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@f Arktkaij SlkfekfnHxksthftkij Hdpitly, Kr`fy, ifc J`vh

@.N. _`sh 

 F` `fh wl` jiaes arktkaij tlkfekfn tlkfes tlhy jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, b`r kt tiehs

arktkaij tlkfekfn t` rhijkzh y`u jiae kt. Lhfah, wlhf kt a`dhs t` chbkfkfn arktkaij tlkfekfn,

wh irh prhshfthc wktl i piric`x. S` stirt, f` `fh rhickfn tlks piphr wkjj tlkfe tlhy fhhct` rhic kt, b`r f` `fh tlkfes tlhy irhf‛t bidkjkir wktl arktkaij tlkfekfn, ifc yht tlks shfsh

`b bidkjkirkty ks prhakshjy wly i phrs`f w`ujc fhhc t` rhic tlks piphr. Slhrh wkjj oh tw`ekfcs `b rhichrs7 tl`sh wl` aif arktkaijjy tlkfe ifc tl`sh wl` aiff`t. [ht hvhry`fh wkjj

tlkfe tlhy ohj`fn kf tlh bkrst aidp, b`r wl` c`hsf‛t tlkfe tlhy hxhraksh arktkaij tlkfekfn0

Ifc tlks ks prhakshjy wly tlks w`re ks fhahssiry, ifc prhakshjy wly kt shhds uffhahssiry.Arktkaijjy tlkfekfn ks surr`ufchc oy kr`fy ifc piric`x.

@f sha`fc tl`unlt, wl` ks hvhf tlkfekfn io`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc wlhtlhr `r

f`t tlhy hxhraksh kt0 Lhfah, tlh pr`ojhd7 wh jksthf t` pjhfty `b nricuitk`f ifc

 prhskchftkij sphhalhs io`ut tlh kdp`rtifah `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, out l`w dify `b usiatuijjy tlkfe io`ut wlhtlhr `r f`t wh aif, kf biat, arktkaijjy tlkfe0 C`f‛t wh iatuijjy,

wktl`ut hvhf rhijkzkfn kt, issudh tlit wh aif ifc tlit hvhry`fh hjsh (hsphakijjy wktlwl`d wh cksinrhh) aif‛t0 ^h c`f‛t tlkfe wh tlkfe tlks `ut `b okis, out ohaiush wh tlkfe

`ur p`sktk`fs irh whjj tl`unlt `ut (`r it jhist truh), ifc s` tl`sh wl` c`f‛t slirh `ur p`sktk`fs dust oh, oy chbkfktk`f, tl`sh wl`sh tl`unlts irh f`t is whjj tl`unlt `ut is `urs

(ifc s`, kf i shfsh, f`t whjj tl`unlt `ut it ijj). ^h aif‛t trujy ohjkhvh tlit tl`sh wl`

cksinrhh wktl us irh ph`pjh wl` aif arktkaijjy tlkfe5 wh dust, t` s`dh chnrhh, tlkfe tlhyirh f`t is arktkaij is wh irh, b`r  kb wh ckc, wh w`ujc slirh tlhkr vkhws. Kf `tlhr w`rcs, wh

aiff`t trujy ohjkhvh s`dh`fh wl` cksinrhhs wktl us ks sdirthr tlif wh irh (tl`unl wh

diy ajikd ifc thjj `urshjvhs `tlhrwksh), b`r kb wh ckc, wh w`ujcf‛t cksinrhh wktl tlhd7

wh‛c tlkfe jkeh tlhd. ^h diy `b a`ursh siy wh tlkfe s`dh`fh wktl wl`d wh cksinrhh ks sdirt, out

tlhrh dust oh i chnrhh t` wlkal wh c`f‛t dhif tlks5 wh dust oh, kf s`dh wiy, jykfn `rf`t iwirh `b wlit wh irh siykfn. Ifc yht kb wh irh rknlt ifc wlit wh tlkfe ks truh, tlhrhks i shfsh kf wlkal kt ks truh tlit tl`sh wl` cksinrhh wktl us irhf‛t, kf i wiy, is sdirt is

wh irh (tl`unl kt ks `b a`ursh p`sskojh b`r if kck`t t` juaekjy siy i truh tlkfn tlit i nhfkus

