Open Defecation Free Tamil Nadu by 2014: Vision, Challenges and Way Forward

Open Defecation Free Tamil Nadu by 2014: Vision, Challenges and Way Forward

Somya Sethuraman: Researcher, Institute for Financial Management and Research, Chennai

January 27, 2012, Consultative Workshop on Sanitation Policy, CMA, Chennai

Table of Contents

Urbanization in Tamil Nadu

Sanitation Statistics

National Urban Sanitation Policy

Proposed Funding Requirements (2011-2015)

Challenges

Way Forward

1. Urbanization in Tamil Nadu

Urbanization in Tamil Nadu

City Municipal Corporations : 10 Municipalities : 125 Town Panchayats : 529

Tamil Nadu - one of the most urbanized states in India TN Population : 72 million (2011) Urban population : 35 million (48%)

Projected urban population in 2026: 69.1% Projected Slum Population in 2017: 1 crore

Service Gaps continue to grow with greater urbanization

23 25 29 33 37 35 37 7 9

13 16

19 28 35

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

(% o

f Urb

an p

opul

ation

)

( in

mill

ions

)

Urban population Rural population Urbanization ratio (RHS)

Source: Census of India, Secondary Research

Extended areas of Urban Agglomerations witnessing rapid growth

11% 15% 10% 13%27%

71%

103%

59%53%

160%

32%47%

22% 18%

75%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Trichy Tiruppur

Popu

ation

gro

wth

, % (2

001-

2011

)

City Ext. Areas UA

Source: Census 2001, 2011 (Provisional), Secondary Research

2. Sanitation Statistics

Tiru

chir

apal

liCh

enna

iA

land

urTh

anja

vur

Ney

veli

Tiru

nelv

eli

Palla

vara

mTa

mba

ram

Nag

erco

ilEr

ode

Tiru

ppur

Tiru

vann

amal

aiCo

imba

tore

Mad

urai

Kum

bako

nam

Pudu

kott

aiSa

lem

Ava

diVe

llore

Kanc

heep

uram

Raja

pala

yam

Am

batt

urCu

ddal

ore

Tiru

votti

yur

Din

digu

lTh

ooth

ukku

di

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sco

res

ou

t o

f 10

0

All districts need considerable improvement (NUSP, MoUD:2009-10)

Source: NUSP, MoUD, Secondary Research

Tamil Nadu: Sanitation Statistics

57% of households in Tamil Nadu do not have a toilet facility

Out of 5.9 million (2001) urban households in TN-

35.7% of urban households do not have access to toilets 7.7% of urban households use the community toilets 30 % of households do not have access to drainage networks 35 % of households are connected to open drains

- (NFHS-3)

- Census 2001

Municipal Corporations: 10

Municipal Corporations: UGSS

Name of Corporation Actuals (Yes/No) Norm

Chennai N.A. Yes

Coimbatore Yes Yes

Erode Scheme in execution Yes

Madurai Yes Yes

Salem Yes Yes

Thoothukudi Yes Yes

Tiruchirapalli Yes Yes

Tirunelveli Yes Yes

Tiruppur Yes Yes

Vellore No Yes

Coimbatore Erode Madurai Salem ThoothukudiTiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Vellore0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage of Population Covered by UGS NORM = 60%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Po

pula

tion c

overe

d b

y U

GS

Source: CMA, Secondary Research

Coim

bato

re

Erod

e

Mad

urai

Sale

m

Thoo

thuk

udi

Tiru

chirap

alli

Tiru

nelv

eli

Tiru

ppur

Vello

re0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage of Roads Length CoveredNORM = 80%

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

oad length

covere

d


Coim

bato

re

Erod

e

Mad

urai

Sale

m

Thoo

thuk

udi

Tiru

chirap

alli

Tiru

nelv

eli

Tiru

ppur

Vello

re0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Slum Population per seat of Public ConvenienceNORM = 60 Persons

Slu

m P

opula

tion p

er

seat

of

Public

Con

ven

ience


Municipalities: 125

75.3%

15.3%

9.3%

PRESENCE OF UGSNo Yes In Progress


35.5%

64.5%

Percentage of Municipalities that Satisfy Norms for Population Coverage

(Norm = 60%)Does not Satisfy Norm Satisfies Norm


53.1%

46.9%

Percentage of Municipalities that Satisfy Norm for Road Length Coverage

(Norm = 80%)

Does not Satisfy Norm Satisfies Norm


32.6%

67.4%

Satisfies Norm Does not Satisfy Norm

Percentage of Municipalities which satisfy the norm for Slum Population per seat of Public Convenience(Norm: 60 persons)


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Dind

igul

Kom

arap

alay

amSa

nkar

anko

vil

Man

ali

Poon

amal

lee

Thiru

thur

aipo

ondi

Viru

dhac

hala

mKa

raik

udi

Than

thon

iPa

nruti

Nag

apatti

nam

Then

i - A

llina

gara

mIn

amka

rur

Mett

urAr

anth

angi

Jaya

nkon

dam

Tiru

vallu

rAn

aiyu

rKo

daik

kana

lId

appa

diCu

mbu

mVa

ndav

asi

Gud

iyat

ham

Dhar

map

uri

Tiru

ttan

iAr

uppu

kott

aiDe

vako

ttai

Patt

ukott

aiVi

rudh

unag

arCh

inna

man

urKa

daya

nallu

rTe

nkas

iTh

urai

yur

Villu

pura

mRa

japa

laya

mPa

llava

ram

Pern

ampe

tCu

ddal

ore

Score Norm = 60


Municipalities which far exceed the 60 persons norm for Slum Population per seat of Public Convenience

3. The National Urban Sanitation Policy

VisionAll Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthyand liveable and ensure and sustain good public health andenvironmental outcomes for all their citizens with a specialfocus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for theurban poor and women.

