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Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
On-Road Particle Matter Emissions from a MY2010 Compliant HD Diesel Vehicle Driving Across the US
Marc C. Besch, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Daniel K. Carder and Mridul Gautam
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University
Project Sponsors: Adewale Oshinuga, Randell Pasek
South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA
Alberto Ayala, Tao Huai, Shaohua, Hu California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Content
• Motivation and Background • Experimental Methodology • Laboratory and Measurement Setup • Results and Discussion Gravimetric TPM Particulate Emissions under flat highway conditions Particulate Emissions under mountainous highway
conditions
• Conclusions
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Background and Motivation • In-use Emissions Compliance Measurements and On-Road Testing Evaluation of PM emissions from a 2010 compliant heavy-duty Diesel tractor
equipped with advanced aftertreatment technology, under real-world conditions — Comparison to US EPA 2010 emissions standards (engine dynamometer based) — Quantification of PM mass emitted during Not-to-Exceed (NTE) events => PM: 150% of the
FTP emissions standard (g/bhp-hr) for the given model year — Particle concentration with regard to proposed Particulate Number (PN) limit for Euro VI
legislation Reported increase of nano-sized particles for catalyzed DPF’s under high
temperature conditions (~> 380°C) 1), 2)
— Possible sulfuric acid based particles formed as a result of sulfur oxidation (originating from lube oil) over the catalyst surfaces at high temperatures
• Evaluation of In-line, Real-time Particle Sensor On-board Diagnostics (OBD) Applications
— US EPA HD-OBD in effect by 2013 (all engine families) — EU Regulations for OBD effective by 2014
Establishing mass reference for aerosol in real-time 1) Kittelson, D. B.; Watts, W. F.; Johnson, J. P.; Thorne, C.; Higham, C.; Payne, M.; Goodier, S.; Warrens, C.; Preston, H.; Zink, U.; Pickles, D.; Goersamnn, C.; Twigg, M. V.;
Walker, A. P.; Boddy, R.; “Effect of fuel and lube oil sulfur on the performance of a diesel exhaust gas regenerating trap,” Environ. Sci. Technol. (2008), 42, 9276−9282. 2) Thiruvengadam, A., Besch, M.C., Carder, D.K., Oshinuga, A., and Gautam, M., “Influence of Real-World Engine Load Conditions on Nanoparticle Emissions from a DPF
and SCR Equipped Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine,” Environ. Sci. Technol., (2011).
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Methodology - Test Plan
• Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA => Total distance: ~2450miles (3943km) • Route: I-70W, I-15S, I-215S • Journey Total Time: 6 days • Highest Elevation: 11’990 ft (Loveland Pass, CO) • Net Elevation Change: -57 ft (final destination lower than Morgantown, WV) • Environmental Conditions: - Temperature range 37 to 97°F (3 to 36°C) - Relative humidity range 12 to 78% - Barometric pressure range 65.5 to 100.5kPa
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Methodology - Test Vehicle
Chassis Manufacturer / Model Mack Trucks Inc. / CXU613 VIN 1M1AW07Y1CM017126 Class 8 Vehicle Model Year (MY) 2011 Aftertreatment System DOC / DPF / urea-SCR Fuel Standard ULSD (<15ppm) Emission Family BVPTH12.8S01 Curb Weight [lbs] 15’000 Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) [lbs] 66’740
Engine Manufacturer Mack Trucks Inc. Engine Model MP8-445C Engine Model Year 2011 Displacement [L] 12.8 Configuration / # of Cylinders In-line / 6 cylinder Rated Power [hp] 445 @ 1500rpm NOx [g/bhp-hr] 0.2* PM [g/bhp-hr] 0.01*
• Engine complies with 2010 EPA HD emission standards (NOx: 0.2 g/bhp-hr, PM: 0.01 g/bhp-hr)
• Vehicle equipped with DOC, DPF and urea based SCR system
Test Vehicle Specifications:
Test Engine Specifications:
* Certification values
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Terra Haute, IN
Rocky Mountains, CO
Utah
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Laboratory and Measurement Setup
Gravimetric TPM
Particle Concentration and Size Distribution
Raw Particle Concentration
NTE TPM Mass
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Setup - Real-Time Particle Sensor (PPS) Dilution
Air in
Sample Inlet Turbulent mixing of
particles and ions
~2kV 5µA
Ionized Air out
High Voltage
Charged particles and excess ions
Only charged particles leave the
ion trapElectric field
removes all ions
Corona Needle
(Tungsten)
[Picture provided by Pegasor Oy]
In-line PM Sensor (Pegasor PPS-M)
Sample Outlet
Sample Inlet
Dilution Air (Dry, ~25°C compressed HEPA
Filtered Air Supply) Sensor
Electronics
=> with weather protection
cover
PPS wrapped with tape heater (200°C)
• PM detection based on diffusion-charging and escaping current principle
• Constant dilution air pressure leading to constant sample inlet flow (const. dilution ratio)
• Flow through device • Sensor shows proportional
response to particle surface area concentration
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Setup - PM Measurement Instrumentation EEPS (Model 3090, TSI Inc.)
• Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer® (EEPS) Spectrometer
• Diluted exhaust measurement from CVS sampling plane
• Average dilution ratio (DR): ≈ 4 • Dilution air temperature and
humidity varying depending on location
Gravimetric TPM • According to 40 CFR, 1065 • 47 mm TX40 filter media • Total flow across filter:
2.3scfm • Secondary dilution flow:
1.1scfm
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Temperature [C]
Freq
uenc
y
Results - Exhaust Temperatures (Post DPF)
0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Temperature [C]
Freq
uenc
y
• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures during Midwest portion of test route (Ohio to Kansas)
• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures during Mountain portion of test route (Colorado to Nevada)
~80% above 300°C
~70% above 300°C
• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures distribution from entire test route (Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA)
0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Temperature [C]
Freq
uenc
y
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
0.0000
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.0200
ds-P
M [g
/mi]
bs-P
M [g
/bhp
-hr]
0.0000
0.0100
0.0200
0.0300
0.0400
0.0500
0.0600
0.0700
0.0800
ds-P
M [g
/mi]
bs-P
M [g
/bhp
-hr]
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Distance (mi.)
Altitude
Above
Sea Lev
el (ft.)
Las Vegas, NV(2212 mi., 2030 ft. ASL)
Salina, KS(1032 mi., 1280 ft. ASL)
Denver, CO(1458 mi., 5280 ft. ASL)
0.26 % Average Gradefor 260 miles
5.5 % Average Gradefor 13 miles
-1.3 % Average Gradefor 64 miles
Junction of I-70 & I-15
Morgantown, WV to Terre Haute, IN
Terre Haute, IN to Salina, KS
Salina, KS to Denver, CO
Denver, CO to Grand Junction, CO
Grand Junction, CO to Las Vegas, NV
Las Vegas, NV to Riverside, CA
Alti
tude
Abo
ve S
ea L
evel
[ft]
Results - Total Particle Matter (TPM) 5.5% Average Grade
for 13 miles
-1.3% Average Grade for 64 miles
0.25% Average Grade for 260 miles
Denver, CO (5249ft above sea level)
Las Vegas, NV (2030 ft above sea level)
Salina, KS (1230ft above sea level)
Junction of I-70 and I-15
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000
100
200
300
400
500
Eng
ine-
out T
emp.
[C]
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000
100
200
300
400
500
DP
F-ou
t Tem
p. [C
]
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000
1
2
3
4
5x 10
7
Tota
l Par
ticle
Con
c. [#
/cm3 ]
Time [sec]
Number concentrations not corrected for CVS
dilution
Results - DPF Regeneration Event
Number concentrations not corrected for CVS dilution
dN/d
logD
P [#
/cm
3 ]
Particle distribution shifting to larger particle size
Data from test portion C0035-002-66:
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Results - Flat Highway, Midwest (I-70, MO, KS)
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
10
20
30
40
50
PP
S S
igna
l [m
V]
Time [min]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Veh
icle
Spe
ed [m
ph]
dNdL
ogDp
[#/c
m3 ]
Number concentrations not corrected for CVS
dilution
0 20 40 60 80 100 12035
36
37
38
39
DP
F S
oot L
oad
[%]
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Exh
. Tem
p. p
re D
PF
[C]
Time [min]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Eng
ine
Spe
ed [r
pm]
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Results - Mountain Highway (I-70, CO)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
50
100
150
200
250
PP
S S
igna
l [m
V]
Time [min]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Veh
icle
Spe
ed [m
ph]
dNdL
ogDp
[#/c
m3 ]
Number concentrations not corrected for CVS
dilution
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4025
26
27
28
DP
F S
oot L
oad
[%]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Exh
. Tem
p. p
re D
PF
[C]
Time [min]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Eng
ine
Spe
ed [r
pm]
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Conclusions • Measuring particle emissions from a 2010 compliant HD Diesel tractor while
traveling on-road for 2300 miles between Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA.
• Average gravimetric TPM over entire route was 0.0056 g/mile and 0.0015 g/bhp-hr => well below EPA 2010 PM standard (0.01g/bhp-hr)
• Increased TPM observed for portions that included DPF regeneration events (~0.0735g/mile or ~0.019g/bhp-hr).
• Increase particle concentration (up to three orders of magnitude) in raw exhaust during DPF regeneration events as measured by the PPS (up to 250mV vs. 0.2mV during regular operation).
• Nanoparticle concentration on the order of 2 x 108 [#/cm3] (CMD ~5-15nm) as measured in diluted exhaust (not dilution corrected) under high exhaust/aftertreatment temperature (>~340°C) conditions.
• DPF inlet temperatures exceeding 350°C for ~45% and are between 350-400°C for ~36% of entire test route => indicating a favorable temperature range for possible nanoparticle formation over catalyzed DPF via possible sulfur oxidation
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference
Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI
Thank You for Your Attention
Marc C. Besch - [email protected]
Daniel K. Carder - [email protected]
Arvind Thiruvengadam - [email protected]
Professor Mridul Gautam - [email protected]
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions CAFEE