fhvhr rhijkzhs lkdshjb). Out l`w aif wh ef`w tlks ks tlh aish vhrsus gust issudh tlks kstlh aish (wlkal ks wlit wh fitur ijjy c` ifc c`f‛t hvhf rhijkzh wh c`, skfah wh fiturijjy

jiae arktkaij tl`unlt)0 Ifc kb wh fiturijjy c`f‛t arktkaijjy tlkfe  (ifc s` fiturijjy tlkfe wh

c`f‛t jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn), l`w aif wh hvhr a`dh t` rhijkzh wh irh f`t “issudkfn tlks

t` oh tlh aish‛0 ^h shhd (cuh t` `ur fiturij a`fcktk`fkfn ifc tlh fiturh `b rhijkty) stuae. Qkfah s`dh`fh fhhcs arktkaij tlkfekfn t` ef`w tlhy jiae kt, kt ks vhry p`sskojh tlit

s`dh`fh a`ujc tije io`ut tlh fhhc b`r arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc f`t livh kt lks `r lhrshjb.

Burtlhrd`rh, kt ks p`sskojh tlit s`dh`fh a`ujc tije io`ut tlh trinhcy `b d`chrf hcuaitk`fifc io`ut l`w stuchfts t`ciy irh `fjy kfthrhsthc kf ef`wkfn wlit tlhy fhhc t` ef`w t` piss i thst vhrsus wlit tlhy fhhc t` ef`w t` jkvh, ifc yht oh `fh `b tlh vhry ph`pjh wl`

a`ftrkouth t` ifc pr`pinith tlks chv`jutk`f. B`r wl` tlkfes tlhy pirtkakpith kf tlh j`ss `b

arktkaij tlkfekfn (shhkfn is kt w`ujc tieh arktkaij tlkfekfn t` ef`w tlks)0 [ht surhjys`dh`fh ks rhsp`fskojh, ifc yht f` `fh tlkfes tlhy irh. Ifc kb wh irh t` chthrdkfh wl` ks

rhsp`fskojh b`r tlh j`ss `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, wh w`ujc fhhc arktkaij tlkfekfn t` iaa`dpjksl

tlks tise, ifc yht hvhry`fh, oy chbkfktk`f, dust ohjkhvh tlhy irh quijkbkhc, diekfn

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chthrdkfkfn “wl`‛s wl`‛ vhry ckbbkaujt. Ifc l`w irh wh t` ef`w wl` lis arktkaij

tlkfekfn t` ef`w wl` ks aipiojh `b kchftkbykfn wl` jiaes kt0 ^h w`ujc fhhc arktkaij

tlkfekfn t` dieh tlks isshssdhft, wlkal `b a`ursh y`u, chir rhichr, tlkfe y`u livh ‑  y`udust, wlhtlhr  y`u livh kt `r f`t. B`r kb y`u livh arktkaij tlkfekfn, y`u ef`w y`u livh

arktkaij tlkfekfn, b`r y`u aif arktkaijjy tlkfe io`ut l`w y`u arktkaijjy tlkfe5 out kb y`u

jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, y`u c`f‛t livh tlh arktkaij tlkfekfn t` ef`w y`u jiae kt. Lhfah,hvhry`fh rhickfn tlks piphr dust tlkfe tlhy aif arktkaijjy tlkfe. Jkehwksh, f` `fh wl`lhirs tlit tlh w`rjc fhhcs d`rh arktkaij tlkfekfn ks n`kfn t` tlkfe tlit tlhy irh `fh `b tlh

 ph`pjh wl` fhhcs t` stirt tlkfekfn arktkaijjy. Sl`sh kf fhhc irhf‛t iwirh `b tlhkr fhhc. 

Is K l`ph ks ajhir t` y`u f`w, chir rhichr, wlhf kt a`dhs t` arktkaij tlkfekfn, `ursktuitk`f ks ckrh, prhakshjy ohaiush tl`sh wl` jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn aiff`t ef`w kt ks ckrh.

