OP100 OC100 User Tech Manual R2

Orthopantomograph® OP100Orthoceph® OC100User Manual & Technical Specifications

63409-IMG rev 2

Copyright Code: 63409-IMG rev 2 Date: 7 June 2007Document code: 63409-IMG1TPH-1 rev 2

Copyright © 06/2007 by PaloDEx Group Oy. All rights reserved.

Manufactured by Instrumentarium DentalNahkelantie 160 (P.O. Box 20)FI-04300 TuusulaFINLANDTel. +358 45 7882 2000Fax. +358 9 851 4048

Orthopantomograph® and Orthoceph® are registered trademarks ofInstrumentarium Dental. U.S. patents 4,641,336; 5,016,264;5,425,065, 5,444,754, 6,731,717 and 6,829,326. German patent4,344,745. Finnish patents 112594 and 114383.

Documentation, trademark and the software are copyrighted with allrights reserved. Under the copyright laws the documentation may notbe copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to anyelectronic medium or machine readable form in whole or part, withoutthe prior written permission of Instrumentarium Dental.

The original language of this manual is English.

Instrumentarium Dental reserves the right to make changes inspecification and features shown herein, or discontinue the productdescribed at any time without notice or obligation. Contact yourInstrumentarium Dental representative for the most currentinformation.

For service, contact your local distributor.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 General ................................................................................................................. 11.2 Markings and graphics symbols............................................................................ 21.3 Type and version................................................................................................... 31.4 Software version ................................................................................................... 41.5 Options, accessories and manuals ....................................................................... 41.6 Radiation protection guidelines ............................................................................. 5

1.6.1 Protection by distance...........................................................................................51.6.2 Control from a protected area ...............................................................................5

1.7 Manufacturer’s liability........................................................................................... 61.8 Disposal ................................................................................................................ 6

2 OP100 controls......................................................................................... 72.1 Main parts ............................................................................................................. 72.2 Control panel......................................................................................................... 92.3 Positioning panels ............................................................................................... 122.4 Panoramic & TMJ imaging accessories .............................................................. 132.5 OC100 Controls .................................................................................................. 152.6 Optional accessories & disposables ................................................................... 17

3 Equipment preparations........................................................................ 193.1 Care Instructions ................................................................................................. 193.2 Cleaning recommendations ................................................................................ 19

3.2.1 Cleaning ..............................................................................................................193.2.2 Disinfection..........................................................................................................203.2.3 Sterilization..........................................................................................................20

3.3 Loading the panoramic cassette ......................................................................... 223.4 Cephalostat cassette loading .............................................................................. 24

4 Panoramic procedures .......................................................................... 274.1 P1: Standard panoramic exposure...................................................................... 274.2 P2: Pediatric panoramic exposure ...................................................................... 314.3 P3: Wide arch panoramic exposure .................................................................... 334.4 P3: Ortho Zone enhanced panoramic exposure ................................................. 334.5 P4: Orthogonal exposure .................................................................................... 35

5 Special imaging procedures ................................................................. 375.1 P6: TMJ, Lateral projection ................................................................................. 375.2 P6: Ortho TMJ, axial corrected lateral projection (optional) ................................ 395.3 P7: Open - closed TMJ, lateral projection ........................................................... 425.4 P8: TMJ, posteroanterior projection .................................................................... 435.5 P9: TMJ, lateral & PA projection ......................................................................... 445.6 P10: Maxillary sinus view .................................................................................... 45

6 Making cephalometric exposures ....................................................... 476.1 P5: Lateral projection .......................................................................................... 476.2 P5: Posterior-anterior (PA) projection ................................................................. 506.3 P5: Axial view of the mandible exposure ............................................................ 516.4 P5: Rewerse Towne projection exposure ........................................................... 526.5 P5: Waters view exposure .................................................................................. 52

63409-IMG rev 2 Instrumentarium Dental i

6.6 P5: Carpus View exposure.................................................................................. 537 Imaging technique ................................................................................ 55

7.1 Recommended film & screen combinations........................................................ 557.2 Automatic exposure control (AEC)...................................................................... 557.3 Exposure technique factors................................................................................. 567.4 Manual mode ...................................................................................................... 587.5 Test mode ........................................................................................................... 597.6 Film processing ................................................................................................... 607.7 Measurements from the image ........................................................................... 60

8 Special features...................................................................................... 618.1 Quality assurance ............................................................................................... 618.2 Exposure counter ................................................................................................ 628.3 Preventive maintenance reminder ...................................................................... 638.4 Ortho ID film marking .......................................................................................... 638.5 OP100CR model for computerized radiography ................................................. 648.6 Free selection of kV and mA............................................................................... 64

9 Understanding the OP100 radiograph ................................................. 6710 Failure diagnostics ................................................................................ 69

10.1 Failure messages................................................................................................ 6910.2 kV display............................................................................................................ 6910.3 mA display........................................................................................................... 7010.4 Time display ........................................................................................................ 7010.5 Resetting failure .................................................................................................. 7010.6 Multiple failure codes .......................................................................................... 71

11 Diagnosing image quality problems .................................................... 7311.1 Patient positioning............................................................................................... 7311.2 Film density and contrast .................................................................................... 7611.3 Artefacts .............................................................................................................. 7711.4 Unit operation...................................................................................................... 79

12 User programming mode ...................................................................... 8112.1 General ............................................................................................................... 8112.2 Installation & unit configuration programs .......................................................... 8112.3 Programs affecting to image quality................................................................... 8212.4 Other Pr programs .............................................................................................. 83

13 How to program “pr” features .............................................................. 8514 User program features........................................................................... 87

14.1 PR 50 LAY: linear tomography image layer ........................................................ 8714.2 PR 51 PUS: power up setting ............................................................................. 9014.3 PR 52 CCO: constant contrast & density settings............................................... 9114.4 PR 53 NOR: resume normal settings.................................................................. 9414.5 PR 54 ARN: rotating unit autoreturn ................................................................... 9514.6 PR 55 HUP: cassette holder autolift.................................................................... 9514.7 PR 56 HLI: cassette holder vertical limit ............................................................. 9614.8 PR 57 HON: home side for exposure start.......................................................... 9714.9 PR 58 CON: vertebrae shadow compensation ................................................... 9814.10PR 59 PSE: preventative maintenance remainder ........................................... 10014.11PR 60 BEP: panel beep.................................................................................... 100

ii Instrumentarium Dental 63409-IMG rev 2

14.12PR 61 CLC: clear exposure counter ................................................................. 10214.13PR 62 ERR: last failure code............................................................................ 10214.14PR 68 INS: installation...................................................................................... 103

15 User's statement .................................................................................. 10516 Technical specifications...................................................................... 11117 Maintenance ......................................................................................... 119

17.1 Maintenance Schedule...................................................................................... 11917.2 Monthly Inspection by User............................................................................... 11917.3 Preventative Maintenance Reminder ................................................................ 119

63409-IMG rev 2 Instrumentarium Dental iii

iv Instrumentarium Dental 63409-IMG rev 2

1 Introduction

1 Introduction1.1 GENERAL

Instrumentarium Dental Orthopantomograph® OP100 panoramic unitis a software controlled diagnostic panoramic dental x-ray equipmentfor producing high quality images of dentition, TM-joints and skull.Anatomical details will be displayed on the film magnified nominally by30%.

Orthopantomograph® OP100 can perform the following procedures:

• Standard panoramic exposure• Pediatric panoramic exposure• Wide layer panoramic exposure or• Ortho Zone panoramic exposure (optional)• Orthogonal panoramic exposure• TMJ, lateral projection or• Ortho TMJ axial corrected lateral projection (optional)• TMJ, lateral projection jaw closed and open• TMJ, PA projection• TMJ, lateral and PA projection• Maxillary sinus

Your Orthopantomograph® OP100, model OP100 OT or OP100 CR,can be field upgraded at a later time to the Orthoceph® OC100 model.With this addition, high quality cephalometric exposures can also bemade.

In addition to the above mentioned procedures Orthoceph® OC100can perform the following cephalometric procedures:

• Lateral view• Postero-anterior and Antero-posterior views• Oblique projections• Townes, Waters, Caldwell, SMV

Orthopantomograph® OP100 or Orthoceph® OC100 can also be fieldupgraded to the OP/OC 100 OT model. OP100 with the Ortho Transoption can do the following linear tomographic procedures:

• Maxillary imaging in longitudal and cross sectional views• Mandible imaging in longitudal and cross sectional views

Digital imaging is possible with OP100 D and OC100 D or by usingphosphor image plates with OP100 CR, OC100 CR, OP100 OT/CRand OC100 OT/CR models.

As the manufacturer we strongly recommend that you read thismanual before taking the unit into use.

63409-IMG rev 2 Instrumentarium Dental 1

1 Introduction

1.2 MARKINGS AND GRAPHICS SYMBOLS

The following markings are used in this manual:

NOTE!Contains useful information for the reader about the unit and its use.

CAUTION!Contains important instructions. If these instructions are not observed,malfunction of the unit or damage to the unit or other property mayoccur.

WARNING!Contains warnings and instructions about the safety of the unit. Ifthese warnings are not respected, serious risks and injury may becaused to the patient and operator.

The following symbols are used in the OP100.

Radiographic control

Protective earth (ground)

Type B equipment

Dangerous voltage

On (Power)

Off (Power)

Attention, consult accompanying documents

If the unit has UL-marking, it is UL-marked according to UL 2601-1 and CAN/CSA C22.2 No.601.1

2 Instrumentarium Dental 63409-IMG rev 2

1 Introduction

1.3 TYPE AND VERSION

The type and version of the OP100 and OC100 are defined in themain label of the unit located on the vertical carriage bottom plate nextto the power on/off switch. The unit is class I, type B and with IP-20protection.

Fig 1.1. Main label

For example, OP 100-2-1-2 is Orthopantomograph® OP100, forEuropean market (230 VAC), with Toshiba D-051S tube, version 2.

TYPE AND VERSION

OP100 short form for Orthopantomograph® OP100

OC100 short form for Orthoceph® OC100

a country code: 1 Japan 2 Europe 3 USA 4 Other countries

b type of the x-ray tube insert which is originally utilized: 1 D-051S 2 XL-90C-5°/0.6 3 D-101/15öH 4 D-102/15ö 5 XL-90-5°/0.4 6 OPX105

c version number: "blank" OP100 Trophy models, only 1 OP100 models, s/n 70000-70999 2 OP100 models from s/n 71000

S indication of a "Special" version, marked only in products which have a non-standard modification


1 Introduction

1.4 SOFTWARE VERSION

This manual covers the features of the OP100 software version 1.2.07and higher. Software version is displayed for few seconds on controlpanel display after switching the unit on.

1.5 OPTIONS, ACCESSORIES AND MANUALS

The options are listed in the appendices. The accessories are listed insections 2.4 and 2.6.

NOTE!To maintain safe and correct functioning of OP100, only the approvedaccessories may be used.

Following manuals and documents are shipped with the OP100:

• OP100/OC100 User Manual & Technical Specifications• OP100/OC100 Installation Manual

Following manuals and documents may have been shipped with theOP100:

• Ortho Trans User Manual• OP100 Technical Support Manual• OP100 Service Manual: Trouble Shooting• OP100 Spare Parts• Service Manual: Maintenance

These manuals and future updates are available on request fromInstrumentarium Corporation.


1 Introduction

1.6 RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDELINES

X-ray equipment may cause injury if used improperly. The instructionscontained in this manual must be read and followed when operatingOrthopantomograph® OP100. All government and local regulationspertaining to radiation safety must be observed.

NOTE!For USA: Many provisions of these regulations are based onrecommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements. Recommendations for dental x-ray protection arepublished in NCRP Report #35 available from NCRP Publications,7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1016, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Personal radiation monitoring and protective devices are available andrecommended for staff members. It is also recommended to providethe patient with a protective apron. Consult the physician before takingimages of pregnant patients.

WARNING!Orthopantomograph® OP100 must not be used in rooms where anexplosion hazard exists.

1.6.1 Protection by distance

In all examinations the user of the x-ray equipment should wearprotective clothing. The operator does not need to be close to thepatient during normal use. The protection against stray radiation canbe achieved by using the hand switch not less than 2 m (7 ft.) from thefocal spot and the x-ray beam. Operator should maintain visiblecontact with the patient and technique factors. This allows immediatetermination of radiation by the release of the exposure button in theevent of a malfunction or disturbance.

Fig 1.2. Caution information on Control panel

1.6.2 Control from a protected area

The operator does not need to be close to the patient during normaluse. Control panel hand switch or optional remote hand switch can beused from an area protected from the x-ray beam. The fully extendedspiral cable length of the control panel hand switch is approx. 4 m / 13 ft. The cable length of the remote hand switch (part #69961) isapprox. 10 m / 32 ft.


1 Introduction

1.7 MANUFACTURER’S LIABILITY

As a manufacturer we can only assume liability of safe and reliableoperation of this unit when

• OP100 unit installation was performed according to the OP100Installation & Adjustments Manual and

• OP100 Unit is used according to the OP100 User Manual• Maintenance and repairs are performed by a qualified

Orthopantomograph® Dealer and• Original or authorized spare parts are used

If service on the unit is performed, a work order describing the typeand extent of repair must be provided by the service technician. Thismust contain information of changes of nominal data or work rangeperformed. The work order must furthermore indicate the date ofrepair, the name of the company concerned and a valid signature.User should keep this work order for future references.

1.8 DISPOSAL

Follow the local regulations on disposal of waste parts. OP100 has atleast the following parts that should be regarded as non-environmentalfriendly waste products:

– X-ray source assembly– All electronic circuits– Column counter weight (Pb)


2 OP100 controls

2 OP100 controls2.1 MAIN PARTS

1 Cassette holder2 Main support 3 Film cassette4 Rotating unit5 Head and Temple support6 Primary collimator7 Bite fork with rod8 Chin rest9 Handles10 Positioning panel11 Control panel12 Exposure indicator lights13 FH light height adjustment14 Mirror

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14


2 OP100 controls

15 Exposure Button with cable and holder (optional in some markets)

Fig 2.1. Remote exposure button (15)

21) Main label

22) Power ON / OFF switch with an indicator23) Main fuses with label24) Connector for Control panel25) Connector for Ortho ID

Fig 2.2. Carriage bottom plate

Fig 2.3. Connector for Ortho ID (25).

NOTE!Older models have the connector for Ortho ID under the carriagebottom plate where as the newer ones have the connector behind thecarriage.

