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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/on-some-coins-of-syria-and-bactria-percy-gardner 1/15
/ ;-=09 )(8*
=-0/ ]
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/on-some-coins-of-syria-and-bactria-percy-gardner 3/15
IX.
ON SOME
COINS OF
SYRIA
AND
BACTRIA.
I.
-
Coin
of
Agathocles,
with Types of
Alexander.
Cabul
with
he
districts
round t is the
land
of
surprises
for
the
numismatist.
The
Greek
kingdoms
founded
n
that
regionby
the
followers
f Alexander the Great
have
passed away,
eaving
scarcely
ny
record f
themselves
n
the
pages
of
ancient
historians.
But
for
the
numerous
beautiful
oins
which
the
Greek
rulers
issued,
nd
which
continually
rrive
n an inexhaustible
tream,
we
should
have
but
little
idea of the
extent,
he
wealth,
and
the
prosperity
f the dominions
which
they
swayed during
the
third
nd second
centuries
efore
ur
era.
Coins alone
enable us to see
how
thoroughly
reek
the
Cabul valleywas duringthe period of Hellenism, nd to
judge
how
deep
must
have
been
on
the
growth
f
Indian
civilisation
he influenceof
the
close
neighbourhood
f
flourishing
Greek
realms. From coins
alone we can
trace
the
conquests
f
Apollodotus
nd
Menanderfar
nto
Hindostán.
In coins
we can observe he first
eviations
of
the civilisation
f
the
Greeksof Cabul
from hose
of
the
West,
nd watch
he
gradual
nvasion f
he
ndian
religions
and
Indian
customs,
ntil,
under
he
domination
f the
n-
vadingScythians,Greeks nd Indians becomeonepeople,
VOL.
XX.
N.S.
B B
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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182 NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
and
maintain
civilisation
which borrows
ome
elements
from
ach
of the
coalescing
nationalities.
From
the
first
he
coinage
of the Bactrian
and
Indian
Greekshas
a
character
f ts own. The
portraits
f
kings
which
t
exhibits
re marked
by
an excessive
naturalism.
The deitieswho have
their
place
in it are few
n
number,
and seemto have been chosenbecause
they
have counter-
parts
n the Indian
Pantheon. In
the
inscriptions
here
is
something uite
local
;
for
instance,
the
participle
ßao-iXevoiv
akes
from
time
to
time
the
place
of the
noun
ßaa-iXcvs
and
titles
unknown
n
the
rest of the Greek
world re
applied
to the
kings,
uch as
Sucaiós,
he
equiva-
lent of the
Indian
dhramika.
Among
the
peculiarities
f
Indian
numismaticss the
introduction f medals struck n commemorationf de-
parted
worthies. It is
often
stated
that
the medal
was
unknown
to
the
Greeks.1
And
even
the
Indo-Greek
medals
were
of the
exact
weight
of
the
usual
coins,
nd
probablypassed
current,
hough
ssued n
but
small num-
bers.
These coin-medals
were
truck irstn
the
beginning
of
the
second
century
.c.
by
three
contemporary
ings,
Eucratides,
Antimachus,
nd
Agathocles.
The
following
specimens
were
already
published
by
General
Cunning-
ham, Num. Chron., vol. ix., Plate VI., and vol. viii.,
Pl.
IX.
(cf.
Von
Saliet,
Nachfolger
Alexanders,
.
15).
Eucratides.
1.
Obv.-
BAZIAEYZ MErÂZ
EYKPATIAHZ.
Hel-
meted
ead
of
he
King.
Rev.-
HAIOKAEOYX
KAI
AAOAIKHZ.
Male
and
female
eads
right,
ugate,
resumably
hose
ofthe
fathernd
mother
f
Eucratides.
1
We
may,
however,
onsider
ome f
the
gold
pieces
of
the
Ptolemaiceries s medals,speciallyhosewith he nscriptionsfoot
aSeX<£ot.
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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ON
SOMECOINS
OF SYRIAAND
BACTRIA.
183
Antimachtjs.
2.
Obv.-
AIOAOTOY
ZÍ1THPOZ.
Head ofDiodotus.
Rev-
BAZIAEYONTOZ
ANTIMAXOY
OEOY.
Zeus
thunderingeagle
t his feet.
Agathocles.
8. 06®.-EYOYAHMOY OEOY. Head ofEuthydemus.
iž^.-BAZIAEYONTOZ
Ar AOOKAEOYZ
Al-
KAIOY.