Ifc yht tlhrh ks l`ph, b`r tlh rhijkzitk`f `b tlh ckrhfhss `b `ur sktuitk`f ks tlh ohnkffkfn

`b `ur prhvikjkfn `vhr kt, b`r kt ks tlh ohnkffkfn `b arktkaij tl`unlt. Ifc s`, it tlks p`kft,

f` `fh rhickfn tlks piphr ks a`dpjhthjy kfaipiojh `b arktkaij tlkfekfn.^h‛vh a`dh i j`fn wiy. 

Out tlhrh‛s stkjj i j`fn wiy t` n`.

K

L`w c`hs `fh hxphrkhfah i jiae `b arktkaij tlkfekfn0 ^lit c`hs kt bhhj jkeh0

Kt bhhjs jkeh arktkaij tlkfekfn.Ifc tlit‛s tlh pr`ojhd. L`w jkbh bhhjs t` tlh arktkaij tlkfehr ks kchftkaij t` l`w kt bhhjs t` tl`sh wl` c` f`t

arktkaijjy tlkfe. [hs, tlhrh irh d`dhfts kf wlkal `fh wl` hfninhs kf arktkaij tlkfekfn, kftlh iat ktshjb, bhhjs tlit wlkal tl`sh wl` c` f`t arktkaijjy tlkfe c` f`t hxphrkhfah, ifc wh

slijj hxpj`rh tl`sh “hxksthftkij‛ d`dhfts jithr. Out prkdirkjy, tlhrh c`hsf‛t shhd t` oh

dual `b i ckbbhrhfah, ohaiush tlh ckbbhrhfah jkhs prkdirkjy kf l`w `fh shhs tlkfns7 tlh

ckbbhrhfah jkhs kf phrsphatkvh. Slhrh ks i ckbbhrhfah kf wlit ks shhf, out f`t kf wlit ks bhjt.Out skfah tlh `fh wl` c`hsf‛t arktkaijjy tlkfe lis tlh “phrsphatkvh‛ tlit lh `r slh c`hs

arktkaijjy tlkfe, l`w ks i phrs`f t` ef`w kb lh `r slh shhs ckbbhrhftjy br`d `tlhrs, shhkfn

tlit f` `fh aif `aaupy tlh a`fsak`usfhss `b if`tlhr0 Oy wlhtlhr `r f`t tlh phrs`f lislic ahrtikf “hxksthftkij hxphrkhfahs‛ (wlkal wkjj oh cksausshc), out hvhf kb tlh phrs`f lis, 

tlhrh ks ijwiys r``d b`r c`uot (b`r tlhrh ks ijwiys tlh p`sskokjkty `b b`rnhttkfn wlit `fh

lis hxphrkhfahc).]hrsphatkvh ks i trkaey tlkfn. Slks ks ohaiush, kb y`u irh whirkfn rhc sufnjisshs

(wlkal y`u aiff`t bhhj ifc c`f‛t ef`w y`u‛rh whirkfn), hvhrytlkfn j``es rhc, ifc s` y`u

livh f` rhis`f t` ohjkhvh tlit tlkfns irh f`t rhc. Kf biat, ijj hvkchfah sunnhsts ifc hvhf

“pr`vhs‛ tlit tlkfns irh rhc5 rhjitkvh t` y`ur sa`ph, kt “ipphirs‛ is if `oghatkvh biat. [`ur`fjy l`ph b`r `vhra`dkfn tlks “vkhw `b `oghatkvkty‛ ks t` rhijkzh y`u irh whirkfn rhc

sufnjisshs. Out wly w`ujc hvhr tlkfe tlks, shhkfn tlit y`u‛vh fhvhr shhf ify `tlhr a`j`r

tlif rhc0 ]hrlips s`dh`fh thjjs y`u tlit tlh w`rjc ksf‛t rhc, tlit y`u irh whirkfn rhc

sufnjisshs, out wlit rhis`f w`ujc y`u livh t` ohjkhvh tlks phrs`f0 [`u livh fhvhr shhfhvkchfah t` hvhf sunnhst tlh p`sskokjkty tlit wlit tlh phrs`f siys ks truh. Slh vhry kchi `b

“f`t shhkfn rhc‛ a`ujcf‛t hvhf oh a`ddufkaithc t` y`u, ohaiush y`u fhvhr shhf ifytlkfn

 out rhc7 y`u livh fhvhr hxphrkhfahc i plhf`dhf`f t` wlkal tlh plrish “f`t rhc‛ a`ujcdhifkfnbujjy rhbhr. ^lit tlh phrs`f thjjs y`u, tlhf, ks jkthrijjy kfa`dprhlhfskojh7 kt‛s jkeh