15


2 OP100 controls

2.2 CONTROL PANEL

Exposure Control

ta

Imaging Procedures P1-P12 with Indicator lights

30 Exposure Button

31 Exposure Indicator Light

32 “Ready” Indicator Light

33 Standard Panoramic (P1)

34 Pediatric Panoramic (P2)

35 Ortho Zone Panoramic (P3) or Wide Layer Panoramic (P3 Optional)

36 Orthogonal Panoramic (P4)

37 Cephalostat mode (P5, if OC100 attached)

38 Lateral TMJ View (P6) or Ortho TMJ Axial Corrected LateralTMJ View (P6 Optional)

39 Lateral TMJ mouth closed and open combined (P7)

40 TMJ, PA Projection (P8)

41 TMJ, Lateral and PA projections combined (P9)

30

313233..37

38..4243..45

46

47

49

50

51..54

55..59

60


2 OP100 controls

Exposure Modes with Indicator lights

46 Automatic Exposure Density Scale (nine steps)

Default

Half step lighter

One step darker

One and half steps darker

Icons for Preprogrammed Technique Factors with Indicator lights

42 Maxillary Sinus Procedure (P10)

38-42 Mandible Linear Tomography (P11, if Ortho Trans attached)33-37 Maxillary Linear Tomography (P12, if Ortho Trans attached)

43 Automatic Exposure Control

44 Manual Exposure Control

45 Test Mode

47 kVp display

49 mA display

50 Exposure time display / Exposure counter value display

51 Child

52 Juvenile


2 OP100 controls

Function Selection Keys:55-56 Move the flashing indicator left or right / decrease orincrease the value on display57-58 Move the flashing indicator up or down to the nextselection row59 Show Exposure counter value or reset user error (ch)In the programming mode: Enter & Exit Program Mode,Accept the displayed choice

NOTE!OK key has special functions in the Program mode. See User Program Manual for details.

Radiation warning

53 Adult

54 Large adult


2 OP100 controls

2.3 POSITIONING PANELS

Fig 2.4. Positioning panel, right side

Positioning Panel Key meaning in each mode

Key Panoramic (P1-P4)

Cephalostat (P5)

TMJ (P6-P9)

Maxillary Sinus (P10)

20 Carriage vertical movement up / down

21 moves the image layer 3 mm anterior during exposure

moves image layer anterior

moves the image layer 10 mm anterior from nominal position during exposure

22 normal occlusion / reset position

reset to middle

nominal position

23 moves the image layer 3 mm posterior during exposure

moves image layer posterior

moves the image layer 10 mm posterior from nominal position during exposure

24 Rotating unit movement:Start << >> Patient positioning

Align tubehead for exposure

Rotating unit movement: Start << >> Patient positioning.

25 Positioning lights on / off

Positioning lights on / off

26 Cassette holder up

27 Cassette holder down

20

24 25


2 OP100 controls

2.4 PANORAMIC & TMJ IMAGING ACCESSORIES

Fig 2.5. Panoramic patient positioning accessories

Fig 2.6. TMJ patient positioning accessories

Part code:

Part description: Part code:

Part description:

62875 Chin rest 62904* Nose support, long

62895 Sinus rest 62906* Nose support, short

62942* Bite block 10 pcs 60477 TMJ pointer

4401* Bite fork, short 56 mm

64665 TMJ angle indicator (Ortho TMJ option)

2648* Bite fork 71 mm 62943 TMJ chin rest (Ortho TMJ option)

62958* Bite fork, long 80 mm, optional (not shown)

64694 TMJ pointer (for Ortho Trans units)

50076 Child adaptor

6722 Chin support

62965 Edentulous bite positioned, optional


2 OP100 controls

NOTE!The parts marked with * are autoclavable.

Convenient bins for small accessories and disposables are located onthe both sides of the vertical carriage.

Fig 2.7. Left and right cabins.


2 OP100 controls

2.5 OC100 CONTROLS

Fig 2.8. OC100 LL: Cephalostat mounted on the left side

Cephalostat arm1 Cephalostat head2 Cassette holder3 Cassette retainer4 Film cassette

sizes: 18 x 24 cm &24 x 30 cm or 8” x 10 " & 10” x 12"

5 Guides for optionalgrid

6 Lock for axialrotation (see fig 2.11)

7 Ear rods, plastic orwooden models

8 Nasion support9 Soft tissue scale display10 Magnification scale

2

8

7

1

3,5

5

6

910

Fig 2.9. Head positioner, ear holder, cassette holder

Fig 2.10. Lock for axial rotation Fig 2.11. Soft tissue scale display


2 OP100 controls

Fig 2.12. Cassette (4) and grooves (5) for optional grid

Fig 2.13. Panoramic cassette holder lifted to allow cephalostat procedure

tubehead11 Soft tissue filter scale

& slider12 Quality Assurance

collimator "QA"13 Panoramic collimator

"PAN"Cephalometriccollimators:

14 Lateral view: Europe18 x 24 cm AH, 24 x 30 cm AV, othermarkets 10” x 8" AHor 10” x 12" AV

15 Lateral view: Europe18 x 24 cm AH, 18 x 24 cm AV, other markets 8” x 10" AV

16 Symmetrical view: Europe 18 x 24 cm SV, other markets 8” x 10" SV

17 Collimator selection lever

4

5

5

11 12 13 14 15 16

17

Fig 2.14. tubehead


2 OP100 controls

NOTE!14-16: Cassette orientation markings: AV = Asymmetric vertical, AH = Asymmetric horizontal, SV = Symmetrical vertical (for facial / PA views).

2.6 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES & DISPOSABLES

The following optional accessories, disposables and tools areavailable for the equipment:

Fig 2.15. Consumer accessories

Part code:


Part description:

6644 Bite fork coat, 500 pcs

69980 Ball & pin phantom

7451 Chin rest coat, 100 pcs

60215 Allen wrenches (metric)

7452 Temple support coat, 200 pcs

20204 Fuse 15 A slowblow, for 110 Vline voltage

Fig 2.16. Service accessories.Fig 2.17. Ceph Fluorescent tool

(adjusting cross)


2 OP100 controls

7453 Nose support coat, 100 pcs

20154 Fuse 10 A slowblow, for 230VAC line voltage

8915 Ear holder coat, 20 pcs

20912 Spare halogen lamp

68300

68301

OC100 Fluorescent tool (18x24S, 18x24A, 24x30A) cm

OC100 Fluorescent tool (8x10x12) inch

65630 Fluorescent Screen OP100

Part code:


Part description:


3 Equipment preparations

3 Equipment preparations3.1 CARE INSTRUCTIONS

X-ray devices are sophisticated electronic products includingadvanced technologies. As such, they have to be handled with a highdegree of care. This document gives the care instructions applicableto the Orthopantomograph® panoramic and cephalostat units.

NOTE!It is strictly mandatory to follow these Care Instructions in order to notvoid the warranty of the product.

CAUTION!As a standard recommendation, clean the unit regularly using non-agressive, mild, commercially available cleaning agents.

3.2 CLEANING RECOMMENDATIONS

The unit should be cleaned after every usage between the patients.Items and surfaces that are not given special instructions for cleaning,disinfecting and sterilizing, can be cleaned with soft cloth moisturedwith disinfective after every usage.

WARNING!Always disconnect OP100 from mains or switch off the power prior tocleaning or disinfecting the unit.

CAUTION!Do not allow water or other cleaning liquids to enter the unit interiorsince these may cause short-circuits or corrosion.

3.2.1 Cleaning

The purpose of cleaning and rinsing is to remove all adherent visiblesoil (e.g. blood, protein substances and other debris), to reduce thenumber of particulate and micro-organisms, and to reduce the amountof pyrogenic and antigenic material.

Use a cloth moistened in cool-to-lukewarm, soapy water to clean theunit, and prevent coagulation and thus facilitate the removal of proteinsubstances. Then wipe with a cloth moistened in clear water. Milddetergent solution can be used. Never use cleaners or solvents of anykind. If you are uncertain of the nature of cleaning agent, do not use it.



Examples of cleaning agents that are allowed or prohibited whencleaning the unit panels:

Allowed: Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 96%, Methanol (metyl alcohol), Soap, BIREXse.

Not allowed: Bentzene, Chlorine bentzene, Acetone, Acetic ether, agents containing phenol, paracetic acid, peroxide and other oxygen-cleaving agents, sodium hypochlorite and iodine-cleaving agents.

Intensifying Screens

Use Kodak Intensifying Screen Cleaner and Antistatic Solution orequivalent solution. Do not contaminate screens with processor liquidsor other chemicals.

3.2.2 Disinfection

For example, use Ethanol 96% for disinfection of equipment. Wipemanually with clean cloth moistured in disinfectant solution. Never usecorrosive or solvent disinfectants. All items and surfaces should bedried before next usage.

NOTE!Wear gloves and other protective equipment during decontaminationprocess.

WARNING!Do not use any disinfecting sprays since the vapor could ignitecausing injury.

Disinfecting techniques for both the unit and the room must complywith all laws and regulations that have jurisdiction of law within thejurisdiction on which the unit is.

3.2.3 Sterilization

Some removable parts in touch with the patient are sterilizable inautoclave. Such parts are:

Bite forks (4401, 2648, 62958), Bite block (62942) and Nose supports(62906, 62904).

Autoclave

Sterilizable parts can be autoclaved. If autoclaving is performed forthese items, disinfection by immersing in disinfectant solution for 10 minutes is not needed.



Steam sterilization

Recommended parameters for sterilizable parts are:

Gravity-displacement steam sterilization"Flash" sterilization:Temperature: 270°F (132°C)Exposure time: 3 minutes

Prevacuum steam sterilization"Flash" sterilization:Temperature: 270°F (132°C)Exposure time: 3 minutes

Steam-flush pressure-pulse steam sterilizationTemperature: 270°F to 275°F (132°C to 135°C)Exposure time: 3 to 4 minutes

Ethylene oxide sterilization

Not recommended as sterilization process for OP100 parts.

Other sterilization processes

Dry heat sterilization

Dry heat sterilization can only be used with the bite forks.

Typical cycle parameters are:

Temperature: 338°F (170°C)Exposure time: 60 minutesTemperature: 375°F (190°C)Exposure time: 6 minutes (unwrapped items) or 12 minutes(wrapped items)

Liquid chemical sterilant gases


Chemical sterilant gases


Testing

For example, a 2% hydrogen peroxide solution can be used to verifyremoval of protein from the unit. Soluton bubbles if it comes in contactwith blood or protein substances. If any bubbling is observed, thedecontamination process must be performed again.



3.3 LOADING THE PANORAMIC CASSETTE

For Panoramic, TMJ and QA imaging procedures, the initialequipment preparation is as follows:

NOTE!Panoramic x-ray film is extremely sensitive to light. It is important thatthis film is loaded in a dark room having no light leaks. No amount ofwhite, blue or green light is acceptable. If the darkroom is used, it mustalso be organized to have a clean, dry work area under propersafelight illumination to load the cassette.

1 Place the cassette on the work surface. By releasing the lockinglevers (1) open the cassette fully. The cassette may look differentfrom the picture below, with two levers or hinges on top

1 Locking lever(s)2 Intensifying screens3 Film

2 Under safelight conditions, open the box of film. Holding the film(3) by the corners, place one piece into the cassette. Place itagainst the lower edge of the cassette. Do not slide the film overintensifying screens (2) as this will cause static electricity markson the film.

3 Close the cassette by pressing the cover and chassis firmlytogether until they lock, with some cassettes use lever to lock it.Be sure the film box top is closed before switching the lights on oropening the darkroom door.

4 To unload the cassette for processing, reverse the aboveprocedure.

5 Locate the power switch under the carriage. Turn the powerswitch to the "I" position. The green light will go on. Unit will rotateautomatically for patient positioning.

6 If necessary, remove the cephalostat cassette to avoid exposureto the cephalometric film. Orient the panoramic film cassette withthe arrow pointing up, flat side towards x-ray tube and slide it intothe cassette holder.

2

2

3

1



7 Lift the cassette holder up to make the patient positioning easier.Cassette holder may have been programmed to raiseautomatically when the cassette is inserted or press cassette upkey. A built-in sensor prevents the exposure without the cassettein place. Move the head support as far ahead and up as possible.

Fig 3.3. Raising cassette holder

Fig 3.4. Moving the head support ahead

8 Select the panoramic collimation from the tubehead. In OP100set the lever to the right, in other models select "PAN". One of thepanoramic programs will be selected automatically on the controlpanel.

Fig 3.1. Cephalostat cassette removal Fig 3.2. Panoramic film cassette orientation



9 Proceed to the section Panoramic procedures for Panoramicimaging and to the section Special imaging procedures for TMJand Sinus imaging.

3.4 CEPHALOSTAT CASSETTE LOADING

For all cephalometric imaging procedures, the initial equipmentpreparation is as follows:

1 Load the cassette per section Loading the panoramic cassettesteps 1 to 3.

2 Locate the power switch under the carriage. Turn the powerswitch to the "I" position. The green light will go on. Unit will rotateautomatically for patient positioning.

3 If necessary, remove the panoramic cassette to avoid exposureto the panoramic film. There is no need to remove panoramicpositioning accessories.

PAN / CEPHPAN / TOMO

SEL-PAN4

Fig 3.5. Remove the panoramic cassette

Fig 3.6. Insert the cephalostat cassette



4 Orient thecephalostat filmcassette with flatside towards x-raytube and install itinto the cassetteholder. Lift theretainer, if needed.

5 Cassette holder hasmarkings to placecassette for differentimaging procedures.Lower the cassette retainer. It will secure the cassette in place.

6 Select one of the cephalometric collimator positions from thetubehead. Technique factors and indicators change automaticallyto cephalometric values on the control panel.

7 Press the Start key on the positioning panel. The tubehead andcassette rack will automatically position for cephalometricexposures.

NOTE!Ready light will only light when 1) the cephalostat collimation has beenselected, 2) the cephalostat cassette is in place and 3) the cassetteholder has been raised.

8 Go to the section 6 Making the Cephalometric Exposures.

tubeside

tub

esi de

Asymmetric vertical view Asymmetric horizontal view

Fig 3.7. Cephalostat collimator selection

Fig 3.8. Asymmetric vertical view, cephalostat on the right side

Fig 3.9. Align the tubehead for ceph exposure

Fig 3.10. The cassette holder up position



NOTE!OC100 is designed to accommodate an optional grid (G). Standardgrids may be used. In front of the cassette (C) there are guides for gridmounting, built in to the cassette holder (H) and retainer (R).

Fig 3.11. Grid mounting

CG

R

H

Fig 3.12. Optional grid (G)


4 Panoramic procedures

4 Panoramic procedures4.1 P1: STANDARD PANORAMIC EXPOSURE1 Prepare the equipment per section Loading the panoramic

cassette.2 Verify that the light under program "1" (P1) in the control panel is

lit.

When the system is turned on it will automatically set itself to standardpanoramic with AEC (automatic exposure control) settings. No otherControl Panel settings are necessary.

NOTE!If you wish to set the AEC density factors darker or lighter or wish toset the technique factors by patient size or manually, refer to sectionImaging Technique.

3 Install the chin rest and bite fork with bite fork rod (adult or child)with hygienic covers. Open temple supports.

.

4 Ask patient to remove any metal objects, such as eye glasses,jewelry, oral appliances, removable dentures, hearing aids, bibchain, etc., from the head and neck area. Shadows caused bythese opacities may obscure diagnosis.

5 It is strongly recommended to provide the patient with a leadapron for radiation protection.

6 Direct the patient to the unit and instruct to stand as straight andtall as possible. Ask patient to take a grip on handles.

Fig 4.1. P1: Image Layer

Fig 4.2. P1 & AEC mode

Fig 4.3. Chin rest Fig 4.4. Open template supports



By pressing up or down button on the Patient positioning panel adjustthe carriage height so the chin rest is at the patient's height. Havepatient place chin on the chin rest.

