction  and exchange of information in face‐to‐face interaction in public meetings, local offices of the bureaucracy, and personal relations between residents, politicians and bureaucrats

Page 11: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Slum Mapping: too much openness, not enough legibility?

Lack of efficiencyList fraud & strong‐arm politics

Page 12: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

SLUM MAPPING

GIS PROPERTY MAPPING

Page 13: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

SLUM MAPPING

GIS PROPERTY MAPPING

EVICTIONS ‐ low openness and low legibility?

Image source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2012/may/08/nepal‐squatters‐evicted‐kathmandu#/?picture=389805695&index=1

Page 14: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Future Directions: Inhabiting the tension between openness and 

legibility

….

Page 15: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

SLUM MAPPING

GIS PROPERTY MAPPINGEVICTIONS

Government Guidelines

Advocacy

“Counter – Governmentality”

Page 16: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility of people/territoryfor the state 

Openness of government for 

people

Low

Low High

High

Inhabiting the tension ?

Page 17: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Example: The Karnataka Disaster Monitoring Cell

• Timing is important: for initiation & continuation

• Farmer feedback via mobile phone• Combined with GIS data integration and analysis in state‐level autonomous agency

• Reports and maps empower both farmer and lower level bureaucrats (vis‐a‐vis politicians) at village level

Page 18: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Considerations for geoICT interventions to inhabit the tension between openness and 

legibility 

• Timing & type of problem• Combinations, versatility of (new) technologies: PGIS, Web 2.0, combinations

• Re‐consider simplistic dichotomies, such as state versus citizen or municipal versus national level 

>>> what opportunities exist in the blurred spaces?  

Page 19: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Thank you. 

Page 20: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

References:‐ Appadurai, A. (2001). “Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics.” 

Environment and Urbanization. 13(2): 23‐43.‐ Carson, Kevin A. (2011). “Legibility and Control: Themes in the Work of James C. Scott.” 

Center for a Stateless Society, Paper No. 12: 34 pgs. ‐ Gupta, A. (2006). “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, 

and the Imagined State.” In: A. Sharma and A. Gupta (eds.). The anthropology of the state.Malden, Oxford, Carlton, Blackwell Publishing: 211‐242.

‐ GOI Rajiv Awas Yojana ‐ Guidelines for Slum Free City Planning. M. o. H. a. U. P. Alleviation.‐ Meijer, Albert J., Deirdre Curtin, and Maarten Hillebrandt (2012). “Open government: 

connecting vision and voice.” International Review of Administrarive Sciences. 78(10): 10‐29.‐ Prins, C., et al (2011).  “iGovernment.” Report by the Netherlands Scientific Council for 

Government Policy (WRR). Amsterdam University Press: Amsterdam and The Hague. ‐ Raman, B. (2012). "The Rhetoric and Reality of Transparency ‐ Transparent Information, 

Opaque City Spaces and the Empowerment Question." The Journal of Community Informatics 8(2).

‐ Richter, C. (2011). "In‐Tensions to Infrastructure: Developing Digital Property Databases in Urban Karnataka, India." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 2(2): 205–222.

‐ Richter, C., G. Miscione, et al. (2011). Enlisting SDI for Urban Planning in India: Local Practices in the Case of Slum Declaration. Spatial Data Infrastructures in Context ‐ North and South. Z. Nedović‐Budić, J. Crompvoets and Y. Georgiadou. Boca Raton, CRC Press: 157‐179.

‐ Scott, James (1998). Seeing Like a State – How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Page 21: Openness Legibility: Mapping Cases India · Point of departure: E‐Government through GeoICT (e.g. SDI since 1992) Empirical focus in Indian cities: Slum mapping and GIS property

Legibility & Openness: GIS Property and Slum MappingThe geospatial response to …

Key Concept Key Concept implies … Aim Limits of …

GISProperty Mapping

Electronic Government via (geo) ICT

LEGIBILITY byoutsiders of the city (state level agencies and private entities) of city residents and lower levels of municipal administration

Disambiguate: property boundaries and owner identity Standardize: survey method and data format for all cities across stateComprehensify: capture each and every property within municipal boundary Simplify: ignore roadside shops, pavement dwellers, flexible rental arrangements Make permanent: final geo‐database of properties (one‐time)

Governability: state’s ability to supervise,assess, judge, calculate the conduct, qualities and merits of bill collectors, municipal administrators, urban residents in order to increase tax revenue and monitor progress, for strategic planning at state level

Low openness‐ In process Deletion of access to 

property, land claims‐ Ignoring flexible settings that 

provide people with livelihoods

SlumMapping

OPENNESS by the “slum” resident to information and decision making arena 

Transparency + Participation:  co‐construction of slum lists and maps is ongoing, dispersed, through face‐to‐face interaction in public meetings, local offices of the bureaucracy, and personal relations between residents, politicians and bureaucrats

Negotiate the criteria for implementation of nationally driven urban poverty programs and local needs and realities

Low legibility:‐ Strong arm politics, fraud, and 

patronage include those not eligible at the cost of those legible to benefit

‐ Difficult for “third party” objectivity to balance the above

‐ Delays in implementation due to land ownership and claims ambiguity and negative ripple effects for those already implicated by the program