Herakles eated.
4.
Obv.-
AIOAOTOY
ZÎÏTHPOZ.
Head of
Diodotus.
An>.-
BAZIAEYONTOZ
AT AOOKAEOYZ
Al-
KAIOY.
Zeus
thunderingeagle
t his
feet.
5. Obv.
ANTIOXOY
NIKATOPOZ.
Head
of
An-
tiochus.
Rev.- BAZIAEYONTOZ Ar AOOKAEOYZ Al-
KAIOY.
Zeus
thundering
eagle
t
his
feet.
These
pieces
are
of
the
utmost
importance
for
the
restoration
f
Bactrian
history.
Unfortunately
heir
evidence
s
capable
of
being
variously
ead.
Thus
in the
absence
of
historical
record
t
has
been
disputed
whether
the coin
of
Eucratides
was
issued
in honour
f his father
and
mother,
or
in honour
of
the
marriage
of his son
Heliocles, who succeeded him, with Laodice, whom
Yon Saliet
conjectures
o
have
been
a
princess
of
Syrian
descent,
nd
perhaps
a
grand-
aughter
f
Antiochus the
Great.
So also
there
has
been
a
considerable
ontroversy
s
to
the
character
of
the
pieces
issued
by
Antimachus
nd
Agathocles.
General^
Cunningham2
nd Mr. Thomas3
supposed
that
these
two
princes
were
subject,
when
the
2 CoinsofAlexander'successors, . 122.3
Num.
Chron.,
N.S.
u.
186.
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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184
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
coins
were
minted,
o the
rulerswhose
heads
appear
on
the
obverse f
them.
They
held the
term
ßao-i'evovTos
o
imply
a
lower
degree
of
power
than
would
the
term
ßaa-tXiw
,
position,
n
fact,
ittle
uperior
o that
of
satrap.
Thus
they upposed
Antimachus
o
have been
tributary
at
one
time to
Diodotus,
nd
to
have
acknowledged
him
as
supreme
lord.
Agathocles
they supposed
to have
accepted
the
supremacy
uccessively
f
Euthydemus,
io-
dotus,
nd
an
Antiochus
of
Syria,
whom
they
naturally
conjectured
o
have
been
Antiochus
II.,
who conducted
in
the
early part
of
his
reign
an
expedition
against
the
Kings
of
Bactria.4
This
view
was
attacked
ecently
y
Dr.
von
Saliet,
who
started an
entirely
different
heory.
He held
that the
piecesofAgathocleswere ssued,notat variousperiodsof
his
reign,
but
all at
one
time,
nd
that
theyconveyed
no
acknowledgment
f
supremacy,
ut
partook
of
the
nature
of
medals,
howing
hat
he
claimed
as
his
predecessors
n
the
kingdom
Euthydemus,
who
supplanted
the
children
of
Diodotus,
Diodotus,
who had
revolted
against
Antio-
chus
II.
of
Syria,
and
Antiochus
himself.
All
these
kings Agathocles,
fter
he
manner
f
Syrian
and
Egyp-
tian
princes
of
the
time,
raised
to
the
ranks
of
deities, r,
at least,ofheroes, nd claimedtheirprotection.
I
have the
good
fortune
o
be
able,
by
means of
an
un-
published
oin
which
has
lately
arrived
from
he
East
and
been
purchased
by
the
Trustees
of
the
British
Museum,
to
throw n
entirely
ew
light
on
the
controversy.
And
this
new
light
shows
that
the
trained
numismatic
agacity
of Yon
Saliet
saw
the
truth
f
the
matter.
Our
new
coin
is as
follows
Pl.
X.
1)
;
4Polybius, ist.x. Extr.8.
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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ON SOMECOINSOF SYRIA
ANI)
BACTRIA.
185
Ožw.-
AAEZANAPOY TOY <t>IAinnOY.
Head
of
Herakles,
r
Alexander
n
that
haracter,
ear-
ing
ion's kin.
Rev.-
BAZIAEYONTOZ
Ar
AOOKAEOYZ
Al
KAIOY.
Zeus
seated,
olding
agle
nd
ceptre
in
thefield
monogram,
P.
(Types
of
Alexander
the
Great.)
Tetradrachmwt.
251*2
grs.
Now
it is
quite
certain
that s
there
were
no
Hellenic
Kings
of Bactria and
India
until bout
b.c.