7 Show the patient the grooves in the bite fork and place the bitefork into patient's mouth.

Fig 4.5. Hands on the grips and chin on the chin rest.

NOTE!The patient can either be standing, seated, or in a wheelchair.

If the bite fork cannot be used because the malocclusion or missingteeth, remove the bite fork with rod (A), reset the chin support (B), anduse cotton rolls to separate the bite.

8 Positioning lights will switchon automatically when thecarriage is moved. Theystay on for 45 seconds oruntil exposure is initiated. Ifnecessary, lights can alsobe switched on and off atthe Positioning panel withlight key.

9 Ask the patient to take a small step forward, to straighten thecervical vertebrae to minimize spinal shadow (See fig 4.7).

10 Patient's face and light lines can be seen in the curved mirror.Move the FH light to illuminate the patients' infra-orbital notch. Byslightly raising or lowering the carriage, position the patient sothat the Frankfort-Horizontal plane (FH) light passes over the earopening and the infra-orbital notch. Be sure the patient does notslump if carriage is lowered.

B

A



11 Adjust patient's head as necessary so that the front lightcoincides with the patient's mid-sagittal plane.

12 Move the head support by pressing the buttons on the sidesagainst the patient and close the temple supports.

13 Confirm the position of the focal trough in reference to theocclusion. The image layer light should illuminate the buccal ofthe maxillary canine (or base of the nose if edentulous).

If not, then adjust the focal trough by pressing one of the occlusioncorrection keys. Press the key closest to mirror, if the patient hasprogenia. Press the key closest to patient, if he has prognathism.

Fig 4.6. FH-light Fig 4.7. Straighten the cervical vertebrae by stepping forward

Fig 4.8. Front light Fig 4.9. Moving the head support



Fig 4.10. Accessories for toothless patients

Panel on the left: progenia-normal-prognatism

Panel on the right: prognatism-normal-progenia

Fig 4.11. Occlusion adjustment keys

This will adjust the unit during exposure. After the exposure, occlusioncorrection is automatically reset to center position.

14 Advise patient to close lips, swallow and raise his tongue to theroof of the mouth. This enhances image quality. Ask the patient tobreathe through the nose and remain still during the exposure.Patient can be asked to close eyes.

15 After patient positioning press start button, and wait until the unitstops. Check that the patient positioning is not changed when therotating unit is moved to its starting position.

WARNING!During the exposure cycle radiation control guidelines must beobserved.

16 Press Exposure button. Use remote exposure button or take theexposure control panel to a position at least 2 meters (7 ft.) fromthe patient or behind a shield. After verifying that the "Ready" lightis on, press and hold the exposure button. The exposure buttonmust be pressed until the end of the exposure cycle as indicatedby a light and audible tone.



NOTE!In case of a problem, such as patient movement or if the imageacquisition does not succeed, the exposure can be terminatedimmediately upon release of the exposure switch. Retake theexposure.

NOTE!If exposure cannot be initiated and an error code appears on theexposure control panel, refer to section Failure Diagnostics forexplanation and correction.

17 At the end of the exposure, release temple supports and guidethe patient away from the unit.

18 Remove disposable covers and disinfect the unit.

4.2 P2: PEDIATRIC PANORAMIC EXPOSURE

Pediatric patients can be imaged with less radiation dosage andshorter exposure time. Patients with narrow than average jaw can beexposed with this procedure, too.

1 Prepare the equipment per section Loading the panoramiccassette.

2 Select the pediatric exposure program on the Control Panel.Press the right key to move the flashing light from the standardpanoramic position to the pediatric position P2.



3 The system will remain in the Automatic Exposure Control mode.To set technique factors by patient size select one of thepreprogrammed patient size icons or manually, refer to sectionImaging Technique for more information.

Insert a child adapter to the head support when needed. Pressadapter ends towards each other with fingers, slide the adapteragainst the head support, and release. Pins will hold the adapter inplace.

.Fig 4.14. Child adapter

4 Position the patient and take exposure per steps 3 through 18 ofthe standard panoramic exposure procedure.

5 After the exposure return the system to the standard panoramicprogram by pressing the cursor keys to move the flashing light tothe standard program position.

NOTE!The system can be operated without radiation to demonstrate themovement to the child by setting the system to the Test mode.

To do this, press the down key to move the flashing light over the AECmode (A).Then press the right key twice to move the light over the Test mode(T). Pressing the exposure switch will now cause the system to cyclewithout radiation. To return to operational status, press the left keyonce to move the flashing light over the AEC mode (A).

Fig 4.12. P2: Image layer




4.3 P3: WIDE ARCH PANORAMIC EXPOSURE

When used, this program replaces the Ortho Zone enhancedpanoramic program P3 on the Control panel.

When the patient has a wider than normal dental arch, an improvedimage can be achieved by selecting the wide layer exposure program.


2 Select the wide layer panoramic program on the ExposureControl Panel. Press the right key twice to move the flashing lightfrom the standard panoramic position P1 to the wide layerposition P3.

3 The system is in the Automatic Exposure Control mode. To settechnique factors by patient size select one of the preprogrammed patient size icons or manually, refer to sectionImaging Technique for more information.



4.4 P3: ORTHO ZONE ENHANCED PANORAMIC EXPOSURE

When used, this program replaces the Wide arch enhancedpanoramic program P3 on the Control panel.

From the software version 1.2.06 this optional panoramic exposure isavailable. When used, it replaces the Wide arch exposure program P3on the Control panel.





The Ortho Zone program produces two different scanning geometriescombined on the same image.

The first geometry (#1 and #3 in the figure) starts with the rotationcenter much further posterior than in the normal panoramic views (e.g.Programs P1 and P2).

Fig 4.17. P3: Ortho Zone image layers

The result of this scanning location will allow for views of the TM jointwithout redundant shadows from the opposite side obscuring theimage. Patients with prosthetic condyles or other posterior radioopaque objects can have the opposite side successfully imaged.

The second view (#2 in the figure) produces an image of the anteriorregion with a very wide layer of focus (approx. 35 mm). This view maybe helpful when diagnosing trauma, wired shut, severe class III anduncooperative patients.

1 Prepare the equipment per sectionLoading the panoramic cassette.

2 Select the Ortho Zone program onthe Exposure Control Panel. Pressthe right key twice to move theflashing light from the standardpanoramic position to the OrthoZone position P3.

3 The system will remain in theAutomatic Exposure Control mode.If you wish to set technique factorsby patient size or manually, refer tosection Imaging technique.

4 Position the patient per steps 3 through 14 of the standardpanoramic exposure procedure. Skip step 13.

5 Take the exposure per steps 15 through 18 of the standardpanoramic exposure procedure.


#1 #2 #3

Fig 4.18. P3 & AEC



4.5 P4: ORTHOGONAL EXPOSURE

An optimized view of the dentition only with optimized anqulation andreduced radiation can be achieved by selecting the orthogonalexposure program.


2 Select the orthogonal exposure program on the Exposure ControlPanel. Press the right key three times to move the flashing lightfrom the standard panoramic position P1 to the orthogonalposition P4.

3 The system is in the Automatic Exposure Control mode. To settechnique factors by patient size select one of thepreprogrammed patient size icons or manually, refer to sectionImaging Technique for more information.



Fig 4.19. P4: Orthogonal image layer

Fig 4.20. P4 & AEC




5 Special imaging procedures

5 Special imaging procedures5.1 P6: TMJ, LATERAL PROJECTION1 Prepare the equipment per section Loading the panoramic

cassette.2 Select the imaging program for TMJ, lateral projection on the

Exposure Control Panel. With OP100 press the key four timesand with OC100 press the key five times to move the flashinglight from the standard panoramic position P1 to the TMJ, lateralprojection position P6.

3 The system is in the Manual Exposure Control mode. In order toset technique factors up by patient size or manually, refer tosection Imaging Technique for more information:

4 Remove the bite fork, bite fork rod, chin rest and sinus rest. Installthe TMJ nose support (2 models available) with hygienic coat andthe TMJ pointer.

Technique factors in TMJ Imaging

110 VAC 66 kV/6.4 mA

66 kV/10 mA

70 kV/12 mA

73 kV/12 mA

230 VAC 66 kV/6.4 mA

66 kV/10 mA

66 kV/16 mA

70 kV/16 mA

Note: Example with Pr 52 CCO, Constant Contrast = 66kV, Density = 5


Fig 5.2. P6 & Manual mode

Child Juvenile Adult Largeadult



Fig 5.5. TMJ nose support, short

5 Ask patient to remove any metal objects, such as eye glasses,jewelry, oral appliances, removable dentures, hearing aids, bibchain, etc., from the head and neck area. Shadows caused bythese opacities may obscure diagnosis.


7 Direct the patient to the machine and instruct to stand as straightand tall as possible. Ask patient to take a grip on handles.

By pressing the up or down button on the Positioning Control paneladjust the carriage height so the TMJ nose support is at the patient'sheight. Have patient place nose against TMJ nose support.

8 Adjust patient's head as necessary so that the front lightcoincides with the patient's mid-sagittal plane. Move the headsupport by pressing it from sides against the patient and close thetemple supports.

Fig 5.3. TMJ pointer Fig 5.4. TMJ nose support, long



9 To adjust the focal trough reference to the TMJ, a special pointeris used. By pressing the appropriate occlusal adjustment buttonon the Positioning Control, move the TMJ pointer forward(towards the mirror) or back until the pointer aligns with theexternal auditory meatus.

Fig 5.7. Tmj pointer adjustment keys

10 If the TMJ pointer does not align with external auditory meatus,replace the TMJ nose support with the other model and repeatpatient positioning.

11 Have the patient close or open the jaw.12 Press and hold the exposure button. The system will cycle,

exposing only the two TMJ's.13 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guide

the patient out. Remove the TMJ pointer and TMJ nose support.14 If the Ortho ID is available, mark the film with the patient's name,

Id number, correction angles and notes. Process the film.15 After the exposure return the system to the standard panoramic

program by pressing the cursor keys to move the flashing light tothe standard program position.

5.2 P6: ORTHO TMJ, AXIAL CORRECTED LATERAL PROJECTION (OPTIONAL)

From the software version 1.2.06 this optional TMJ exposure isavailable. When used, this optional program replaces the TMJ lateralprojection exposure program P8 on the Control panel.

Ortho TMJ program provides a wide layer axial corrected views for thepatient's left and right temporomandibular joints. The angle ofcorrection for any particular patient can be derived from tracing asubmental vertex image (SMV) obtained with cephalostat, or astatistical average of 18º to 20º may be used if a SMV is unavailable.

Fig 5.6. TMJ lateral projection



Fig 5.9. Image layer

1 Expose, process and trace a submental vertex image. Determinethe angle of the long axis of the condyle in relationship to a lateralbase line. This will be the correction angle. Take care inpositioning the patient while taking the SMV. Be sure the patient'sala-tragus line is vertical, if not this can result in an incorrectangular measurement.

If the left and right condyles are at vaste different angles, twocorrected joint views may be required.

2 Prepare the equipment persection Loading the panoramiccassette.

3 Select the imaging program forcorrected lateral TMJ projectionson the Exposure Control Panel.With the OP100 press the rightkey four times and with theOC100 press the right key fivetimes to move the flashing lightfrom the standard panoramicposition P1to the Ortho TMJ position P6.

4 The system is in the Manual Exposure Control mode. To settechnique factors by patient size select one of the preprogrammed patient size icons or manually entering thesuggested values from the table below. Technique factors are twosteps higher compared to the standard TMJ lateral view program.Refer to section Imaging Technique for more information.

a b

Fig 5.8. Condylar lateral angles




5 Remove the bite fork, bite fork rod, chin rest and sinus rest. Installthe TMJ chin rest with hygienic coat.

6 Install the carbon fiber TMJ pointer with the TMJ angle indicatorinto the socket over the patient's head.

7 Ask patient to remove any metal objects, such as eye glasses,jewelry, oral appliances, removable dentures, hearing aids, bibchain, etc.,. from the head and neck area. Shadows caused bythese opacities may obscure diagnosis.


9 Direct the patient to the machine and instruct to stand as straightand tall as possible. Ask patient to take a grip on handles. Bypressing the up or down button on the Positioning Control paneladjust the carriage height so that the TMJ chin rest is at thepatient's chin level. Have patient place chin against the TMJ chinrest.

10 Adjust patient's head as necessary so that the front lightcoincides with the patient's mid-sagittal plane. Move the headsupport by pressing it from sides against the patient and close thetemple supports.

11 To adjust the x-ray beam angle to the patient's condylar angle theTMJ pointer and angle indicator are used. By pressing theappropriate occlusal button on the Patient positioning panel,move the TMJ angle indicator forward or back until the desiredangle is displayed over the patient's condyle.

12 Have the patient gently close the jaws together.13 Press and hold the exposure button. The system will cycle

exposing only the two TMJ's.

Technique factors in Ortho TMJ imaging

110 VAC 66 kV/10 mA

70 kV/12 mA

73 kV/12 mA

77 kV/12 mA

230 VAC 66 kV/10 mA

66 kV/16 mA

70 kV/16 mA

73 kV/16 mA

Note: Example with Pr 52 CCO, Constant Contrast = 66 kV, Density = 7




14 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guidethe patient out. Remove the TMJ pointer, TMJ chin rest and TMJangle indicator.

15 If the Ortho ID is available, mark the film with the patient's name,Id number, correction angles and notes. Process the film.

16 After the exposure return the system to the standard panoramicprogram by pressing the cursor keys to move the flashing light tothe standard program position. Remove Ortho TMJ accessories.

5.3 P7: OPEN - CLOSED TMJ, LATERAL PROJECTION

1 Prepare the equipment persection 3.2.

2 Select the imaging program openand closed TMJ, on the ExposureControl Panel. With OP100 pressthe right key five times and withOC100 press the key six times tomove the flashing light from thestandard panoramic position P1to the open and closed TMJposition P7.

3 The system is in the ManualExposure Control mode. Use technique factors per section P6:TMJ, Lateral projection.

4 Position the patient as in TMJ, Lateral view procedure steps 4through 10.

5 First Exposure: Have the patient close jaw. Press and hold theexposure button. The system will cycle, exposing first the twoTMJ's and will stop prepared for next view.

6 Release the exposure button. "Ready" light will be on again.

NOTE!Do not remove the cassette nor make any selections on Control panel.

Fig 5.11. Ortho TMJ, patient positioning




7 Second Exposure: Have the patient open the jaw. Press and holdthe exposure button. The system will cycle exposing the openTMJ's in the center of the same film.

8 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guidethe patient out. Remove the TMJ pointer and TMJ nose support.


10 Return the system to the standard panoramic program.

5.4 P8: TMJ, POSTEROANTERIOR PROJECTION1 Prepare the equipment per section Loading the panoramic

cassette.2 Select the imaging program for TMJ, PA projection on the

Exposure Control Panel. With OP100 press the key six times andwith OC100 press the key seven times to move the flashing lightfrom the standard panoramic position P1 to the TMJ, PAprojection position P8.

3 The system is in the Manual Exposure Control mode. Usetechnique factors per section P6: TMJ, Lateral projection.

4 Position the patient as in TMJ, Lateral view and procedure steps4 through 10. Move the TMJ pointer 10 mm anterior compared tojaw closed positioning.