Policy GoalThe overall goal of this policy is to transform Urban

Indiainto community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy andliveable cities and towns.

B. Achieving Open Defecation Free CitiesAll urban dwellers will have access to and use safe and hygienicsanitation facilities and arrangements so that no one defecates

in theopen. In order to achieve this goal, the following activities shall

beundertaken: Promoting access to households with safe sanitation

facilities(including proper disposal arrangements);

Promoting community-planned and managed toilets wherevernecessary, for groups of households who have constraints of space, tenure or economic constraints in gaining access to individual facilities;

Adequate availability and 100 % upkeep and management of Public Sanitation facilities in all Urban Areas, to rid them of open defecation and environmental hazards;

A Specific Goal

4. PROPOSED FUNDING (2011-2015)

Allocation of Funds for Individual Toilets*

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

New individual toilets Improvement of existing individual toilets

Rs c

rore

s

Regions Corporations

* All figures subject to confirmation


Allocation of Funds for Common Toilets*

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

New common toilets Improvement of existing common toilets

Rs cr

ores

Regions Corporations



Fund allocation by type of toilet and implementing body (2011-15) *

Regions, 73%

Regions, 27%

Corporations, 42%

Corporations, 58% New individual toilets

New common toilets



Funds allocated for New Individual Toilets

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Chengalpet Tiruppur Tirunelveli Salem Vellore Thanjavur Madurai

Rs c

rore

s

Regions (2011-15)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Madurai Tiruchy Tiruppur Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Salem Coimbatore Erode Vellore

Rs

cror

es

Corporations (2011-15)

Source: CMA, Secondary Research * All figures subject to confirmation

Funds allocated for New Common Toilets

-

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Tirunelveli Madurai Tiruppur Chengalpet Thanjavur Vellore Salem

Rs c

rore

s

Regions (2011-15)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Tirunelveli Salem Thoothukudi Madurai Tiruchy Erode Tiruppur Coimbatore Vellore

Rs c

rore

s

Corporations (2011-15)

Source: CMA, Secondary Research * All figures subject to confirmation

5. CHALLENGES

Ranking of Districts on Sanitation Indicators: Key Gaps

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

Thoo

thuk

kudi

Dind

igul

Tiru

votti

yur

Cudd

alor

e

Amba

ttur

Raja

palay

am

Kanc

heep

ur…

Vello

re

Avad

i

Sale

m

Pudu

kotta

i

Kum

bako

nam

Mad

urai

Coim

bato

re

Tiru

vann

am…

Tiru

ppur

Erod

e

Nage

rcoi

l

Tam

bara

m

Palla

vara

m

Tiru

nelve

li

Neyv

eli

Than

javu

r

Alan

dur

Chen

nai

Tiru

chira

palli

Resc

aled

Sco

re

Outcome related indicators Process related indicators Output related indicators


Social and Occupational aspects of Sanitation

Awareness Generation

Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Choice of Technology

Reaching the un-served and the Poor

Demand Generation

KEY ISSUES

Our biggest concern: Projected Slum Population in 2017 is 1 crore

Tamil Nadu has more than a quarter of its urban population in slums, and a large number of urban poor. We need a clear plan to address the sanitation issues in these poor colonies.

The proportion of notified and non-notified slums with no latrine facility is significantly higher for Tamil Nadu; 27 per cent and 40 per cent respectively

Our inability to regularly recognize or “declare” slums has led to an absence of comprehensive data about informal settlements, because of which the poor continue to live without basic infrastructure and civic amenities

Focusing on pro-poor solutions: Chennai Case Study

Services do not reach the poor due to lack of usable data

Chennai Map :Slums Layer overlaid on Toilets Layer (2011), along with administrative boundaries

Clusters of Slums and Zero Toilets

Toilets not in area of apparent need

6. Way Forward

Baseline data collection - GIS Awareness Generation: Behavioural change Integrated City-Wide Sanitation Safe Disposal of waste Upkeep of Sanitary Installations Implementation Support Strategy State Government Support: CSP, DPR, PPP, Funding, Capacity

Bldg, Awards Legal Regulations: Acts, Rules, byelaws Communication Strategy

Target Audience: Households – women and children Key Messages Hygiene Education as an integral component of the school syllabus

Elected Representatives in Management Role Partnerships with NGOs, CBOs, and resource institutions Women’s Self Help Groups

Data collection - GIS Integrated city wide sanitation plans

State government support and Legislations

Implementation and monitoring – Elected

representatives, NGOs, CBOs, Women Self Help

Groups

OPEN DEFECATION FREE TAMIL NADU

Perceptions Layer

Perceptions Layer

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Documents

Open Defecation Free Tamil Nadu by 2014: Vision, Challenges and Way Forward