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October 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University T. Nagamine October 14, 2015

On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

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Page 1: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

October 14, 2015

On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models

Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Page 2: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Motivation  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

•  Large  performance  gap  between  humans  and  state-­‐of-­‐the-­‐art  ASR  systems    

•  Computational  principles  of  DNNs  remain  elusive;  they  are  analytically  intractable    

•  Improving  these  models  requires  a  better  understanding  of  their  transformations  

Page 3: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Dahl  et  al.,  IEEE  Transactions  on  Audio,  Speech,  and  Signal  Processing  2012  October  14,  2015  

acous&c  model  

Introduction  to  acoustic  models  

Page 4: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

acous&c  model  

Dahl  et  al.,  IEEE  Transactions  on  Audio,  Speech,  and  Signal  Processing  2012  October  14,  2015  

Introduction  to  acoustic  models  

Page 5: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonemes  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Smallest  contrastive  unit  in  language    •  e.g.,  “k”  vs.  “b”  in  cat/bat  •  ~40-­‐60  in  English  

 Output  target  in  acoustic  modeling      

Page 6: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonetic  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Manner  of  articulation        Place  of  articulation        Voicing    

Page 7: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonetic  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Manner  of  articulation        Place  of  articulation        Voicing    

Page 8: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonetic  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Manner  of  articulation        Place  of  articulation        Voicing    

/p/  /b/  /k/  /g/   /m/  

same manner (plosive)

same place (labial)

Page 9: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonetic  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Manner  of  articulation        Place  of  articulation        Voicing    

/s/  =  unvoiced   /z/  =  voiced  

same  manner  (frica&ve)  same  place  (alveolar)  

Page 10: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonetic  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Dis$nc$ve  Features  Chomsky,  Halle,  Stevens  

Page 11: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Distinctive  Features  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Page 12: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phonemes  and  phones  

T.  Nagamine  October  14,  2015  

Phoneme  Smallest  contrastive  unit  in  language.    Abstract  idea.      

Phone  Instances  of  phonemes  in  actual  utterances.    Physical  segments.      Example:  “pat”  vs.  “bat”        4  phonemes    6  phones  

Page 13: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 14: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

Feed-­‐forward  series  of  nonlinear  transforma&ons…  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 15: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

?  Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  

October  14,  2015  

Page 16: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

?  Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  

October  14,  2015  

Page 17: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

DNN  Architecture  Input  layer    11  frames  of  24-­‐dimensional  log  Mel  Xilter  bank  coefXicients  +    deltas  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 18: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

DNN  Architecture  5  sigmoid  hidden  layers    256  nodes  each;  fully  connected  feed-­‐forward  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

Input  layer    11  frames  of  24-­‐dimensional  log  Mel  Xilter  bank  coefXicients  +    deltas  

October  14,  2015  

Page 19: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

DNN  Architecture  5  sigmoid  hidden  layers    256  nodes  each;  fully  connected  feed-­‐forward  

Softmax  output  layer    41  nodes  for  40  phonemes  and  silence;  context  independent  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .. . .

. . .

log

Mel

filte

rban

kco

effic

ient

s

Input

ey sil aos ziht uw ah dh er k

1st t

empo

ral

deriv

ativ

e2n

d te

mpo

ral

deriv

ativ

e

Hidden Layers

t uw

Actual Labeley sil ao

Pred

icte

d La

bel

aaaeahaoawaxaybchddhehereyfghhihiyjhklmnngowoyprsshsiltthuhuwvwyzzh

Output

s zihah dh er k

Input  layer    11  frames  of  24-­‐dimensional  log  Mel  Xilter  bank  coefXicients  +    deltas  

October  14,  2015  

Page 20: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. .

.

. .

.

. .

..

. .

Input

t uw

Actual Label

ey sil ao

Hidden 4 Layer Activation

s zihah dh er k

. .

..

. .

. .

.

. .

..

. .

HL 1-3Output(label)HL 5

Speech  stimuli  &  DNN  activations  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 21: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. .

.