Fig 5.15. TMJ PA projection

5 Have the patient open the jaw.

Fig 5.13. P8: Image layer Fig 5.14. P8 & Manual mode



6 Press and hold the exposure button. The system will cycle andexpose only as necessary to display the TMJ's in PA projection.

7 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guidethe patient out. Remove the TMJ pointer and TMJ support.



5.5 P9: TMJ, LATERAL & PA PROJECTION1 Prepare the equipment per section 3.2.2 Select the imaging program for TMJ, PA projection on the Control

Panel. With OP100 press the right key seven times and withOC100 press the left key eight times to move the flashing lightfrom the standard panoramic position P1 to the TMJ, lateral andPA projection position P9. You may also press the left key twice,or four times if with Ortho Trans, to move to the same position

3 .The system is in the Manual Exposure Control mode. Usetechnique factors per section TMJ, lateral projection.

4 Position the patient as in TMJ, Lateral view procedure steps 4 through 10. Move the TMJ pointer 10 mm anterior compared tojaw closed positioning.

5 Have the patient open the jaw.6 Press and hold the exposure button. The system will cycle and

expose only as necessary to display the TMJ in both the lateraland PA projection to the same film.

7 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guidethe patient out. Remove the TMJ pointer and TMJ support.







5.6 P10: MAXILLARY SINUS VIEW1 Prepare the equipment per section

Loading the panoramic cassette.2 Select the imaging program for a

maxillary sinus view on theExposure Control Panel. Press theleft key once (Ortho Trans modelspress three times) to move theflashing light from the standardpanoramic position P1 to the TMJ,lateral projection position P10.

3 The system is in the Manual Exposure Control mode. Use onestep higher technique factors compared to TMJ imaging:

4 Remove the bite fork, bite fork rod and chin rest. Install the bitefork rod over the sinus rest. Install hygienic covers.

5 Direct the patient to the machine and instruct to stand as straightand tall as possible. Ask patient to take a grip on handles.

By pressing the up or down button on the Positioning Control paneladjust the carriage height so that the sinus rest is at the patient's noseheight. Have patient place nose against sinus rest.

6 Show the patient the grooves inthe bite fork and place the bitefork into patient’s mouth.

7 Adjust patient's head asnecessary so that the front lightcoincides with the patient's mid-sagittal plane. Move the headsupport against the patientforehead and close the templesupports.

Technique factors Maxillary Sinus Imaging

110 VAC 66 kV/8 mA

66 kV/12 mA

70 kV/12 mA

73 kV/12 mA

230 VAC 66 kV/8 mA

66 kV/12 mA

66 kV/16 mA

70 kV/16 mA

Note: Example with Pr 52 CCO, Constant Contrast = 66kV, Density = 6


Fig 5.18. Sinus view positioning



Fig 5.20. Sinus view positioning

8 Adjust the focal trough as necessary. Image layer is 18 mmposterior compared to Standard panoramic procedure. To set thislayer 10 mm anterior or 10 mm posterior, press occlusalcorrection keys. Center layer position is selected by pressingnormal occlusion key. This will adjust the unit during theexposure.

9 Instruct the patient to close lips and swallow. This will raise thetongue to the roof of the mouth. Ask the patient to breathethrough the nose and remain still during the exposure.

10 Press and hold the exposure button. The system will cycle andexpose the maxillary sinus region.

11 Release the exposure button, open temple supports and guidethe patient out. Remove the bite fork and rod, reset chin rest andbite fork.



P10LAYER

Fig 5.19. P5: Sinus view layers: front, center, back

Fig 5.21. Sinus layer adjustment keys


6 Making cephalometric exposures

6 Making cephalometric exposuresProgram P5 is a cephalometric imaging program using ManualExposure Control. Cephalostat is available with OC100, OC100 OT,OC100 CR and OC100 OT/CR models. Image magnification can beadjusted, ranging from 8% to 14%. Positioning steps demonstratedare for left-mounted cephalostat, steps for right-mounted cephalostatare similar.

6.1 P5: LATERAL PROJECTION1 Prepare the equipment per section Cephalostat cassette loading.2 Insert optional hygienic covers over ear rods and to nose support.

3 Open the ear rods by pushing them from the top.4 Unlock the cephalostat by turning locking lever clockwise. Rotate

the cephalostat from ear rods to the desired projection angle.

5 Turn the locking lever counterclockwise to lock the cephalostat.6 Slide the lever to select the cephalometric collimator in the

tubehead. There are three choices:18 x 24 cm AV, 18 x 24 mc AH and 24 x 30 cm AV or8” x 10" AV and 10” x 8" AH or8” x 10" AV and 10” x 12" AV

Fig 6.1. Cephalostat

Fig 6.2. Unlock Fig 6.3. Lock



7 Verify that the cassette position is the same as the collimation.8 Unit will be in the cephalometric mode, P5. This is indicated when

indicator P5 is lit. To select P5 from the control panel while the P1indicator is blinking, press the right button four times to move thelight over P1 to P5.

9 Adjust the unit height. Positioning lights are off.10 Place the patient in standing or seated position under the

cephalostat. Adjust the cephalostat to proper height andintroduce the ear rods to external auditory meatuses.

11 Tilt the nose support down and set it to nasion. See that patient'shead is correctly inclined. Adjust the nose support vertically andhorizontally by hand.

12 The image magnification is 8% -14%. Nose support has a scalewith 1 mm tick marks. This scalewill be seen on the film. Choosethe desired magnification bymoving the cassette holder.

13 Read the correct soft-tissuefiltering value from the scale,under the cephalostat. Set thesame value to the collimator. Toincrease filtering set the lever toa lower value. To decreasefiltering set the lever to a highervalue.

Fig 6.4. Nose support tilting Fig 6.5. Lateral view, head positioning

Fig 6.6. Cassette holder movement



NOTE!60 mm added to the display reading gives the actual distance from earrods to nasion.

14 Select technique factors, kV and exposure time, mA is fixed:

15 Verify that "READY" light is on. Make the exposure by pressingthe exposure button.

16 After the exposure, release the patient by opening the ear rodsand guide him/her out. Remove the disposables.

17 Remove the film cassette. If the Ortho ID is available, mark thefilm with the patient's data and notes. Process the film withoutdelay.

18 Return the system to the standard panoramic program. Lower thecassette holder.

Technique factors in Ceph, Lateral Projection

77 kV/12 mA/0.32 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.4 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.64 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.64 s

Note: Example with Pr 52 CCO, Constant Contrast = 77kV, Density = L5

Fig 6.7. Soft tissue filter scale

35

Fig 6.8. Lever for soft tissue filtering




6.2 P5: POSTERIOR-ANTERIOR (PA) PROJECTION

This procedure can be used for PA and AP views.

1 Prepare the equipment per section Cephalostat cassette loading.2 Insert hygienic covers to ear rods and to nose support. Tilt the

nose support away from the radiation field. Open the ear rodsholders by pushing them from the top.

3 Unlock the cephalostat by turning the locking lever clockwise.Rotate the cephalostat from ear rods for symmetrical view. Turnthe locking lever counter clockwise to lock the cephalostat.

4 Slide the lever to 18 x 24 SV (or 8 x 10" SV) to select thecollimator for a symmetrical view, PA or facial projection. Movethe soft tissue wedge out of the x-ray beam by sliding the softtissue lever to the value of "60".

5 Position the patient in standing or seated position under thecephalostat.

6 Adjust the cephalostat to proper height and introduce the ear rodsto external auditory meatuses. See that patient's head is inclined.

7 Set the cephalostat cassette holder as close to the patient aspossible. The distance reading, indicating magnification, can bewritten down for future references.

8 Select technique factors, kV and exposure time. PA / facial viewshave one step higher technique factors compared to the lateralprojection:

Technique factors in Ceph, PA/AP Projection

Fig 6.9. Symmetrical view, collimator selection

Fig 6.10. Patient positioning for PA view




9 Make the exposure by pressing the exposure button. After theexposure, release the patient by opening the ear rods and guidehim/her out. Remove the disposables.

10 Remove the film cassette. If the Ortho ID is available, mark thefilm with the patient's data and notes. Process the film withoutdelay.


6.3 P5: AXIAL VIEW OF THE MANDIBLE EXPOSURE

1 Prepare the equipment persection 3.3. Insert hygieniccovers to ear rods. Tilt thenose support away from theradiation field. Open the earrods holders by pushingthem from top.

2 Unlock the cephalostat byturning locking leverclockwise. Rotate thecephalostat from ear rodsfor the symmetrical view.Turn the locking levercounter clockwise to lock thecephalostat.

3 Slide the lever to 18 x 24 SV (or 8 x 10" SV) to select thecollimator for symmetric view. Move the soft tissue lever to valueof "60".

4 Position the patient seated under the cephalostat in AP-projection.

5 Gently position the ear holders into the external auditorymeatuses.

6 Ask the patient to incline the head strongly backwards, as muchas possible. Frankfurt horizontal plane is positioned parallel to thecassette, i.e. occlusal plane is perpendicular to the floor.

Set the cephalostat cassette holder as close to the patient as possible.The distance reading, indicating magnification, can be written down forfuture references.

7 Select technique factors and make the exposure per section P5:PA Projection, steps 7 to 10.

77 kV/12 mA/0.4 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.5 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.8 s

77 kV/12 mA/0.1.2 s

Note: Example with Pr 52 CCO, Constant Contrast = 77kV, Density = P 6

Technique factors in Ceph, PA/AP Projection

Fig 6.11. Axial view



6.4 P5: REWERSE TOWNE PROJECTION EXPOSURE

1 Prepare the equipment persection Cephalostat cassetteloading. Insert hygienic coversto ear rods. Tilt the nosesupport away from the radiationfield. Open the ear rods holdersby pushing them from top.

2 Unlock the cephalostat byturning locking lever clockwise.Rotate the cephalostat from earrods for symmetrical view. Turnthe locking lever counterclockwise to lock thecephalostat.

3 Slide the lever to 18 x 24 SV (or8 x 10" SV) to select thecollimator for symmetric view.Slide the soft tissue lever to value of "60".

4 Position the patient seated under the cephalostat facing thecassette.



6 Ask the patient to place the forehead and nose against thecassette, if possible.

7 Ask the patient open the mouth maximally.8 Select technique factors and make the exposure per section P5:

PA Projection, steps 7 to 10.

6.5 P5: WATERS VIEW EXPOSURE1 Prepare the equipment per

section Cephalostat cassetteloading. Insert hygienic covers toear rods. Tilt the nose supportaway from the radiation field.Open the ear rods holders bypushing them from top.

2 Unlock the cephalostat by turninglocking lever clockwise. Rotatethe cephalostat from ear rods forsymmetrical view. Turn thelocking lever counter clockwiseto lock the cephalostat.

3 Slide the lever to 18 x 24 SV (or8 x 10 "SV) to select thecollimator for symmetric view. Slide the soft tissue lever to valueof "60".

ig 6.12. Reverse Townes view

Fig 6.13. Waters view



4 Position the patient seated under the cephalostat facing thecassette.



6 Ask the patient open the mouth and place the nose and chinagainst the cassette, if possible.

7 Select technique factors and make the exposure per section P5:PA Projection, steps 7 to 10.

6.6 P5: CARPUS VIEW EXPOSURE

This procedure can be used for Carpus view.

1 Prepare the equipment per section Cephalostat cassette loading.Tilt the nose support away from the radiation field. Open the earrods holders by pushing them from top.

2 Unlock the cehalostat by turning locking level clockwise. Rotatethe cephalostat from ear rods for symmetrical view. Turn thelocking lever counter clockwise to lock the cephalostat.

3 Slide the lever to 18 X 24 SV ( or 8 x 10” SV) to select thecollimator for symmetric view. Slide the soft tissue lever to valueof “60”.

4 Position the patients hand symmetrically on the casette frontsurface.

5 Move the ear holders to the outermost position.6 Select technique factors. Recommended technique factors for

Carpus projection are 60 kV, 12 mA and 0,16 s with Kodak LanexMedium intensifying screen and Kodak TMG film.

7 Make the exposure per section P5: PA Projection, steps 7 to 10.

NOTE!For U.S.A: This section is not valid in U.S.A. Before Carpus projectionimaging method is approved as a legal imaging method of thisCephalostat model.

ig 6.14. Symmetrical view, collimator selection

Fig 6.15. Hand positioning



CAUTION!Before taking Carpus image make sure this imaging method isapproved by local authorities of your country.


7 Imaging technique

7 Imaging technique7.1 RECOMMENDED FILM & SCREEN

COMBINATIONS

Orthopantomograph® OP100 is supplied with Kodak Ektavision,Kodak Lanex Regular or Kodak Lanex Medium intensifying screens.The factory default exposure control values are set according tosupplied screens/films.

Other film/screen combinations can be used with the OP100.However, different image characteristics may result and/orreprogramming of the unit may be required.

7.2 AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL (AEC)When the OP100 is turned on, it is set as a default to StandardPanoramic with Automatic Exposure Control. The AEC sensorslocated in the casette holder will monitor the amount of radiation thefilm is receiving and automatically set the exposure factors for properimage density. After the exposure the adjusted values are shown onthe display.

The AEC will stay engaged with the other panoramic proceduresunless set to manual mode.

Fig 7.1. AEC density scale

The film density can be changed while keeping AEC engaged:

1 A darker or lighter film can be accomplished without disengagingthe AEC by resetting the automatic exposure density scale on theControl Panel.

2 Press the down key twice to move the flashing light from thestandard panoramic position to the central light on the automaticexposure density scale.

3 To make the film darker, press the left key to move the flashinglight to the right. Each change increases the radiation output byapproximately 12 percent.

4 To make the film lighter, press the cursor key to move the flashinglight to the left. Each change decreases the radiation output byapproximately 12 percent.

Default

Half step darker

One step darker


7 Imaging technique

NOTE!AEC density is controlled in half steps. A half step between twoindicators is shown with both indicators lit.

7.3 EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE FACTORS

OP100 has a flexibility to use a variety of exposure technique factors,ranging from 57 kV to 85 kV and from 2 mA to 16 mA. The kV/mAvalues used depend on OP100 software settings, i.e. constantcontrast kV setting defined in Pr 52 CCo and also on line voltage.

In the following charts each "ball" represent a kV/mA pair that can beused with the selected line voltage, with imaging programs P1 to P5and P8 to P9. Exposure time is fixed with programs P1 to P5 and P8 toP9.

Fig 7.4. Example: When kV is lowered and mA increased, the same radiation output level results

Exposure factors shown on the control panel are automaticallyselected by the OP100 software based on settings done during theinstallation. These settings can be changed. See OP100 UserProgram Manual, Pr 52 CCO for details.

The following charts show examples of exposure values with differentsoftware settings. A "ball" represents a kV/mA value used in Manual

Fig 7.2. Exposure factors with 230 VAC

Fig 7.3. Exposure factors with 110 VAC


7 Imaging technique

mode and a "line" represents kV/mA values which can be selected bythe Automatic Exposure Control (AEC).

Fig 7.5. Possible exposure values when constant contrast has value of 70 kV and supply voltage is 230 VAC.





7 Imaging technique

7.4 MANUAL MODE

If desired, the exposure technique factors can be set manually with theAEC disengaged. The technique factors can be set either by patientsize or by specific kV and mA factors.