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tlhy sphie t` y`u kf i jifnuinh tlit y`u c`f‛t ef`w. Ifc yht tlh phrs`f ks rknlt. Out l`w

aif y`u ef`w tlhy irh rknlt0

S` `otikf i vkhw rhijkty, kf tlks aish, y`u dust ohjkhvh kf tlit wlkal y`ur vkhw `brhijkty nkvhs y`u f` rhis`f t` ohjkhvh. It ohst, tlh phrs`f a`ujc hxpjikf t` y`u l`w

whirkfn i pirtkaujir a`j`r `b suf njisshs w`ujc dks-a`j`r tlh w`rjc yht y`u w`ujc livh

f` rhis`f t` tlkfe tlit y`u whrh, kf biat, whirkfn sual njisshs. Jhirfkfn tlks, phrlips ktw`ujc d`tkvith y`u t` itthdpt t` rhd`vh tlh njisshs, wlkal y`u livh f` rhis`f t` tlkfey`u whir (wlkal w`ujc oh tlh sidh iat oy wlkal y`u alhaehc t` shh kb y`u whrh whirkfn

a`j`rhc njisshs). L`phbujjy, jkehwksh, kf jhirfkfn tlit ph`pjh shh tlh w`rjc is kb tlhy

arktkaijjy tlkfe tl`unl tlhy c`f‛t fhahssirkjy arktkaijjy tlkfe, y`u wkjj oh d`tkvithc t`alhae ifc shh kb y`u irh “whirkfn tlh njisshs‛, phr sh. Kb, up`f alhaekfn, y`u c` bhhj tlh

njisshs, kt wkjj tlhf oh up t` y`u t` rhdhdohr tlks d`dhft b`r tlh rhst `b y`ur jkbh.

S` rhijkzh y`u jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, y`u dust ohjkhvh tlit wlkal y`ur jiae `b

arktkaij tlkfekfn nkvhs y`u f` rhis`f t` ohjkhvh (wlkal ks prhakshjy tlit y`u jiae arktkaijtlkfekfn). Ifc tlh d`dhft y`u c` s`, y`u wkjj livh ohnuf t` arktkaijjy tlkfe, b`r ijj

arktkaij tlkfekfn ohnkfs wktl tlh quhstk`f “c` K arktkaijjy tlkfe0‛ (ritlhr ckrhatjy `r

kfckrhatjy). Ifc up`f kfqukrkfn tlks `b y`urshjb (jkeh tlh `fh wl` ises “id K whirkfn rhcsufnjisshs0‛), tl`unl y`u diy f`t bhhj ckbbhrhftjy, tlh wiy tlit y`u shh tlh w`rjc ks

b`rhvhr alifnhc. Q` f`w wlit lipphfs, f`w tlit y`u‛vh isehc “c` K arktkaijjy tlkfe‛0

Sw` quhstk`fs dust oh ifswhrhc7“^l` id K0‛ 

(B`r kb y`u c` f`t ef`w wl` y`u irh, y`u aiff`t ef`w wl` kt ks tlit c`hs `r

c`hsf‛t arktkaijjy tlkfe , ifc tlhrhb`rh y`u dust ifswhr tlks quhstk`f t` ef`w b`r surh tlitkt ks y`u wl`, kf biat, arktkaijjy tlkfes.)

“^lit ks arktkaij tlkfekfn0‛ 

(B`r kb y`u c` f`t ef`w wlit arktkaij tlkfekfn ks, hvhf tl`unl y`u ef`w wl` y`u

irh, y`u c` f`t ef`w kf wlit tlkfekfn y`u hfninh.)Kf wlit `rchr sl`ujc tlhsh quhstk`fs oh ifswhrhc0

^hjj, uftkj wh ef`w wlit arktkaij tlkfekfn ks, wh wkjj jiae tlh iokjkty t` chthrdkfh

wl` wh irh. Ifc s` wh dust ohnkf wktl tlh chbkfkfn `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, ifc br`d tlkswkjj a`dh tlh ifswhr t` tlh quhstk`f “wl` id K0‛. 