. .

.

. .

..

. .

Input

t uw

Actual Label

ey sil ao

Hidden 4 Layer Activation

s zihah dh er k

. .

..

. .

. .

.

. .

..

. .

HL 1-3Output(label)HL 5

response  to  “t”  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Speech  stimuli  &  DNN  activations  

Page 22: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

. .

.

. .

.

. .

..

. .

Input

t uw

Actual Label

ey sil ao

Hidden 4 Layer Activation

s zihah dh er k

. .

..

. .

. .

.

. .

..

. .

HL 1-3Output(label)HL 5

response  to  “z”  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Speech  stimuli  &  DNN  activations  

Page 23: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Summary  of  Xindings  

1.  Nodes  are  selective  to  phonetic  features  at  the  individual  and  population  level  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 24: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

phoneme  onset  

=  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 25: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

manner  of    ar0cula0on  (closure)  

ch,  jh,    g,  k  b,  p  d,  t  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 26: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

manner  of    ar0cula0on  (closure)  

+  unvoiced  

ch    k  p  t  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 27: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

place  of  ar0cula0on  (labial)  

f,  v          b,  p      m  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 28: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Phoneme  Selec0vity  Index  (PSI)  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 29: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Hidden  Layer  1   nodes  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 30: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Hidden  Layer  1  

phonemes  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 31: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Hidden  Layer  1  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 32: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Hidden  Layer  1  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 33: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Hidden  Layer  1  

Hidden  Layer  5  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 34: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Neural  responses  to  speech  in  human  superior  temporal  gyrus  (STG)  

• 

o  

Mesgarani  et  al.,  Science  2014  October  14,  2015  

Page 35: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Examples  of  average  phoneme  responses  in  STG  

Diversity  of  responses:  Strong  preference  at  various  STG  sites  to  speciXic  phoneme  groups  with  shared  attributes  

Plosives! Fricatives! Low vowels! High vowels! Nasals!Phoneme  

selec&vity  

index  

Mesgarani  et  al.,  Science  2014  October  14,  2015  

Page 36: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Clustering  the  PSI  vectors  

Local  structures  (single  electrode)    

Global  structures  

(population)  

Manner  

Place  

Mesgarani  et  al.,  Science  2014  October  14,  2015  

Page 37: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Summary  of  Xindings  

1.  Single  nodes  and  populations  of  nodes  in  a  layer  are  selective  to  phonetic  features      

2.  Phonetic  feature  encoding  becomes  more  explicit  in  deeper  layers    

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 38: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 39: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 40: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Summary  of  Xindings  

1.  Single  nodes  and  populations  of  nodes  in  a  layer  are  selective  to  phonetic  features      

2.  Node  selectivity  to  phonetic  features  becomes  more  explicit  in  deeper  layers      

3.  Network  invariance  is  learned  through  explicit  representation  of  sources  of  variability  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 41: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

phoneme  =  “t”  example  selec0vity  for  three  nodes  (N1,  N2,  N3)    

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 42: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

t  

phoneme  =  “t”  example  selec0vity  for  three  nodes  (N1,  N2,  N3)    

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 43: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

phoneme  =  “t”  example  selec0vity  for  three  nodes  (N1,  N2,  N3)    

clustering  t  

phoneme  instances  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 44: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

phoneme  =  “t”  example  selec0vity  for  three  nodes  (N1,  N2,  N3)    

clustering  t  

nodes  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 45: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 46: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 47: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 48: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Summary  of  Xindings  

1.  Single  nodes  and  populations  of  nodes  in  a  layer  are  selective  to  phonetic  features      

2.  Node  selectivity  to  phonetic  features  becomes  more  explicit  in  deeper  layers      

3.  Network  invariance  is  learned  through  explicit  representation  of  sources  of  variability  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  

Page 49: On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN … 14, 2015 On the Formation of Phoneme Categories in DNN Acoustic Models Tasha Nagamine Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia

Questions?  

Nagamine  et  al.  Interspeech  2015  October  14,  2015  


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