1 To set the unit to manual mode first press the down key once tomove the flashing light from the standard panoramic position tothe AEC (A) position. Then press the right key once to move theflashing light to manual (M) position.

Fig 7.9. Manual mode

2 At this time the light over the juvenile of the programmedexposure factor should be lit. To change the programmedexposure, first press the down key 2 times until the flashing lightis over the patient size symbol. To raise or lower the setting,press the right or left key.

3 To set specific technique factors set the unit to manual mode first,then press the down key once until the flashing light is at the kVand mA section. By pressing the right or left key the displayedvalue can be increased or decreased.

4 Panoramic and Special procedures can use the followingtechnique settings:

NOTE!kVp and mA can be selected independently in Manual mode. With thisoption, kV can be selected in steps of 1 kV. See Service ProgramManual, section Sr 89 COP, option 4 FE for details.

5 Technique factors for patient size symbols can be programmedfor Panoramic and Special procedures. See User ProgramChapter in User Manual, section Pr 52 CCo for details.

6 Cephalometric procedures use a fixed mA, while kVp andexposure time can be selected.

Panoramic, TMJ and Sinus Imaging ProceduresTechnique Factors

KVp 57 - 60 - 63 - 66 - 70 - 73 - 77 - 81 - 85

MA 2 - 2.5 - 3.2 - 4 - 5 - 6.4 - 8 - 10 - 12 - 16

kVp/mA pairs 57/2 - 85/12 Combined values depend on Pr 52 CCO setting.

Exposure time 8.0 - 17.6 s. Fixed for each imaging procedure.


7 Imaging technique

NOTE!kVp and exposure time can be selected independently in manualmode. With this option, kV can be selected in steps of 1 kV. SeeService Program Manual, section Sr 89 COP, option 4 FE for details.

7 These programmed values are for guidance only and yourOrthopantomograph® x-ray films may be darker or lighterdepending on patients.

8 To adjust for optimum film quality select one density setting loweror higher in Automatic Exposure Control and one point higher orlower technique factors in Manual Exposure Control and exposeagain. Consult your dealer for detailed information.

7.5 TEST MODE

The movements of the unit can be performed without radiation. Thismay be useful for children or uncooperative patients to demonstratethe operation prior to taking the exposure.

1 To set the unit to test mode first press the down and right keys tomove the flashing light from the standard panoramic position tothe AEC (A) position. Then press the right key twice to move theflashing light to the test mode (T) position.

Fig 7.10. Test mode

2 The unit will now operate without X-ray emission.

NOTE!Test mode in program 7 for lateral TMJ images simulates only the firstexposure.

3 To return to the AEC (A) mode press the left key twice or once.

Cephalostat Imaging ProceduresTechnique factors

kVp 60, 63, 66, 70, 73, 77, 81, 85

mA 12 mA

s 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2, 0.25, 0.32, 0.4, 0.5, 0.64, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.2


7 Imaging technique

7.6 FILM PROCESSING

Proper processing is very important for obtaining high qualityOrthopantomograph® radiographs. It is important that both the darkroom and processing system are in top condition.

Store films in a cool dry dark place in vertical position to reduce filmfog and static. Always use older lot first. Process the film immediatelyafter exposure.

Dark room

Panoramic film is extremely sensitive to light. The dark room cannothave any light leaks of any kind. If in doubt, place a coin on anundeveloped sheet of film for two minutes and then process the film. Ifthe outline of the coin is visible, then light leaks exist which must becorrected.

Along with light leaks an improper safelight can cause film fogging.The recommended safelight is a Kodak GBX-2 located at least 1.2 m(4 ft.) from the working area.

Processing

The OP100 film can be processed in either manual tanks or withautomatic film processor. In both cases the processing chemicalsstrength and temperature are critical to obtaining proper imaging.

The processing chemicals must be changed frequently based on thechemical manufacturer's recommendation. Both time and use cause adegradation of chemical strength.

Manual tanks and some automatic processors need to have thesolutions replenished based on usage. Refer to the manufacturer'srecommendation.

7.7 MEASUREMENTS FROM THE IMAGE

In normal panoramic mode films the vertical dimension must bedivided by a factor of 1.3. Horizontal dimensions should not bemeasured because the horizontal magnification is accurate only in thecenter of focal trough (1.3 in panoramic and TMJ lateral, 1.8 in TMJPA) and changes rapidly when moving away from focal trough.

WARNING!In panoramic images the horizontal and vertical magnifications are thesame only in the focal trough. Manufacturer assumes no liability on theaccuracy of the measurements from the x-ray image. Angulation of theobject being imaged affects on the dimensional accuracy on the film.


8 Special features

8 Special features8.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE

The Orthopantomograph® OP100 can produce a self diagnosing filmfor checking the quality of the exposure and the film processing.

1 Start by establishing a processing standard with new processingchemistry and time and temperature verified.

2 Remove the bite fork with bite fork rod. Insert loaded cassette.3 Set the primary collimator to the QA position. In OP100 lift the

lever to the left, in OC100 select "QA". QA selection is indicated incontrol panel with lowest kV/mA values (57kV/2mA) and a movingindicators in the AEC density scale.

4 Press the movement button in the patient positioning panel. Therotating unit turns towards the column.

5 Press and hold the exposure button. The rotating unit will remainstationary while the cassette moves and is exposed withincreasing kVp/mA values.

6 Set the primary collimator back to the panoramic position andinsert the bite block.

7 Process the film and place on file for future reference.8 On a regular basis perform steps 2 through 7.

Fig 8.1. OP100 QA collimator selection

Fig 8.2. OC100 QA collimator selection


8 Special features

9 After processing the film compare it to the reference film. If thecontrast steps differ by more than two (2) the processing systemmust be checked and corrected. Examples:

Current QA film, where the image density is lighter indicating a changein the processing.

8.2 EXPOSURE COUNTER

The total number of exposures the system has taken is automaticallycounted and can be read any time.

1 Turn the OP100 power on, and wait until the normal displayappears. Make sure that one of the programs P1-P10 is selected.

2 Press the OK key.3 Several numbers will be displayed on

the Control panel and other indicatorswill be turned off.

4 Numbers will be shown for few secondsor until the OK key is released.

5 The total number of exposures is readfrom top to bottom. The example aboveis 12 345 exposures.

6 Resume to normal operation.

NOTE!The display may also show more numbers (0-990) and blink all ledindicators momentarily. This indicates the number of free exposuresbefore the unit shuts down. This feature may have been activated fortrial units. Contact your dealer for details.


8 Special features

NOTE!If the display has numbers and "bAC", "CEn" or Frn", program P11 orP12 has been selected and exposure counter value is not displayed.Select one from P1 to P10 and press OK.

8.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE REMINDER

The exposure counter also provides ameans of reminding when maintenanceis due. After every 2000 exposures aspecial reminder message, "Ch 8 PSE",will be displayed for few seconds whenthe power is switched on.

This message indicates that the usershould contact the dealer for thescheduled maintenance. Werecommend that this unit will be providedfor regular service for best performanceand reliable operation. See ServiceManual Vol. VII for details.

The message display does not affect the equipment operation. It willbe reset during the maintenance service procedure, or it can be resetby the user.

8.4 ORTHO ID FILM MARKING

Optional ORTHO ID film marking system marks patient data andOP100 technique factors information on both panoramic andcephalometric films. Standard window type panoramic andcephalometric cassettes are used for marking. Patient data can bepre-entered or typed in before or after the exposure, according to userpreferences. ORTHO ID can be used with any OP100 or OC100model. Please refer to Ortho ID manuals for details.


8 Special features

8.5 OP100CR MODEL FOR COMPUTERIZED RADIOGRAPHY

Digital imaging OP100 and OC100 models are available forcomputerized radiography. These models have different type ofpanoramic cassette holder for 24 x 30 cm image plate. The operationis similar to other OP100 models, except that they do not have theAEC function.

8.6 FREE SELECTION OF KV AND MAOP100 technique factors are normally selected based on kV targetlevel set with the constant contrast program (Pr 52 CCo), where kVand mA values are tied to each other. It is possible to configure OP100so that kV and mA are selected independently in Manual mode.Please consult your dealer to activate this software option. Whenactivated, this feature has no effect on the AEC mode and onpreprogrammed technique factors.

In Manual mode the tube voltage can be selected in steps of 1 kV.When the led indicator for kV/mA values is lit, first kV display isblinking. Select kV value by pressing the right or left key.

NOTE!Pressing the key longer causes kV to change in larger steps.

Then press the down key; mA display is blinking. Select the mA value.

mA can be selected from the fixed table: 2.0, 2.5, 3.2, 4.0, 5.0, 6.4,8.0, 10, 12 and 16.


8 Special features

NOTE!Cephalostat has a fixed mA value.

NOTE!If the kV is increased with maximum mA selection, the mA value isautomatically decreased when the product of kV * mA exceeds theallowed X-ray tube rating.


8 Special features


9 Understanding the OP100 radiograph


Typical OP100 radiograph with anatomical landmarks and structures.

1 hyoid bone2 angle of mandible3 external oblique line4 maxillary tuberosity5 styloid process6 middle cranial fossa7 zygomatic arch8 palate9 orbit10 septa in maxillary sinus11 maxillary sinus12 pterygoid plates13 coronoid process14 articular eminence15 mandibular condyle16 glenoid fossa17 vertebra18 ear lobe19 mandibular canal20 mental foramen21 Sella Turcica

Fig 9.1. Drawing of OP100 radiograph with anatomical landmarks and structures

1

2

5

15 14

216

9

10

20

3

4

1113

7

17

16

18

812

19




10 Failure diagnostics

10Failure diagnosticsThe OP100 has many safety functions and features assuring the safeoperation of the equipment. In the event of certain user failures orsystem malfunction the unit will not produce x-rays and a failure codewill be displayed on the Control Panel.

10.1 FAILURE MESSAGES

In case of malfunction, the unit displays a failure message. Variousletters and numbers will be displayed in the technique factors displaypositions next to kV, mA and s, e.g. Ch 6 POS. Failure codeclassification is displayed next to kV. A special 2-digit failure codenumber is displayed next to mA.

Fig 10.1. Failure message

10.2 KV DISPLAY

The kV-display indicates the nature of the failure, whether it is causedby user (e.g. exposure button prematurely released by operator),environment (e.g. low line voltage) or protection in the unit (e.g.tubehead too hot), or whether there is a serious defect in the unit,which disables the complete operation (e.g. program memory error):

WARNING!If the unit is further used, "er" failure may cause malfunction.

Ch Check. A failure caused by the user (e.g. exposure button prematurely released by operator).

Sy Safety. Temporary malfunction or protection in the unit, caused by the unit or environment. Operation is prohibited or terminated to protect the operator, patient and the unit itself. (E.g. the temperature in the tubehead assembly is too high due to intensive use). After the corrective action, unit can be used.

Er Error. There is a serious defect in the unit, and the operation is therefore prohibited to protect the operator, patient and the unit itself. (E.g. failure in the CPU Board).



10.3 MA DISPLAY

The mA-display indicates the actual numeric failure code by two-digitnumber. Each failure code has a unique number, to differ onemalfunction from another:

10.4 TIME DISPLAY

The exposure time display indicates the alphanumeric short formexplanation of the malfunction. This reminds the user or theserviceman of what the actual numeric failure code means, orsometimes numeric information of the malfunction. The display mayalso blink telling more information about the fault, for example in Sy 20where blinking display also tells the waiting time for tubehead cooling.

10.5 RESETTING FAILURE

Ch failure codes can be reset by correcting the reason for the failurecode. Ch and Sy failures can be reset by pushing any key in thecontrol panel or in the patient positioning panel. If Sy failure appearsrepeatedly call your local dealer. Exception is Sy 20 failure whichappears when the tubehead is too hot and you have to wait forcooling. This is normal operation if you are exposing a lot and in warmplaces.

Er failures can not be reset. Switch the unit off and on, to test whetherthe failure was only temporary.

kV Ch Sy Er

mA 1 to 9 20 to 31 40 to 46

kV Time display

Ch-failure CAS, COL, POS, rEL, PSE, rEo, or numbers

Sy-failure HHo, Inu, FIL, AEC, EEP, Por,PoC, PoL, PoH, PoU, or numbers

Er-failure CPU, FIL, InP PAy



10.6 MULTIPLE FAILURE CODES

In the case of multiple errors press "OK" key to display other failurecodes.

All error messages are explained in detail on OP100 & OC100Troubleshooting Manual.

Check Interpretation

Ch 1 CAS CASSETTE: Panoramic cassette not installed properly, or not replaced since previous exposure

Ch 2 CAS CASSETTE: Cephalostat cassette not installed properly, or not replaced since previous exposure

Ch 3 COL COLLIMATOR: Collimator not in right position

Ch 4 COL COLLIMATOR: Collimator not in cephalostat position when ceph selected

Ch 5 *** LINE VOLTAGE: Line voltage out of limits- Approximate line voltage (***) displayed in s-display

Ch 6 POS POSITION: System not in Start position, - Start button not pressed prior to QA procedure or - Collimator in QA position when taking a panoramic exposure

Ch 7 rEL EXPOSURE SWITCH: Exposure button prematurely released by operator- Blinking display tells also exposure time (***) in s-display

Ch 8 PSE PREVENTATIVE SERVICE: Preventative service reminder after 2000 exposures

Ch 9 rEo REMOTE EXPOSURE: Exposure was initiated from control panel, while remote exposure has been selected.




11 Diagnosing image quality problems

11Diagnosing image quality problemsHigh quality radiographs with sharp contrast and good detail presentoptimum diagnostic information. Images with less quality are usuallythe result of one or more common problems, which are discussedhere.

11.1 PATIENT POSITIONING

Problem Possible Cause Remedy

Incisors and canines narrow and unsharp. Overshadow in molar and premo-lar areas. Rows of teeth are compressed.

1 Occlusal correction of focal trough set too far posterior

2 Image layer light not obeyed

3 Bite block was not used

1 Check patient positioning with light lines and occlusion correction buttons


3 Insert bite block

Incisors and canines wide and unsharp. Rows of teeth widened.

1 Occlusal correction of focal trough set too far anterior

2 Image layer light not obeyed

3 Bite block was not used



3 Insert bite block

AUP

ABACK



Teeth appear wider on one side and narrower on the op-posite. Ramus widths are different on opposite sides.

1 Midsagittal line not obeyed

2 Patient's head not in center position

1 Check patient's mid sagittal plane with light line

2 Check that patient's head is centered

The shadow of hard palate is exposed over maxillary molars. Row of teeth has a wavy appearance. TM joints are exposed outward. Image is not "smiling". Mandible is imaged sharper than maxilla.

Patient head tilted back

Check FH plane

Rows of teeth curved upwards. Mandibular incisors are unsharp. TMJ joints exposed high and are often cut off from the image. Image is "smiling" too much.

Patient head tilted forward

Check FH plane


AUP



Middle area of the image too bright and unsharp. Spine shadow.

1 Patient's neck was not stretched

2 kV compensation not used or LOW compensation was used with Large adult patient

1 Stretch patient's neck

2 Enable or increase kV compensation

Rows of teeth overexposed.

Tongue was not against the roof of palate.

