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Learning Targets:• Explain how the government
financed the war and managed the wartime economy.
• Describe how efforts to enforce loyalty led to hostility and repression.
• Describe how the lives of Americans on the home front changed during the war.
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Financing the War • Liberty bonds – special bonds sold
to support the Allied cause
• Could be redeemed for the original value of the bonds plus interest = $20 billion
• Allowed U.S. to loan more than $10 billion to the allies.
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• Boy and Girl scouts set up booths on street corners to sell bonds.
• Popular commercial artists drew colorful posters/recruited famous screen actors to host bond rallies/ speeches before movies, plays, school/ union meetings.
http://www.usmm.net/p/fireshot.jpg
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Managing the Economy • Government called on industry to
convert to the production of war goods.
• Business leaders flocked to Washington to take up posts in thousands of new agencies.
• “dollar-a-year” men and women because they gave their service for a token salary.
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New Agencies• War Industries Board – oversaw war-
related production – told manufacturers what and how much to produce, and even fixed prices
• War Trade Board – licensed foreign trade and punished firms suspected of dealing with the enemy
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• National War Labor Board – worked to settle labor disputes that might hinder the war effort
• War Labor Policies Board – set standard and wages , hours, and working conditions in war industries
• Labor unions won limited rights to organize and bargain collectively.
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Regulating Food and Fuel Consumption
• 1917 Lever Food and Fuel Control Act – gave the president the power to manage the production and distribution of food and fuels vital to the war effort.
• Lead by Herbert Hoover – increased agricultural output and reduce waste.
• Had power to impose price controls – a system of pricing determined by the government on food.
http://www.historyplace.com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/h-hoover.jpg 8
• Could have begun system of rationing – distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount
• Hoover preferred voluntary restraint
• Appealed to women to stop throwing away food, no second helpings, no eating between meals, one meatless-one wheatless day a week and no butter.
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• Fuel Administration – sponsored gasless days to save fuel
• Daylight Savings Time- began practice of turning clocks ahead one hour for the summer.
• (increased # of daylight hours for activity)
• Lessened need for artificial light -= lowered fuel consumption.
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A Progressive Victory• Government now regulated American
economic life to an extent progressives never dreamed possible.
• Regulations had not lessened the power of the corporate world – dismayed progressives
• Influence of business leaders grew, the government relaxed its pursuit of anti-trust suits, and corporate profits tripled.
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Enforcing Loyalty • Government imposed censorship on
the press and banned some publications from the mail.
• Committee on Public Information – George Creel – 1917 – Job to rally support for the war – produced short films, pamphlets explaining aims and posters selling recruitment and liberty bonds.
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Fear of Foreigners• Fear of espionage – spying
• German staff member – left briefcase on U.S. train – plans for weakening pro-allied sentiment and disrupting U.S. economy.
• Government feared secret agents might destroy transportation or communications networks.
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• Generated calls for restriction on immigration.
• National Security League – preached “100% Americanism”
• Got Congress to override Presidential veto for literacy test for immigrants.
• Excluded those who could not read English or some other language – few immigrants failed.
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“Hate the Hun!”• Hostility toward Germans – Huns –
referencing Asiatic people who brutality invaded Europe in the 4th and 5th century
• German composers/musicians banned from symphony concerts
• German Measles = Liberty Measles
http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/41862/A-1038-50.jpghttp://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/41933/A-919-100.jpg15
• Hamburger = Liberty Sandwiche
http://mishuna.image.pbase.com/u42/jpochard/upload/39615240.hamburger.jpg
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• Lynched Robert Prager 1918 near St. Louis
• German born; had tried to enlist in the Navy.
• One of numerous attacks on Germans in U.S.
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Repression of Civil Liberties • 1917 Congress passed – Espionage
Act – made it illegal to interfere with draft
• Sedition – is speech or acting that encourages rebellion
• Amended 1918 the Sedition Act – illegal to obstruct the sale of liberty bonds or discuss anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive” about the U.S. form of government – Constitution, Army or Navy
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• Pursued 1500 prosecutions = 1000 convictions
• Eugene Debs, socialist – ten year jail sentence for criticizing government/business and urging “resist militarism”
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Controlling Political Radicals • Socialist argued war a quarrel among
imperialist capitalist• (IWW) Organization Industrial
Workers of the World – gained supporters – goal overthrowing capitalism
• Police hounded IWW – Raids in 1917 – let to 200 convictions
• Vigilantes – citizens who take the law into their own hands – lynched and horsewhipped others
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Social Mobility for Minorities and Women
• Americans turned away from military styles and activities after the war
• War cut off immigrants from Europe and took young men out of workplace – businesses needed workers
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• Couldn’t discriminate – used who they could get
• Great Migration – 500,000 African Americans flooded North to industries.
• 400,000 women joined the industrial workforce.
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http://www.seattlest.com/attachments/seattle_courtney/abe-prohibition-poster.jpg
http://www.northernsun.com/images/thumb/0746BiafraButton.jpg23