250,
Agathocles
cannothave
been
a
contemporary
f Alexander he
Great,
or
recognised
him as
supreme
ord.
In this
case,
then,
the intention
n
issuing
the coin
can
only
have
been
to
commemorate
great
man
recognised
or claimed
as
a
predecessor. And it is extremely robablethat what is
true
n this case is
true also
in
the
rest.
As
Agathocles
commemorates
lexander,
so,
it
would
seem,
he com-
memorates
Diodotus and
Euthydemus.
And
so he com-
memorates
Antiochus
Nicator.
Who Antiochus
Nicator
may
be
is, indeed,
somewhat
doubtful. None
of the
three
first
Antiochi
of
Syria
bore
that title.
The first
was
surnamed
Soter,
the second
Theos,
and the third
Megas.
But as
the first eleucus was
surnamed
Nicator,
and his son,the firstAntiochus,was
co-regent
withhim,
it seems
extremely robable
that the
title
may
have
some-
times
been
transferred
o the
latter,
nd
that he
may
be
intended
in the
coinage
of
Agathocles.
It
was
against
Antiochus
II.
that Bactria
and India
revolted
it
is,
therefore,
nlikely
that
he
should
have
been
in
those
regions
held
up
to
honour.
Antiochus
1.,
on the other
hand,
was
obeyed
hroughout
he
Eastern
regions
which
Alexanderhad conqueredfrom
he timewhen Seleucus
made
him
his
partner
n the
empire
until his
death.
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186
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
It
would
appear,
then,
hat
of the
three
Bactrian
kings
who were
ruling
about the
year
200
b.c.,
each
issued
a
commemorative
eriesof
coins. Antimachusclaimed
as
his hero
Diodotus.
Agathocles
raced
his
political ncestry
through
Euthydemus,
Diodotus,
and
Antiochus
I.
of
Syria,
to
Alexander
the
Great.
Eucratides, eing
of a
different
isposition,
may
have
thought
his own imme-
diate
parents
ufficientlyistinguished
o claim commemo-
ration
on
medals,
nd
did
not seek
to
affiliate
imself o
the
great
rulers f
past
generations.
I
have assumed
he
date of these rulers
o
be
as
late
as
B.c.
200,
and
I
certainly
hink that the
fabric
f their
coins
forbids he
hypothesis
f an
earlier
date. To Yon
Saliet
belongs
the merit
of first
ndicating
this
but
now
that attentionhas once been called to it, I incline to
think
that
every
instructed
numismatist
will
cede
the
point.
A
comparison
with
contemporary
oins of
Syria
and
Asia Minor
will
make
this
clear.5
It
is
of
great
interest
o find
at
this
date a
piece
issued
which
repro-
duces
exactly
the
types
of
Alexander's
own
coins.
It had
already
been
conjectured
by
numismatists,
Messrs.
Six
and
Head
for
example,
hat certain
classes
of
the
coins
minted
n the
name of
Alexander,
were
really
struck as
late aâ 200 b.c. The coins in questionare those called
Class
YI.
by
Dr.
L.
Müller
in
his
excellent
work
on
the
coins
of
Alexander
the
Great,
nd
are
distinguished
y
the
largeness
f
their
diameter,
he
flatness
f
their
relief,
and
the
nferior
uality
of
their
art.
They
were
issued,
as
is
supposed,
y
various
cities
of
the
west
coast
of
Asia
Minor,
about the
time
of
the
break-up
of
the
rule
of
8Yon Saliet rgues he uestiont engthnd na veryatis-
factory
anner.
Zeit.
f.
Num.,
vi.
165,
qq.
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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ON SOMECOINSOF
SYRIA
AND
BACTRIA.
187
Antiochus
II.,
King
of
Syria.
The
cities
which
scaped
from
his
yoke, scarcely venturing
s
yet
to
claim
full
autonomy
r issue
money
in
their
own
name,
sheltered
themselvesbehind
the
great
name of
Alexander,
and
struck oins
n
imitation f those
which
he
issued n
such
abundance
n
all
parts
of
his extensive
dominions.
Now,
on
comparing
hese coins with the
piece
issued
by
Aga-
thocles we
may
find the closest
likeness in
style
and
fabric,
a likeness of that sort
which almost
invariably
indicates
contemporaneity.
Here
again,
then,
we
find
a confirmation f the
theories
to which numismatists
had
been
led
by
sound induction.