Ask patient to swallow and place tongue against the roof of palate.

TMJ's exposed on different heights on image. Bilateral distortion in molar and premolar regions.

1 Patient tilted to one side

2 Midsagittal light line not obeyed.

1 Check mid sagittal plane and center patient's head.

2 Check mid sagittal plane and center patient's head.

Rows of teeth exposed too high. TMJ's cut off.

1 Chin was not resting on chin support

2 Patient positioned too high

1 Check patient positioning and type of bite fork rod.

2 Check patient positioning and type of bite fork rod.

Rows of teeth exposed too low. Mandible not exposed completely to the image.

Chin rest was not used with bite fork.

Install chin rest.


ANECK



11.2 FILM DENSITY AND CONTRAST

Problem Possible cause Remedy

Images are too light 1 AEC density setting is too low.

2 Manual technique factors used too low.

3 A problem with the processing.

4 AEC control or beam alignment mis adjusted

1 Adjust the density to a higher value.

2 Increase technique factors

3 Make the "QA" film and check the processing (chemicals, temperature and time)

4 Call service.

Images are too dark 1 AEC density setting is too high.

2 Manual technique factors used too high.

3 A problem with the processing.

4 AEC control misadjusted

5 Leaded cassette was used with AEC.

1 Adjust density to a lower value.

2 Increase technique factors.

3 Check the processing.

4 Call service.5 Check the

cassette. Use one without lead.

Lack of image contrast

1 kV used is too high

2 Film-screen not optimum

3 Fogged film

1 Lower the kV setting. See P.52 CCO for details.

2 Check the film and screens.

3 Check the film. Process a piece without radiation.

Image is fogged. Metal fillings don't appear as bright unexposed areas.

1 Film re-exposed during the processing

2 Light leak in dark room

3 Safety light not appropriate to film in use

4 Useless film (wrong storage or expired lot)

1-4) Check your film lot and dark room



11.3 ARTEFACTS

One side of the film overexposed.

1 Film has been previously exposed to light

2 Light leak in dark room

3 Cassette not properly closed

1 Check your film inventory and dark room

2 Check your film inventory and dark room

3 Check cassette locking


Irregular, bright shadows or artefacts

Patient is wearing metal objects, such as earrings, necklace etc.

Ask patient to remove objects.

An unexposed area is shown down in the lower middle section of the image.

Lead apron misplaced.

Check the lead apron positioning.

Cassette hinges seen on film.

Cassette was inserted in reverse.

Install the cassette with flat side facing the THA.

Bright irregular spots or lines always on the same film location.

Dirty or worn screens.

Check and clean the screens. Replace when needed.

Scratches and residues on film.

Problem with processing: processor not cleaned or worn rollers, old chemicals.

Check processing and processor and service when needed.


AJEWE

AAPRO



Partial lack of detail and motion artefacts. Irregular vertical bright lines on film.

Patient has moved during the exposure.

Retake the image.

Vertical dark lines on film.

Patient's shoulder in touch with machine parts.

Check patient positioning.

One side of the film unexposed.

Exposure button released prematurely.

Retake the image to a new film.

Lightning like pattern on film.

1 Discharge of static electricity.

2 Film loaded by sliding it over screens.

1 Load the film without sliding it over screens.

2 Check dark room humidity level.

An unexposed 10x50 mm area in the film corner.

Window cassette for Ortho ID was used. Area is for film marking.

None.

Right and left film sides are unexposed. TMJ's are not shown.

Orthogonal procedure was mistakenly used.

Select correct panoramic procedure.

CEPH: Double image on film.

Cassette has not been replaced after previous exposure.

Reload or replace the cassette.

CEPH: Unexposed rectangular on the image.

1 Cassette not in right place.

2 Ceph collimator not correctly selected.

1 Align the cassette according to the ceph view.

2 Select correct collimation.

CEPH: Lateral view has 2 ear holder pins.

1 Cephalostat lock not locked

2 Ear holders misaligned

1 Lock it2 Call service

QA: Light horizontal line on film

Bite block was left on place

Remove the bite block Note: QA film can be used.




11.4 UNIT OPERATION


READY not lit. 1 Unit is not ready for exposure.

1 Check the collimator,program selection andcassette. If the unit stillnot ready, momentarilypress exposure button:Failure message will bedisplayed. Make thecorrective measures.

Patient's back head is touching the x-ray tube during the exposure.

1 Patient'sheadinclinationnot correct

2 Patient is toobig for theunit.

3 Patient hasslumped.

Process the film. If the film is not accetable then:

1 Check the head positionand retake the film.

2 Check the patientpositioning. Make theexposure even thoughthe head may touch thetubehead.

Patient's shoulders are touching the x-ray tube or cassette holder.

Patient is too big for the unit. Wide shoulders.

Reverse patient's hands on handles: left to right side handle and vice versa.




12 User programming mode

12User programming mode12.1 GENERAL

The Orthopantomograph OP100 is a panoramic x-ray equipment withthe possibility of linear tomography programs for producinglongitudinal and cross-sectional tomograms of the dentition. Thissoftware can be used with any OP100 or OC100 model includingspecial models OP100 CR, OP100 OT and Ortho ID.

Software is divided into two parts. User programs (“Pr”) are accessibleby the user and they have features for configuring the unit for daily useand for changing technique factors to optimize image quality.

Maintenance & Service programs (“Sr”) are for technical people forinstallation and service. Tools are required to access “Sr” programs.

This manual covers the features of the “Pr” programs OP100 fromsoftware version 1.2.07. Please refer to the OP100 Service ProgramManual V1.2.07/1.2.14 for “Sr” program features.

12.2 INSTALLATION & UNIT CONFIGURATION PROGRAMS

“PR” USER PROGRAMS

Pr50LAY

LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE LAYER: Select image layer thicknesses, number of images and the choice of longitudinal and / or cross sectional images for three areas of interest (anterior, premolar and molar)

Pr51PUS

POWER UP SETTINGS: Select imaging program and exposure control mode for the control panel display after OP100 power-up.

Pr54Arn

ROTATING UNIT AUTORETURN: Easy patient exit after the exposure by returning the rotating unit to the nearest patient exit position.



12.3 PROGRAMS AFFECTING TO IMAGE QUALITY

Pr55HUP

CASSETTE HOLDER AUTOLIFT: Lifts automatically the cassette holder after inserting the panoramic cassette.

Pr56HLI

CASSETTE HOLDER VERTICAL LIMIT: Low ceiling application to limit cassette holder vertical travel below the column top .

Pr57Hon

HOME SIDE FOR EXPOSURE START: Select exposure in one direction, clockwise or counterclockwise rotation , or exposure in both directions.

Pr68InS

INSTALLATION: X-ray beam alignment and AEC calibration programs.


Pr50LAY

LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE LAYER: Select image layer thicknesses, number of images and the choice of longitudinal and / or cross sectional images for three areas of interest (anterior, premolar and molar)

Pr51PUS

POWER UP SETTINGS: AEC mode density or Manual mode technique factors for the control panel display after OP100 power-up.

Pr52CCo

CONSTANT CONTRAST & DENSITY: Set technique factors for all imaging programs.

Pr 58Con

VERTEBRAE SHADOW COMPENSATION: kV-compensation at spinal column OFF = no compensation. LO = compensation by 3-4 kVHI = compensation by 6-8 kVASC = Automatic Spine Compensation




12.4 OTHER PR PROGRAMS


Pr53nor

RESUME NORMAL SETTINGS: Reset user program memory parameters for selected “Pr” programs.

Pr59PSE

PREVENTATIVE SERVICE MESSAGE: Clear, disable or enable the Preventative Service Request message after installation, maintenance or service.

Pr60bEP

PANEL BEEP: Enable or disable the response “beep” when pushing any key in the display panels.

Pr61CLC

CLEAR EXPOSURE COUNTER: Clear the resetable exposure counter.

Pr62Err

LAST FAILURE CODE: Display of the last storable failure code for this unit.




13 How to program “pr” features

13How to program “pr” features 1 To begin the programming: switch the OP100 power on. Wait for

a moment, while the OP100 performs a self check. After warm-upis complete, press and keep pressing OK button on the controlpanel. First a beep is heard and the image layer information orexposure counter value are displayed. After a while more “beeps”are heard and the display shows user program information, eg.“Pr 50 LAY”. At this point, release the OK button. Note that if thebutton is released too early, program resumes to normaloperation. Start again.

2 Select one of the “ Pr “ programs. Use up and down keys to viewprograms , press OK key to select.

3 Set or change the parameters for this program. Use arrow keys toselect option and settings. Follow the guidelines for each “ Pr “program described in the next chapter.

4 Store any changes to the OP100 memory. Press OK “ PAS “ isdisplayed and all indicators are lit. The same programinformation, eg. “ Pr 50 LAY “, is displayed again.

NOTE!If you change the parameters and forget to press “ OK “ or switch thepower off too early, or the message “Sy 26 EEP” is displayed, thestoring of any changes failed. Try again.

5 Exit from the programming. Press OK for a while. Several beepsare heard as the normal display is resumed. Another way to exitprogramming is to switch OP100 power off, wait for 15 s, andswitch the power on again.


13 How to program “pr” features


14 User program features

14User program features 14.1 PR 50 LAY: LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE

LAYER

For the linear tomographicexposure the image layerthickness in lateral and transversaltomograms can be selected in the“Pr 50 LAY” program. Thisprogram is displayed only whenthe Ortho Trans imaging programsP11and P12 have been activated.

Programming:

1 Select the program and press OK. Display shows the image layersettings of one area of interest. There are three areas of interest:anterior “ Frn” , premolar “Cen” and molar “bAC”. Examples:

2 Select the area of interest. Exposure time display and indicatorare blinking. Press left or right keys. Display shows: “ Frn “ foranterior, “ Cen” for premolar and “ bAC “ for molar region. Greenexposure time LED is blinking

3 Select the longitudinal image layer thickness ( 0 - 8 mm ) and thenumber of images ( 0, 1 or 3 ) for this area. Press key twice.KV/mA indicator LED and kV display are blinking. Select theimage layer thickness and the number of images. Press or key.Display shows one of the choices: “ 2 “, “ 2- “, “ 3 “, “ 3- “, “ 4 “,“ 4- “, “ 5 “, “ 5- “, “ 6 “, “ 6- “, “ 8 “, “ 8- “ or “ 0 “. The symbol“ - “ after a digit indicates that only one image will be exposed,otherwise three images are exposed. Eg. “ 8- “ indicates that oneimage of 8 mm layer thickness will be exposed. If you don’t wantimages in longitudinal projection, select “ 0 “. This feature can beused with follow-up patients.

4 Select the cross sectional image layer thickness ( 0 - 8 mm ) andthe number of images ( 0, 1 or 3 ) for this area. Press up key. KV/mA indicator LED and mA display are blinking. Select the imagelayer thickness and the number of images. Press left or rightkey. Display shows one of the choices: “ 2 “, “ 2- “, “ 3 “, “ 3- “,“ 4 “, “ 4- “, “ 5 “, “ 5- “, “ 6 “, “ 6- “, “ 8 “, “ 8- “ or “ 0 “.´The

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal



symbol “ - “ indicates that only one image will be exposed. Eg. “2- “ indicates that one image of 2 mm layer thickness will beexposed and “ 3 “ indicates that three images of 3 mm layerthickness will be exposed.

NOTE!2 mm image layer thickness is only available in one imagingprojection. See the following table for details.

If you don’t want images in cross sectional projection, select “ 0 “.

5 Select the image layer thicknesses and the number of images forother areas of interest. Repeat steps 2 to 4.

PR 50 LAY: IMAGE LAYER THICKNESSES

Image Layer Thickness

Longitudinal (kV-display)

Cross-sectional (mA display)

1 image 3 images 1 image 3 images

2 mm (FRN)

2- 2 N/A N/A

2 mm (CEN, BAC)

N/A N/A 2- 2

3 mm 3- 3 3- 3

4 mm 4- 4 4- 4

5 mm 5- 5 5- 5

6 mm 6- 6 6- 6

8 mm 8- 8 8- 8

0 mm = no images

0 0

Note: N/A = 2 mm image layer not available.



NOTE!An error message will be generated during exposure, if bothlongitudinal and cross sectional image layers are set to “ 0 “. This is auser mistake.

6 Store any changes to the OP100 memory. Press OK key. “ Pr 50LAY “ is displayed again. Select another program or exitprogramming.

NOTE!Pr 50 PrS features of previous software versions (1.2.01, 1.2.05 or1.2.06) are modified and included into the Pr 52 CCo program fromsoftware version 1.2.07.

Pr 50 LAY: REGION OF INTEREST

Region Exposure time display

Choice of Image Layers

Anterior Frn 0, 1 or 3

Premolar CEn 0, 1 or 3

Molar bAC 0, 1 or 3

Cross-sectional images

Longitudinal images



14.2 PR 51 PUS: POWER UP SETTINGThe user can set the imaging program and exposure control mode for the control panel to appear after switching the OP100 power on. This will make the use of OP100 even easier and reduce the total imaging time, when the most frequently used imaging program and AEC or Manual mode are automatically selected and the operator can concentrate on patient positioning.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 51 PUS “ and press OK key. Control panelshows current power-up display, eg. – Standard panoramic procedure (Program 1) is chosen– Light is blinking at Program 1– Automatic Exposure Control “ A “ and density setting in the

middle are chosen2 Change the power up setting. Select one of the imaging

programs, Program 1 to 12. Use arrow keys. 3 Select the exposure control mode: AEC, Manual or Test. Use

arrow keys. With the AEC mode select the density setting. Fromthe middle position there are four choices to have darker imagesand four choices for lighter images. If two lights are lit, the densityvalue is between these two settings. With the Manual modeselect one of the preprogrammed patient size symbols or othertechnique factors.

NOTE!AEC can be selected for the panoramic programs (P1 - P4) and forlinear tomography programs P11and P12.

4 Move the blinking light to a place which you would be using most.Usually this is the imaging program selection or AEC densityselection.

5 Press OK to store this power-up displayinto OP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “Pr 51 PUS”again. Select another program or exit programming.



14.3 PR 52 CCO: CONSTANT CONTRAST & DENSITY SETTINGS

OP100 image quality can be controlled by setting the techniquefactors for film / screen combination and per customer preferences.This is done by giving contrast and density parameters for all imagingprograms P1 to P12 in this user program. Quality Assurance (QA) filmwill be used to select optimum image density.

AEC and Manual mode technique factors are related to each other:the selection of contrast ( kV level ) and density will fix the AEC andManual mode technique factors. Preprogrammed patient size symbolshave only one reference, and this reference is tied to AEC settings.The technique factors’ relation between patient size symbols is fixed.

NOTE!Grid cassette requires 2 steps higher density setting than the standardcassette.

Programming:

1 Select program “Pr 52 CCo” and press OK . Light over programP1 is lit and blinking. KV display shows the current constantcontrast kV level and the exposure time display shows the densityreference for this imaging program.

