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“Only Thing To Fear”
-1932 Inauguration Speech
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself”
-Public Relations
-Fireside Chats
FDR spoke by radio to America on a regular basis
Calmed their fears
In 1932, the presidential election showed that Americans were clearly ready for a change.
A Call to Action-Progressive programs
Experiment with solutions
Relief, Recovery, Reform
-Group Effort
Eleanor Roosevelt
More political first lady
Brain Trust
Intellectuals who helped FDR develop policies
Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor
1st woman to hold cabinet position
-1st 100 Days
March-June 1933
The Roosevelt administration
implemented programs to provide relief to farmers. It
also aided other workers and provided for
stimulating economic recovery. What do you think
the cartoonist means by Roosevelt’s remark
concerning New Deal remedies?
Eleanor Roosevelt
A niece of Teddy Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Franklin, Eleanor lost her parents at an early age and was raised by a
strict grandmother.
As First Lady, she often urged the president to take stands on controversial issues. She became known for speaking out
against economic and social injustice. In presenting a booklet on human rights to the UN in 1958 she said, “Where after all
do human rights begin?... [In] the world of the individual person: the neighborhood…the school…the factory, farm or
office where he works.”
First New Deal
-designed for relief, recovery, and reform
-deficit spending
Spending money country does not have
-Bank Holiday closed all banks to prevent withdrawals
Reopened sound banks-those unable to repay debts stayed closed
-FDIC and SEC created
The New Deal was the title President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of providing relief, recovery, and reform (3 Rs) to the people and economy of the United States during the
Great Depression. Dozens of alphabet agencies (so named because of their acronyms),
were created as a result of the New Deal.
Alphabet Soup
-FDIC
Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation
federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $100,000
-SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
regulate stock market
-PWA
Public Works Administration
Money given to states to create construction jobs
-CWA
Civil Works Administration
built schools, roads
Alphabet Soup
-SSA
Social Security Act
> 65 get retirement income
-Fair Labor Standards Act
Minimum Wage – 40 cents/hr.
44 hr max/week
ended child labor
-NLRA
National Labor Relations Act/ Wagner Act
monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who join unions
-WPA
Works Progress Administration
provided jobs for unskilled workers, built many government buildings
Alphabet Soup-TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
flood control
hydroelectricity
-CCC
Civilian Conservation Corp
young men age 18-25
Built roads, parks
-AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act
attempted to raise crop prices by paying farmers not to farm
-NIRA
National Industrial Recovery Administration
set prices to ensure fair competition
Not Enough Help
-By 1935 the economy has still not recovered
Depression not over yet
-there is enough relief to keep people from starving
-some people start to demand more action
“Eighteen million Americans are so poor of this world’s goods
that they are on relief”
New Deal Critics
-Father Charles Coughlin
heavy taxes on the rich to provide income for all
guaranteed annual income
-Huey Long
“Every man a King”
guaranteed income ($2000), home and college for all
“Share Our Wealth” Plan
Limit income to <$1,000,000
“We owe debts in America today, public and private,
amounting to $252 billion. That means that every child is
born with a $2000 debt around his neck… We propose that children shall be born in
a land of opportunity, guaranteed a home, food,
clothes, and other things that make for living, including the
right to education.”-- Huey Long
Court Packing
-Several New Deal programs ruled unconstitutional
AAA, NRA
-Roosevelt proposed adding new justices
-seen as a threat to checks and balances
By the mid 1930s conservative opposition to the New Deal had received a boost from the Supreme Court. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional
because it gave legislative powers to the executive branch. The next year the court struck down the AAA on the grounds that agriculture is a local matter
to be regulated by the states. Roosevelt was dismayed by these rulings. Fearing further court decisions that might dismantle the New Deal, he
proposed that Congress enact a court-reform bill that would reorganize the federal judiciary and allow him to appoint six new Supreme Court justices.
This was quickly labeled the “court packing” bill and it received a storm of protest in Congress and in the press. Many people believed the president
violated principles of judicial independence and the separation of powers and this damaged his public image. However unforeseen circumstances would
eventually lead to support for the New Deal in the court and President Roosevelt would appoint seven new justices over four years.
African Americans
-Mary McLeod Bethune
friend of Eleanor Roosevelt
established “Black Cabinet”
Advised President on education
-Concert of Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial
-Roosevelt never fully committed to civil rights
-African Americans came to support the Democratic Party
When the Daughters of the American Revolution chose not to allow Anderson to perform in their
concert hall Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform at the
Lincoln Memorial
End of the New Deal
-”I see 1/3 of a nation ill -housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished”-FDR 1937
-by 1937, some recovery so gov’t pulls back programs and
depression returns
-opposition grows to continued gov’t control-not solving the
depression
-international affairs begin to take precedence
-New deal has great legacy
WWII Ends the Great Depression
What is this political cartoon saying about the New Deal and
its affect on America?