Immunity

OPENER: Test ReviewWhat is a platelet plug?Why are some blood types incompatible?What are the two blood pressure numbers?

Leukocytes: GranulocytesNeutrophilsPhagocytize bacteria

EosinophilsAttack parasitic wormsCombat allergic reactions

BasophilsContain histamine to cause vasodilation (inflamation)Contain heparin: anticoagulant

Leukocytes: AgranulocytesLymphocytes: create antibodiesT lymphocytesB lymphocytes

MonocytesMacrophagesClean-upvideo

p. 227Antibodies

videoOPENERWhat are some ways your immune system served you over the past few days?

Cause of diseasePathogen: disease-producing microorganismVirulence: disease-causing power of the pathogen

Types of PathogensBacteria: prokaryotesPneumonia, gonorrheaViruses: need the host to existCan be dormantHIV, West Nile virus, Epstein BarrFungi: yeast, moldsUsually cause disease in people with weak IS (opportunistic)Athletes footProtozoa: single-celled organisms that can moveGet it from contaminated food or insect bitesMalaria, gastroenteritisRickettsia: parasites that live in cellsLyme disease, typhus

ImmunityImmunity: ability to resist diseaseImmunoglobin: protein that acts as an antibody to fight disease

What the IS doesAntigen: something that is foreignComponents of IS work together to fight the antigen

Immunity

Immune ResponseInnate/Nonspecific Immune Defense:Defends against everythingDoes not rely on prior exposure to antigen

First defenseSkinMucous membranes

These prevent things from getting in in the first place

Nonspecific ImmunityIf antigen gets in, is activated firstMacrophage engulfs cells that arent normal

If necessary activates the specific immune response

Immune ResponseSpecific Immune Defensesmart immunityMore efficientRelies on lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

Specific Immune ResponseCirculating T cell sees activated macrophage Learns what pathogen is and produces more T cellsT cells:Helper T cells activate B cells and Killer T cellsKiller T: kill nonbelonging cell directly

Specific Immune DefenseB-cells become plasma cells and make specific antibodiesAntibodies hold the cell for destruction by macrophages (see step 1)Memory cells are made so next time the body responds more quickly

videoImmunizationCertain immunizations are required/recommended:Hepatitis B vaccinePoliovirusTetanusInfluenza (flu shot)HPV

OPENERWhat are some examples of specific and nonspecific immune defenses?What is a pathogen? What are some pathogens you know of?

Lymphatic SystemHelps with immunityLike the circulatory system but no pump like the heartLymph movement assisted by muscle contractions and valves

Why might exercise assist fighting infection?

Lymphatic SystemFour components:LymphLymph nodesLymph vesselsSpleen

LymphWhat diffuses from the capillaries to tissue spacesCarries nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cellsRemoves waste products from cells

Lymph VesselsParallel the veinsCarries lymph in one direction: from the organs to the heartTherefore it does not flow continually

Lymph nodesTiny, oval-shaped structures distributed along the lymph vesselsLymph nodes are concentrated under the armpits, at the neck, and in in the inguinal regionWhat does this imply about possible outcomes of late-detection breast cancer?

Lymph NodesFunctions:A place for lymphocytes to be madeA filter for harmful substances

Adenitis: lymph node becomes swollen because of a large concentration of an invader

SpleenMass of lymphatic tissue that makes lymphocytes and monocytes

Stores RBCs and forces them into circulation when needed (such as during excessive bleeding or vigorous exercise)

HypersensitivityImmune system attacks allergens, which should be safePeanuts, pollen, pet danderAnaphylaxis: severe allergic response that may cause death

Autoimmune DisordersAutoimmunity: your body fights itselfCauses include heredity, viruses, or other triggers (such as sunlight)Examples: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis

OPENERWhat are some ways the lymphatic system is like the circulatory system? How are they different?

OPENERWhat do you know about HIV/AIDS?What questions do you have?

HIV/AIDSHIVHuman: peopleImmunodeficiency: IS doesnt workVirus: viral disorderAIDSAcquired: get from someone or somethingImmune: deals with ISDeficiency: doesnt work rightSyndrome: group of symptoms that collectively indicate a diseaseVideo: invisible childrenHIV/AIDSHIVattacks the immune system and destroys the helper T cells (cells body uses to defend itself). AIDSA series of diseases and infections that occur as a result of a deficient immune system. It is not actually a disease but the end result of damage done by the HIV virus.

HIV/AIDSWhy HIV is not AIDSPeople in the early stages of HIV still have functioning immune systemsWhen it becomes AIDSHIV causes AIDS by overpowering the bodys IS so it cant fight infections

videoDisease ProgressionS1: infection, body produces antibodies and individual has flu-like symptoms which go away after a couple weeksS2: clinically latent phase where antibodies can be detected in a test, no symptomsS3: IS weakens as virus strengthens, patient suffers from opportunistic infections which become more frequent and persistentS4: Full blown AIDS because of very low T cell count and severe opportunistic infectionsELISA video