PR 52 CCO: CONTRAST & DENSITY

Imaging Program

Constant Contrast value kV display (default)

Density Time display

P1 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P2 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P3 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P4 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P5 60 - 85 (77) L 1 - 10 (5)

P6 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P7 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P8 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P9 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P10 57 - 85 (66) 1 - 10 (5)

P11 57 - 85 (63) 3 - 12 (7) See Note

P12 57 - 85 (63) 3 - 12 (7) See Note



2 Select or change the constant contrast value for this imagingprogram. Press down key. kV display is blinking. Use left or rightkeys to change this value. Lower kV increases the imagecontrast.

NOTE!This kV value will depend on the film-screen combination used. ForKodak Lanex Regular - TMG combination values 66 in P1- P4 and 70in P6 - P10 and 63 in P11 & P12 are recommended.

3 Select the density level for this imaging program. Press downkey. mA display is blinking. Use left or right keys to change thisvalue. Higher numbers give darker exposures.

Use Quality Assurance film to obtain correct density setting. QA filmsent from the factory has columns marked with O.D. (Optical Density).QA film column representing about 1.3 - 1.4 O.D. is a reference. Makethe QA exposure at site and process the film. Find a column that hasthe same O.D. or closest with the reference film 1.3 O.D. Calculate theorder of this column starting from the lightest column and set thisvalue, eg. 6, for each imaging program density (see figure). There are15 columns in the QA film.

NOTE!These technique settings are for guidance. If the patient images arelighter or darker than desired, you may have to change contrast and /or density according to user preferences.

Example: If P1 has contrast “ 66 “ and density “ 5 “ this means that P1AEC exposure with middle density scale has 66 kV /10 mA startingvalue. In Manual Control mode preprogrammed patient size symbolshave values 66/5, 66/8, 66/10 (as AEC) and 66/12.

4 If you want to change contrast and dentity for other programs ,repeat steps 2 and 3. Another QA film is needed if theseprograms use different screen-film combination or cassette.



5 Skip next steps and go to step 10, if you don’t have or are notusing OC100 cephalostat.

6 OC100 models only: Select program P5. Set the contrast. Set thedensity for lateral view and PA view.

7 Change the contrast. Press left key to enhance contrast or rightkey to lower the contrast.

8 Set the density for lateral view. Press down key. Time displayshows current density, eg. “L 6” . Change the value if needed.Press left key to decrease density or right key to increase.

9 OC100 has a feature where the collimator position will causetechnique factors automatically to increase from lateral to PAprojection. This is done by increasing the technique factors ,exposure time or kV. Set the density for postero-anterior (PA) orfacial view. Press down key . Exposure time shows the density forPA view, eg. “ P 6 “, “ P 7 “, “ P 8 “ or “ P 9 “ and one of thepatient size symbol is blinking. Press left key to decrease thedensity or right key to increase. One step higher density than inlateral view is suitable in most cases.

10 Press OK to store these changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 52 CCo “again. Select another program or exit programming.

PR 52 CCO: CEPHALOSTAT CONTRAST & DENSITY

Constant Contrast value (default)

Ceph tube current(default)

Density setting for lateral view(default)

Density setting for PA view

Panel display

kVdisplay

mAdisplay

Timedisplay

Timedisplay

Patient size symbol indicator

P5lateral view

P5 PA view

60 - 85 (77)

Blank (12)

L 1 - L 10(L 5)See Note

P 1 - P 10 child

P 2 - P 11 juvenile

P 3 - P 12 adult

P 4 - P 12

tall adult

Note: L = Lateral view, P = posterior-anterior or facial view.



14.4 PR 53 NOR: RESUME NORMAL SETTINGS

Normal settings for all parameters canbe resumed. This can be done afterservice or in the case of CPU boardmemory problem. Error counter andexposure counters are not affected.

Programming:

1 Select program “Pr 53 nor”. Timedisplay shows “ OFF “ or “ on “. Ifyou by mistake enter this program, select “ OFF “ to exit withoutchanges. It is recommended to record “ Pr “ settings prior tousing this program.

2 Press left key, if you don’t want toresume factory default values. “ OFF “is displayed.

3 Press right key to resume factory normalsettings. “ on “ is displayed. Thisprogram will affect to the following Userprograms

These parameters have to be checked for configuring OP100 for dailyuse.

Pr 50 LAY: Frn , 6 longitudinal, 4 cross sectionalCEn , 6 longitudinal, 4 cross sectionalbAC , 6 longitudinal, 4 cross sectional

Pr 51 PUS: P1 blinking, AEC, density in the middle

Pr 52 CCO: P1-P4 (66/5), P5 (77/12/L 5), P6-P10 (66/5), P11-P12 (63/7)

Pr 54 Arn: on

Pr 55 HUP: OFF

Pr 56 HLI: OFF

Pr 57 HON: L -, if positioning panel on the left side or double panels r -, if positioning panel on the right side

Pr 58 CON: P1-P4 (ASC)

Pr 59 PSE: on

Pr 60 BEP: on

Pr 68 INS: OFF



4 Press OK to store any changes into OP100 memory. OP 100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 53 nor “again. Select another program or exit programming.

14.5 PR 54 ARN: ROTATING UNIT AUTORETURN After the exposure the unit can stop sothat the patient has an easy exit fromthe unit. The return movement of therotating unit after the exposure can beenabled or disabled. Note that therotating unit can always be returned bypressing the key.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 54 Arn “. Time display shows “ OFF “ or “on “.

2 Select autoreturn after the exposure.Press right key until “ on “ is displayed.In this case the rotating unit is moved sothat the patient has an easy exit fromthe unit.

3 Press right key, if you don’t want torotating unit to return to the nearestpatient positioning position after theexposure. “ OFF “ is displayed. In thiscase the cassette rack stays behind the patient after theexposure.

4 Press OK to store these changes intoOP 100 memory. OP 100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 54 Arn “again. Select another program or exit programming.

14.6 PR 55 HUP: CASSETTE HOLDER AUTOLIFT

Cassette holder can be programmed tolift up automatically when thepanoramic cassette has been insertedin its place. A message is displayed onthe control panel.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 55 HUP “.Time display shows “ OFF “ or “on “.



2 Press right key, when the automaticlifting up of cassette rack is requested. “on “ is displayed.

NOTE!When the panoramic cassette is inserted, a message “ UP CAS “ isdisplayed and the unit aligns itself for patient positioning and raisesthe cassette holder.

3 Press left key, when the automatic liftingup of cassette holder is not needed. “OFF “ is displayed. In this case thecassette holder can be lifted by pressingthe key in the positioning panel.

4 Press OK to store these changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 55 HUP “again. Select another program or exit programming.

14.7 PR 56 HLI: CASSETTE HOLDER VERTICAL LIMIT

In the rooms with limited ceiling heightthe cassette holder vertical limit can beactivated. This option makes thecassette holder to always stay belowthe height of the column.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 56 HLI “. Time display shows “ OFF “ or “on “.

2 Press left key, when the cassette holdervertical limit is not needed. “ OFF “ isdisplayed. Now the cassette holder canraise over the column height.



3 Press right key, when the cassetteholder vertical limit is requested. “ on “is displayed.

4 Press OK to store these changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 56 HLI “again. Select another program or exit programming.

14.8 PR 57 HON: HOME SIDE FOR EXPOSURE START

The home side i.e. the patientpositioning side of the unit can beselected. If the unit is supplied with onepositioning panel, the home side is thesame as the panel side. With the OrthoTrans option and two positioning panelsthe home side is selected with thisprogram.

OP 100 operates normally uni-directionally, i.e. the exposure isenabled while the rotating unit movesclockwise (left-handed unit “LL” or “LR”)or counterclockwise (right-handed unit or “RL” or “RR”) and after theexposure the rotating unit returns to starting position.

In OP 100 a bi-directional exposure is also possible, where the unitcan make an exposure both clockwise and counterclockwise, and noreturn sequence is necessary after the exposure.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 57 Hon “. Display shows one of the choices:“ -r- “, “ -L- “ or “ L=r “.

2 OP100 with one patient positioning panel, Franfort and layer lighton the left side of the unit: the display should have “ -L- “. If not,press left or right keys and select “ -L- “.

3 OP100 with one panel and lights on the right side: the displayshould show “ -r- “. If not, select “ -r- “.

Pr 57 Hon Positioning Lights

Rotation for exposure

OP/OC100 type

- r - Right side of unit

Counterclockwise (ccw)

RR, RL

- L - Left side Clockwise (cw) LL, LR

L = r Dual, on both sides

(cw) -> (ccw) -> (cw) - ->

DL, DR



4 OP100 with Ortho Trans has two positioning panels on bothsides and lights one one side. The display shows either “ -L- “ or“ -r- “. Set the value to “ -L- “ if the Frankfort & focal trough lightsare on the left side of the mirror or set the value to “ -r- “ if theFrankfort light is on the right side of the mirror.

5 Optionally OP100 models can have dual set of positioning lightsused in programs P1-P4 and P6-P10. Such models have patientpositioning on both sides of the unit and the exposure can start oneither side of the unit. In this case, select “ L=r “.

6 Press OK to store any changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 57 Hon “again. Select another program or exit programming.

NOTE!This program has changed from the software versions 1.2.01 - 1.2.06.

14.9 PR 58 CON: VERTEBRAE SHADOW COMPENSATION

In panoramic programs P1 to P4 the spine column shadow may becompensated. This compensation mode for each panoramic programis set with this program. When this feature is used, kV-value isautomatically increased at spine column to eliminate the shadow ofvertebrae. This feature has the same function both in Automatic andManual exposure control. Most advanced feature is “ASC” forAutomatic Spine Compensation where the amount of compensation isautomatically controlled. Note that this compensation cannot exceedthe maximum x-ray tube voltage of 85 kV. OP100 CR models cannotuse this ASC feature.

Example of spine compensation (kV=66)



Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 58 Con “. One of the panoramic programindicators P1 to P4 is lit and the time display shows the currentcompensation mode for this program: “ ASC “, “ HI “, “ LO “ or“ OFF “.

2 Press right or left key to change the compensation mode for thisimaging program:

“OFF” disables this feature. It can beselected with pediatric patients. Whendisabled, the same kV value is used duringthe exposure cycle.

“LO” compensates the spine shadow by onekV-step, 3-4 kV. It is selected with most ofthe patients.

“HI” compensates the spine shadow by twokV-steps, 6-8 kV. It can be selected withlarge patients.

Select “ ASC “ for Automatic SpineCompensation. KV compensation will bedetemined automatically.

NOTE!OP100 CR models: In units without AEC function the “ASC” selectionwill cause the unit to operate in “LO” compensation mode in allpanoramic imaging programs. Select “ LO “ or “ HI “ instead.

3 Change the compensation mode for other panoramic programs.Press up key and select another panoramic program. Press keydown and repeat step 2 for this imaging program.

4 Press OK to store these changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 58 Con “again. Select another program or exit programming.

PR 58 CON: VERTEBRAE SHADOW COMPENSATION

Panoramic Program

Mode

P1 OFF LO HI ASC

P2 OFF LO HI ASC

P3 OFF LO HI ASC

P4 OFF LO HI ASC



14.10PR 59 PSE: PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE REMAINDER

OP100 has a feature to inform the userevery 2000 exposures aboutpreventative service. When activated,a Preventative Maintenance Requestmessage “ Ch 8 PSE “ is displayedautomatically after power up -sequence, when cumulative 2000exposures have been taken and itcome again until it is cleared with thisprogram. This message has no affectto the unit’s operation.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 59 PSE “. Time display shows “ OFF “ or “on “.

2 If “ OFF “ was displayed this feature isnot used. Press right key to enable thisfeature. “ on “ is displayed.

3 If “ on “ was displayed, you can pressleft key if you don’t want to use thisfeature. “ OFF “ is displayed.

4 Press right key to reset this counter or toclear the “ Ch 8 PSE “ servicemessage. “ rES “ is displayed. Next “Ch 8 PSE “ service message will comeafter 2000 exposures.

5 Press OK to store any changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 59 PSE “again. Select another program or exit programming.

14.11PR 60 BEP: PANEL BEEP Enables the response “beep” whenpushing any key in the OP100 panels.This feature can be disabled, if neededfor maintenance and testing.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 60 bEP “.Time display shows “ OFF “ or “on “.

2 Press left key, if you don’t want to hearthe beep-signal after pushing the panelkeys. “ OFF “ is displayed.



3 Press right key, if you want to enable thebeep-signal after pushing the panelkeys. “ on “ is displayed.

4 Press OK to store any changes intoOP100 memory. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 60 bEP “again. Select another program or exit programming.



14.12PR 61 CLC: CLEAR EXPOSURE COUNTER Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 61 CLC “. MAand time displays show the totalnumber of exposures since lastclearing of this counter.

2 Press left key to clear the countervalue to zero after Installation orMaintenance.. “ 0 “ is displayed.

3 Press right key, if you don’t want toclear the exposure counter valueto zero. Number of exposures taken , eg. “ 12 345 “, is displayedon the mA ( = “12” ) and exposure time (= “345”) displays.

4 Press OK to store any changes into OP100 memory. OP 100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “Pr 61 CLC”.Select another program or exit programming.

14.13PR 62 ERR: LAST FAILURE CODE OP 100 stores in the memory the last storable failure codeinformation. A new OP 100 may have a failure code already in thismemory and this is considered normal.

Programming:

1 Select program “ Pr 62 Err “.OP 100 displays the last failurecode. If there are no failurecodes stored in the memory,displays show “ --- -- --- “ .

NOTE!Ch failure code “ Ch 5 *** “ will be stored, others Ch codes will be not.Sy failure codes will be stored, except “ Sy 20 *** “ and “ Sy 26 EEP “.

2 Press OK key. OP100 will light allindicators and display “ PAS “momentarily and then “ Pr 62 Err “again. Select another program or exitprogramming.



14.14PR 68 INS: INSTALLATION Installation software for checkingthe x-ray beam alignment and AECoperation without opening themirror cover. Any settings of thisprogram are valid until the power isswitched off.

Programming:

1 Select the program. Press OK . Display shows “ OFF “.2 Repetitive exposures with imaging movements can be made

without replacing the cassette. Select “ nCA “. Exit programmingwithout switching the power off. Select imaging mode andtechnique factors. Make the installation exposures. Cassettepositions are not checked.

3 Repetitive exposures with imaging movements can be madewithout replacing the cassette nor checking the collimatorposition. Select “ nCh “. Exit programming without switching thepower off. Select imaging mode and technique factors. Makeinstallation exposures. Collimator and cassette positions are notchecked and the 15 s wait period between exposures is notmonitored.

4 Repetitive exposures without imaging movements can be madewithout replacing the cassette. Select “ EPS “. Exit programmingwithout switching the power off. Select imaging mode andtechnique factors. Make installation exposures, eg. cephalostatbeam alignment. No imaging movements. Collimator andcassette positions are not checked. 15 s wait period betweenexposures is not monitored.

PR 68 INS: INSTALLATION

Mode Function

OFF No function. Also default after switching OP100 power off.

nCA No cassette position check.

nCh No collimator nor cassette check.

EPS Exposure without movement, no collimator nor cassette check.

FrE Exposure with AEC frequency display.



5 AEC operation in stand-by and with exposure can be tested.Select “ FrE “. Exit programming without switching the power off.Adjust the stand-by frequency. Insert the aluminium tool to theTHA. Select the kV and mA. Make the exposure and adjust theAEC gain.