Q` wlit ks arktkaij tlkfekfn0

Out ohb`rh d`vkfn `f, wh sl`ujc iaef`wjhcnh tlh p`sskokjkty tlit phrlips wh irhistriy7 phrlips tlks hftkrh kfqukry ks i wisth `b tkdh0 B`r, trutl oh t`jc, d`st ph`pjh c`f‛t

tlkfe io`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn, s` ify kfqukry wh livh io`ut tlh t`pka ks chstkfhc t` bijj `f

bhw hirs. Dify alhhr b`r arktkaij tlkfekfn, out bhw iatuijjy shhe t` kchftkby wlit

a`fstktuths kt. Out c`hsf‛t tlks vhry biat lknljknlt tlh fhahsskty `b tlh kfqukry0 B`r c`hsf`t tlh vhry biat tlit ph`pjh c` f`t tlkfe io`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn sl`w tlit tlhrh ks i jiae

`b arktkaij tlkfekfn0 B`r fiturijjy `fh wl` arktkaijjy tlkfes w`ujc tlkfe io`ut arktkaij

tlkfe kfn. @r phrlips f`t7 wh‛c fhhc arktkaij tlkfekfn t` thjj, wlkal wh aiff`t ef`w kb wh

jiae kt. 

KK

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Arktkaij tlkfekfn ks uffiturij. Kb kt whrhf‛t, tlhrh pr`oiojy w`ujcf‛t oh s` dify

sphhalhs `f tlh fhhc b`r kt (ufjhss wh ijj livh kt out f`fh `b us ef`w wh livh kt, wlkal

w`ujc dieh `fh livh t` quhstk`f l`w wh a`ujc p`sskojy oh arktkaij tlkfehrs tlhf). Kbarktkaij tl`unlt whrh fiturijjy `aaurr kfn, kt w`ujcf‛t oh jiaekfn. Out wly ks kt uffiturij0

Ohaiush kt ks uffiturij t` oh sehptkaij `b `fhshjb5 kf biat, `fh‛s shjb shhds t` oh tlh `fh

tlkfn i phrs`f c`hsf‛t livh t` oh sehptkaij `b  (b`r kt ks tlh stifcirc oy wlkal ifkfckvkcuij gucnhs “wlit `fh fhhcs t` oh sehptkaij `b‛ br`d “wlit `fh c`hsf‛t fhhc t` ohsehptkaij `b‛). Kf ohkfn tlks stifcirc, tlh shjb shhds jke h kt c`hsf‛t fhhc t` oh gucnhc, b`r

kt ks tlh stifcirc oy wlkal `tlhr tlkfns irh  gucnhc. Burtlhrd`rh, oy wlit stifcirc a`ujc i

 phrs`f gucnh tlh shjb oy0 Ifc yht kt ks tlks “stifcirc‛ `b shjb tlit wh dust oh arktkaij `b kbwh irh t` hfninh kf arktkaij tlkfekfn, ifc yht kt shhds is kb wh jiae ifytlkfn wktlkf us

tlit a`ujc pr`vkch i ckbbhrhft stifcirc inikfst wlkal wh a`ujc oh arktkaij `b `ur `wf “stifcirc‛ `b shjb. Slks lkfts it tlh kdp`rtifah `b hdpitly ifc `tlhrs, is wkjj oh

iccrhsshc jithr.Slh shjb shhds t` oh tlh a`fstift ifc stifcirc oy wlkal ijj hjsh aif oh

quhstk`fhc, ifc yht wh dust oh sehptkaij `b `urshjvhs (hvhf tl`unl kt shhds kdp`sskojh,

wh jiaekfn i stifcirc oy wlkal t`  gucnh `ur “stifcirc‛ `b shjb). Kt sl`ujc oh f`thc tlit t`siy “wh sl`ujc oh sehptkaij `b `urshjvhs‛ ks f`t tlh sidh is siykfn “hvhrytlkfn wh tlkfe

ks bijsh‛5 kf biat, hvhrytlkfn i phrs`f tlkfes diyoh truh, ifc yht tlit phrs`f sl`ujc stkjj oh

sehptkaij `b lks `r lhr shjb. I a`dd`f dkstieh ks t` tlkfe  tlit `fh ks `fjy t` oh sehptkaij