We have
now
actual
proof
that the
types
of Alexander
were
not
extinct
n
Asia in the
beginning
f
the
second
century
.c.,
and the
chain of theevidenceforthe date of Class YI. of Alex-
ander's coins
s much
strengthened.
The
inscription
AAEZANAPOY TOY
4>IAinnOY
is
worthy
f attention. I
know
not
whether
his formula
may
occur
elsewhere,
ut I cannotfind t
in
the
Corpus
I.
Ģ.
Alexander
is
usually
either
BAZIAEYX AAEZ-
ANAPOZ
or
AAEZANAPOZ
merely.
He is called
♦lAinnoY
on a base
at
Athens,
the
authority
or the
existence
of which
is the
Schedae
Fourmonti,6
nd on
a bust in the Louvre,where the characters re of very
late
date.7
But it is
to be
observed hat
Alexander of
Epirus,
uncle
of
the
great
Macedonian,
used
on his own
coins
the
perfectly
arallel phrase
AAEZANAPOY TOY
NEORTOAEMOY.
It
was
specially
in
contradistinc-
tion
from
he
son
of
Neoptolemus
nd fromhis
own son
that
Alexander
was
called
the
son
of
Philip.
It
must
be
confessed
hat the
simple
patronymic
s
applied
to
6C. I. G. No. 185. 7C. I. G. No. 6,019.
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188
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
Alexander the Great
rather
surprises
s
at a timewhen
Euthydemus
was
called
Theos,
and
Diodotus,
Soter.
It
is
not
easy
to
see
the force of
the
genitive
AAEZ-
ANAPOY.
When
Eucratides
puts
the
names
of
his
father and
his mother
in
the
genitive,
the
matter
s
simple.
We
read the
two
faces of the
coin
together,
ßacriXevs
icy
s
Ev/cpariS^ç
HÀio/cAcovsai
AaoSUr^s,
nd see
that
by
the
formula
ucratides
merely
sserts his
origin.
But
we
cannot
uppose
that
Agathocles
had the
audacity
to claim actual
descent from
Alexander,
or
put
his
name
in the
genitive
to
signify
uch
origin.
In
this
case
we
musttake
the
phrase
AXeÇávSpov
ov
t'¿7nrov
y
itself,
nd
supply
ome
word
to make the
meaningcomplete.
What
that word
should
be remains
doubtful.
Perhaps
Upóv,
dedicated to, an adjective usually accompanied in
inscriptions
y
the
genitive
case,
will
best
supply
the
meaning.
Or we
might
supply
vó/iurpa,
o indicate
hat
the
coin
of
this issue
belonged
in a
special
manner to
Alexander.
The
inscription
n
our coin seems
further
o confirm
n
opinion
now
very
general
among
numismatists hat
the
head
in
lion's
skin
s intended n
the
coins
of
Alexander's
successors
for
Alexander himself
in
the
character of
Herakles. If we considerthat the coins of this series
which bear
the names
of
Euthydemus,
Diodotus,
and
Antiochus,
lso
present
s
with
portraits
f
those
princes,
it
will
appear likely
that
this
which
bears
the
name
of
Alexanderwill
also
present
his
portrait.
And,
in
fact,
t
is undeniable
hat
soon
after
Alexander's
death,
the
coin
which
bears his
name,
and is struck
with
the
type
of
the
head
of
Herakles,
does
begin
to
show
an
attempt
to
assimilate t to the
well-known ikeness
of
the
great
Macedonian. Poor as is the
style
of our coin,we
may
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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ON
SOMECOINS
OF
SYRIA
AND BACTR1A.
189
see
in
it
an
endeavour
to
portray
he
deep-set
eye,
the
enthusiastic
xpression,
f
Alexander,
II.
-
Coins of the Early
Seleucidae.
1.
Obv. Head of
young
Herakles
n ion's kin.
ANTIOXOY
Rev
ZEAEYKOY
Zeus
Aëtophoros
eated
in
field
BAZIAEÍ2Z.
monograms
see Plate).
Tetradrachm.
Wt. 263
8
grs.
(Pl.
X.
2.)
(Types
f
Alexander
he
Great.)
2.
Obv
Head of
Zeus
right,
aur.
BAZIAEÍ2Z
Rev.
ZEAEVKOY
Pallas to
right, ighting
n
bigaANTIOXOY.
drawn
y
elephants
above,
A
in
circle.
Drachm.
Wt. 53-2.
(Pl.
X.
3.)