6 Store any changes to the OP100 memory. Press OK . Selectanother User Program or exit from programming. Note that if thepower is switched off before installation exposures, all thesesettings go to “ OFF “. Start again from beginning.


15 User's statement

15User's statementInstructions for the use of the Orthopantomograph® OP100 andprecautionary statements are part of the OP100 User Manual.

Radiation leakage technique factors

The maximum-rated peak tube potential is 85 kVp with the maximumrated continuous tube current of 1.5 mA. 1.5 mA is the equivalentmaximum rated continuous tube current for 12 mA with a duty cycle of1:7. Duty cycle is automatically calculated by the software so that thenext exposure does not exceed the anode thermal capacity. Theequation used by the software is

mA*s*kVp = Initial heat capacity [J] + Anode cooling rate [J/s] * 3600[s]

where:

mA*s*kVp = Maximum energy input during one hour

Initial heat capacity = 28000 Joules [J] for tube type D-051S

Anode cooling rate = 120 Joules/s [J/s] for tube type D-051S

3600 = 1 hour observation time [s]

Beam limiting device / tube housing assembly compatibility

The tube housing assembly THA 100 is compatible with the beamlimiting device BDP138 or BDC184.

Equipment statement for tube housing assembly

Maximum operating voltage is 85 kVp. Effective focal spot 0.5 (IEC336/1982).

X-ray tube: Toshiba D-051S. For additional information please refer tothe tube specification sheets.

Maximum deviation from indicated values

Parameter Indicated value Deviation

Tube voltage 57 - 85 kVp ± 5 kVp

Tube current 2 - 16 mA ± 1mA or 15%, whichever is larger

Exposure time (pan) 16.8 - 17.6 s ± 0.1 s or 15%, whichever is larger


15 User's statement

Power supply requirements

Rated nominal voltage 110 / 230 VAC, 50/60 Hz single phase. Linevoltage ranges are 99 - 121 VAC and 207 - 253 VAC. Automaticregulation for all voltages within the line voltage range.

Maximum line current

With 110 VAC power supply systems maximum line current during theexposure is 15 A, at stand-by maximum 1A. The system line fuses are15 A slow blow type.

With 230 VAC power supply systems the maximum line current duringthe exposure is 10 A, at stand by maximum 1 A. The system line fusesare 10 A slow blow type.

General output rating and duty cycle

The following charts represent technique factors that can be used withthe selected line voltage. One of the three technique factors is alwaysfixed. Panoramic and Special procedures use fixed exposure time,while Cephalometric prosedures used fixed tube current value.

Exposures are automatically limited during duty cycle cooling times,minimum of 15 s.

Exposure time (TMJ, Sinus)

8 - 15.6 s ± 0.1 s or 15%, whichever is larger

Exposure time (cephalometric)

0.1 - 3.2 s

Exposure time (linear tomography)

1.6 - 28.8 s

TECHNIQUE FACTORS FOR CEPHALOMETRIC PROCEDURES

kVp 60, 63, 66, 70, 73, 77, 81, 85

mA 12 mA

s 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2, 0.25, 0.32, 0.4, 0.5, 0.64, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.2

Parameter Indicated value Deviation


15 User's statement

Maintenance

To keep the equipment in compliance with the DHHS PerformanceStandard the following maintenance schedule shall be observed:

Up to 40 exposures per week, perform maintenance every 12 months.At 40 - 100 exposures per week, perform maintenance every 6months. Refer to the chapter Maintenance of this manual for details.

Tube ratings

Maximum rating chart

Multi-Peak Full Wave rectified

(HF Inverter System)

Focal spot: 0.5 mm (IEC 336/1982)

Fig 15.1. Tube ratings


15 User's statement

Tube anode thermal characteristics (D-051s)

Fig 15.2. Tube anode thermal characteristics (D-051S)

tubehead assembly cooling curve

Fig 15.3. tubehead assembly cooling curve

We reserve the rights for technical changes at any time.

OP100/ OC100 Patient Dose

kV mA Patient doses, µSv in standard Panoramic program

number 1

57 2 1,9

63 5 5,7


15 User's statement

* Carpus imaging.

63 10 10,9

63 12 12,8

66 5 7,2

66 12 16,8

66 16 21,0

70 5 8,6

70 12 20,4

70 16 26,5

73 8 15,5

73 12 23,8

73 16 31,7

77 5 12,1

77 8 18,7

77 12 27,1

77 16 35,4

81 8 21,1

81 12 31,3

85 12 36,0

kV mA Times

Patient doses, µSv with cephalostat program

in lateral positioning (18x24cm)

*60 12 0,16 0,4

77 12 0,4 3,6

77 12 0,5 4,5

77 12 0,64 5,7

77 12 0,8 7,2

77 12 1,2 10,7

kV mA Patient doses, µSv in standard Panoramic program

number 1


15 User's statement


16 Technical specifications

16Technical specifications

Manufacturer: Instrumentarium Dental, P.O. Box 20, FIN-04301 Tuusula, FINLAND

Quality system: In accordance with ISO 9001 standard

Environmental management system:

In accordance with ISO 14001 standard

Electrical & mechanical safety:

According to IEC601-1, UL and C-UL (File E157261) marked according to the Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC

Product name: ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPH®ORTHOCEPH®

Model: Orthopantomograph OP100Orthoceph OC100Orthopantomograph OP100 OTOrthoceph OC100 OTOrthopantomograph OP100 CROrthoceph OC100 CROrthopantomograph OP100 OT/CROrthoceph OC100 OT/CR

Product type: Film Panoramic X-ray Unit Film Panoramic X-ray Unit with Cephalostat

Unit data

Class I

Type B

Protection IP-20

Operation Continuous operation with intermittent loading

Power supply Mains plug connection

High voltage DC

Software version 1.2.07 or higher



tubehead assembly

tubehead assembly type THA 100

Tube type Toshiba D-051S, Stationary anode

Tube voltage 57-85 kV

Max. tube current 2-16 mA

Max. electric output 1,36 kW

Target angle 5 degrees

Focal spot 0,5 mm (IEC 336/1982)

Nominal anode input power

1750 W

Max. anode heat content 28 kJ

Max. X-ray tube assembly heat content

385 kJ

Max. continuous heat dissipation of the X-ray tube assembly

38W

Total filtration 2,5 mm Al

Additional filtration for Linear Tomography

12 mmAl

Leakage Technique Factors

85 kV / 1.5 mA

Electrical connections

Nominal mains voltage 110/230 VAC ± 10% Automatic mains voltage compensation

Input power frequency 50 / 60 Hz

Nominal current 10A @ 230 VAC, 15A @ 110 VAC

Fuses 326 Littelfuse (slow blow) 10A @ 230 VAC, MDA-15 COOPER BUSSMAN (Time delay) 15A @ 110 VAC

Power consumption 2.3 kVA @ 230 VAC, 1.65 kVA @ 110 VAC

Maximum impedance of main

1,0 Ω



X-ray Generator:

Nominal power 1.2 kW

Tube voltage 57 - 85 kV

Tube current 2-16 mA

Supply frequency 75 - 150 kHz

Spine compensation 0 to 8 kV increase, max. 85 kV

Spine compensation mode

Automatic (ASC), Pre-programmed

Digital Imaging Options:

Allows the use of (24 x 30 cm) cassette size in Pan cassette holder. (Especially if (24 x 30 cm) PSP plates are used)

OP100 CR, OC100 CR, OP100 OT/CR and OC100 OT/CR models for Panoramic, TMJ, Maxillary Sinus, Cephalometric and Linear Tomography Imaging

CCD Technique OP100 D upgrade kit or OC100 D upgrade kit.

Exposure Time, Panoramic And Special Imaging Procedures:

Standard (Program 1) 17.6 s

Pediatric (P2) 16.8 s

Wide layer (P3) or Ortho Zone (P3 optional)

17.4 s 17.0 s

Orthogonal (P4) 16.8 s

TMJ lateral (P6) or Ortho TMJ (P6 optional)

10.8 s 10.8 s

TMJ jaw closed & open (P7)

15.6 s

TMJ PA (P8) 8.0 s

TMJ lateral & PA (P9) 12.2 s

Maxillary sinus (P 10) 15.6 s

Imaging Procedures: 4 Panoramic, 4 TMJ, Maxillary Sinus, 2 Linear Tomography and Cephalometric

Exposure Control: Automatic, Pre-programmed, Manual and Quality Assurance



Technique Factors, Cephalostat Procedures:

Tube voltage/Tube current /Exposure time (P5)

60 - 85 kV, 8 values / 12 mA / 0.1 s - 3.2 s, 16 values

Exposure Time Limit: 22 s

Technique Factors, Linear Tomography Procedures:

Mandible (P11) & Maxillary (P12)

57 - 85 kV / 2 -16 mA / 1.6 - 28.8 s

Linear Tomography Image Layers:

Choice of longitudinal images

3, 1 or none

Choice of cross sectional images

3, 1 or none

Positioning Lights:

Panoramic, TMJ & Maxillary Sinus Programs

Tungsten halogen

Linear Tomography Programs

Laser (Class II)

Panoramic Film Cassette:

Film size 15 x 30 cm

Cassette type and screens

Flat cassette. Window for Ortho ID film marking. Kodak Ektavision intensifying screens, Kodak Lanex Regular or Kodak Lanex Medium.

Cephalostat Film Cassette(S):

Film sizes 18 x 24 cm and 24 x 30 cm8" x 10",10" x 12"



Cassette types and screens

Flat cassette(s). Window for Ortho ID film marking. Kodak Ektavision intensifying screens, Kodak Lanex Regular or Kodak Lanex Medium. Cassettes are optional on some market areas.

Optional Grid Cassette For Linear Tomography Procedures:

Film size 15 x 30 cm

Cassette type and screens

Flat cassette. Window for Ortho ID film marking. Grid ratio 6:1. Parallel focus. 57 lines / cm. Integrated or external grid. Kodak Ektavision intensifying screens, Kodak Lanex Regular or Kodak Lanex Medium.

Interfaces:

Exposure button Auxiliary button with 10 m cable for remote use (optional in USA/Canada)

Film marking Serial interface for Ortho ID

Panoramic patient positioning:

Operation Left or right side of the unitMotorized carriage movement

Positioning aids Chin rest, bite block, 3-point headrest, curved mirror, 3 tungsten halogen positioning lights, occlusion correction buttons

Cassette movement Cassette rack up/down movement

Cephalostat patient positioning:

Operation Arm mounts on left or right side of the unit.Interlocked flat cassette.Motorized carriage movements with keys at cephalostat assembly.Locked position for ear holders.

Cephalostat Film Cassette(S):



Positioning aids Ear holders, nasion support with mm scaleManual setting of soft tissue filtering.

Ambient Temperatures:

Transportation and Storage

-10°.... +50°C

Operation Temperature +10°....+40°C, RH max. 95%

Physical Measures:

Focus-film distance (FFD or SID), panoramic & linear tomography

487 mm

Magnification 30% nominal in panoramic and lateral TMJ procedures80% nominal in PA TMJ procedure40% nominal in linear tomographic procedures

Focus-film distance (FFD or SID), cephalostat

1600 - 1715 mm

Magnification 8-14% nominal in cephalometric procedures

Focus-object distance (FOD or SOD), cephalostat

1520 mm

Installation: Standard wall mount with ±45° angled jointOptional base for free standing unit.

Height x Width x Depth (mm)

OP100: Max. 2345 x 830 x 1000 OC100: Max. 2345 x 1900 x 1000

Weight OP100: 175 kg / 385 lbsOC100: 210 kg / 465 lbs

Patient positioning sides:

LL Controls on the left side of unit. Left side operator's view for panoramic patient positioning. Cephalostat arm on the left. Controls and ceph arm can be reversed any later date.

Cephalostat patient positioning:



RR Controls on the right side of unit. Right side operator's view for panoramic patient positioning. Cephalostat arm on the right. Controls and ceph arm can be reversed any later date.

LR Controls on the left side of unit. Left side operator's view for panoramic patient positioning, cephalostat arm on the right. Controls and ceph arm can be reversed any later date.

RL Controls on the right side of unit. Right side operator's view for panoramic patient positioning, cephalostat arm on the left. Controls and ceph arm can be reversed any later date.

Installation options for OP100/OC100

Shorter ceph cassette holder

9 cm shorter column. Allows low ceiling siting.

Cooling Fan Kit For heavy-duty users (more than 50 OP 100 images a day) or for sites with high ambient temperature

OP100 Base plateOC100 Base plate

Base for OP100 or OC100. Free standing installation for pan. Support arm included on ceph.

Universal base plate Flat steel plate base. Free standing installation. OP100 and OC100

Field upgrades for model OC100

Ortho ID film marking Marks pan, ceph and tomo films

Linear Tomography Kit Add linear tomography to OC100 pan and ceph model

Ortho TMJ software Kit. Axial corrected TMJ software. Replaces lateral TMJ program (P8)

OC100D Digital panoramic & cephalostat Kit

Modify OC100 for digital pan and ceph imaging.

OP100 CR Kit. Unit modification for 24 x 30 cm medical phosphor plate system.

Patient positioning sides:




17 Maintenance

17MaintenanceThis unit is designed to provide reliable performance and many yearsof customer satisfaction. In order to assure safe performance of this X-ray equipment, a preventative maintenance program must beestablished. It is the owner's responsibility to supply or arrange for thisservice. Consult your Orthopantomograph® dealer to arrange for thisservice.

17.1 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

Maintenance service for Orthopantomograph® OP100 is suggested atinstallation and after each 2000 exposures. This periodic maintenanceis outlined in OP100 Service Manual Maintenance.

These maintenance procedures require the services of a qualifiedtechnician. In addition to periodic maintenance any deviation fromnormal performance should be immediately reported to your dealer.

WARNING!Only trained and qualified personnel should be permitted access to theinternal parts of the equipment.

17.2 MONTHLY INSPECTION BY USER

The user must perform monthly the following inspections:

– Visually check that all visible labels are intact and legible– Visually check that the exposure indicator light is lit for the

duration of exposure– Confirm that the audible indicator sounds for the duration of the

exposure– Check that exposure button must be kept pressed continuously

during the exposure cycle– Check that exposure terminates and an error code is displayed

when prematurely releasing the exposure button– Check all the functions of the control panel and the positioning

panel

17.3 PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE REMINDER

The equipment has a special feature that displays a message "Ch 8PSE" on time display after every 2000 exposures. See OP100 UserProgram Manual for details.

NOTE!Wiring diagrams, schematics and other documents, which are neededwhen the unit is repaired, will be supplied by request.


17 Maintenance


Orthopantomograph® OP100Orthoceph® OC100User Manual & Technical Specifications, English

63409-IMG rev 2 Printed in Finland 06/2007

Instrumentarium Dental reserves the right to make changes in specification and features shown herein, or discontinue the product described at any time without notice or obligation. Contact your Instrumentarium Dental representative for the most current information.

Copyright © 06/2007 by PaloDEx Group Oy. All rights reserved.

Instrumentarium DentalP.O.Box 20, FI-04301 Tuusula, FinlandTel. +358 45 7882 2000Fax +358 9 851 4048

Americas:Instrumentarium Dental Inc.Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.Tel. 800 558 6120Fax 414 481 8665

Documents

OP100 OC100 User Tech Manual R2