So
far as
I know the
only
memorial f
the
joint
reigns
of
Seleucus
and Antiochus
s
yet
published
s the
tetra-
drachm
already
described
by
me in the
pages
of
the
Chronicle.8
In that coin the
egend
was
incomplete,
nly
the
letters
BAZIAE
being
visible,
so
that
it
remained
doubtfulwhether he word intended had been ßam'4<üs
or
ßaa-iXitav.
his doubt
is
now
set at
rest.
The
variety
in
the
order
of the
egend
n
the two coins now
published
is
remarkable.
It is to be observed
that the
epithet
ßaa-iXiüis
elongs
only
to
Seleucus,
while
the name
of
Antiochus stands
by
itself.
Taken
together,
he two
forms f
egend
seem
to me to
imply
that
when
the coins
were issued
Seleucus
was
recognised
as
sole
king,
but
8
XIX.
p.
10,
PL I. 4.
VOL.
XX. N.8.
C C
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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190
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
Antiochus
was considered
o
be
his
vicegerent
r
satrap.
I
do
not think
hat the
option
now
remains
o
us which
mentioned n
my
previouspaper,
that,
namely,
f
taking
the
word
A
vno^ov
s a
patronymic,
nd
supposing
it
to
refer
o the father f
Seleucus
I.,
whose
name
was,
as
we
know,
Antiochus. We
might
read
thus
the
words
ßa(n'i(ü<s
%e'€VK0V
Amolou,
but when Avrto^oi;omesfirst
this s
impossible.
We
seem
then,
n
our
coins,
o have
clear evidence
of
the
assumption
f
Antiochus
s
colleague
by
his
father,
ut at the
same
time
proof
that
he
did
not
assume the
kingly
title
until
the
beginning
of
his sole
reign
on his father's
death
in
b.c.
280.
I
cannot
fix
the
mint-place
of these
coins,
but
it
is
probably
in
the far
East,
where
Antiochus
ruled
as
his
father's
representative.
8.
Obv. Head of
Antiochus.
diademed.
Rev.-
BAZIAEÍ1Z
[A]NTlOXOY.
Horned ead of
horse
o
right,
ridled
below,
ABIA
;
in
front,
A
in circle.
Tetradrachm.
Wt.
256*2.
(Pl.
X.
4.)
The
letter
A
in this case seems
to stand for the mint.
What
meaning,
hen,
have
the
letters
ABIA
?
It
seems
probable hatthey re thebeginning fthename of some
satrap
or
semi-independent
uler
of
a
district
n Bactria
or
the
Paropamisus.
The
horned
horse's
head,
as
I
have
before
emarked,9
eems
to
be a
type
belonging
specially
to
those
regions.
But I
cannot find in the historians
mention
of
any
satrap
whose
name
begins
with Abid.
Possibly
some
quite
different
nterpretation
may
be
the
true
one.
9See paper lready ited.
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8/20/2019 On some coins of Syria and Bactria / [Percy Gardner]
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ON
SOME
COINS
OF SYRIAAND BACTRIA.
191
III. Imitations
of
Coins
of
Athens.
1. Obv
Head of
Pallas,
helmeted.
Rev.
AIT.
Owl; behind,
live-twig
nd crescent.
Tetradrachm.
Wt.
260*2.
(Pl.
X.
5.)
2. Obv Head ofPallas behind,unch fgrapes.
Rev
-
AOE.
Owl
behind,
live-twig
nd
crescent,
lso
object
esembling
aduceuswithout andle.
Drachm. Wt.
58- .
(Pl.
X.
6.)
These
are both
nteresting
pecimens
f
the
imitations
of
Athenian
coins current
n
the far
East about the
time
of
Alexander. I
imagine
the letters AIT on
the
arger
coin to
begin
the name of a
satrap,
not
of a
city,
for
citiesdid notin those regions place theirnames on their
coin.
The
symbol
on
the
drachm,
which
resembles
a
caduceuswithout
handle,
but which
may
more
probably
stand
for
the
sign
of the zodiacal
Taurus,
occurs
else-
where
on Indian
coins. It is found n
the
gold
signet-
ring
of the
Persepolitan
King
Pahasp,
or
Phahaspes,
which has
recently
eached
England.
This
drachm
may
have been
issued
by
that
king,
or it
may belong
to
some
other
potentate
of
North
India or the
neighbouring
region.
In
style
and
weight
t remindsus of the
money
of
Sophytes
Num.
Chron., 1866,
p. 220).
Percy
Gardner.
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