`b wlit shhds t` oh bijsh, wlhf kf biat wh irh ijs` t` oh sehptkaij `b wlit shhds t` ohtruh. B`r sehptkaksd ks f`t tlh sidh is cksohjkhb (is hxp`ufchc `f oy ‚Slh Chitl `b

Qehptkaksd— oy @.N. _`sh)7 t` oh sehptkaij `b `fhshjb ks f`t tlh sidh is cksohjkhvkfn

hvhrytlkfn `fh tlkfes (`fh a`ujcf‛t jkvh tlks wiy). _itlhr, t` oh sehptkaij ks t` oh kf ia`fstift stith `b quhstk`fkfn “wly‛ `fh ohjkhvhs wlit lh `r slh ohjkhvhs ‑  kt ks t` livh if

“`phffhss‛ t` tlh p`sskokjkty `b alifnh, rhchbkfktk`f, ifc fuifah.

Slks “wly‛ ifc “`phffhss‛ irh tlh s`kj br`d wlkal arktkaij tlkfekfn aif spr`ut.

KKK

^lit ks tlh ckbbhrhfah ohtwhhf tlkfekfn ifc arktkaij tlkfekfn0 B`r, kb wh irh t`tije io`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn, tlhrh dust oh skdpjh tlkfekfn, rknlt0 ^ly c` wh fhhc arktkaij

tlkfekfn is `pp`shc t` skdpjy tlkfekfn0 ^lit ks kt tlit `fh c`hs wlhf lh `r slh arktkaijjy

tlkfes vhrsus wlhf lh `r slh skdpjy tlkfes0S` jkvh ks t` tlkfe. ^h tlkfe io`ut hitkfn, n`kfn pjiahs, wlit wh lic b`r

 orhiebist, wlit s`dh`fh ks siykfn, hta. ‑  kt w`ujc oh kdp`sskojh t` n` tlr`unl i ciy ifc

f`t tlkfe i tl`unlt. Out ks kt kdp`sskojh t` n` tlr`unl i ciy ifc f`t arktkaijjy tlkfe0

S`ciy, tlh pr`ojhd c`hsf‛t shhd t` oh tlit ph`pjh c`f‛t tlkfe, out tlit tlhy c`f‛tarktkaijjy tlkfe. S` arktkaijjy tlkfe hftikjs ohkfn arktkaij `b tlkfekfn ktshjb7 kt ks t` oh i

“tlkfekfn arktka‛, phr sh. Kb K id i d`vkh arktka, K id s`dh`fh wl` ks arktkaij `b d`vkhs,

f`t s` dual kf i fhnitkvh shfsh, out kf tlh shfsh tlit K id s`dh`fh wl` nhfhriths

arktkquhs `b bkjds. S` oh i “tlkfekfn arktka‛ ks t` oh arktkaij `b tlkfekfn7 kt ks t` tlkfe io`uttlkfekfn, vhrsus skdpjy tlkfe (kf i shfsh, kt ks i ekfc `b “dhti-tlkfe‛). Arktkaij tlkfekfn ks

f`t dhrhjy arktkaij `b vkhws, out tlh vhry dhalifksds ifc dhtl`cs oy wlkal vkhws irh

b`rdhc. Arktkaij tlkfekfn quhstk`fs tlh vijkckty `b tlkfekfn, l`w tlkfekfn struaturhs tlhw`rjc, l`w kt bridhs sktuitk`fs, l`w kt kfthrprhts sktuitk`fs, l`w kt chthrdkfhs wlit

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a`fstktuths hvkchfah, l`w kt diehs plhf`dhfi “t`wirc‛ tlh vijuhs ifc kchis `b tlh

`oshrvhr, hta. ‑  kt hftikjs if iwirhfhss `b “tlh ]iric`x `b Gucndhft‛, `b tlh ckstkfatk`f

 ohtwhhf “tlkfekfn‛ ifc “phrahkvkfn‛, hta. ( Kr`fkaijjy oy @.N. _`sh hxpj`rhs tlhsh`phritk`fs `b tlkfekfn tlr`unl`ut). Ifc jistjy, arktkaij tlkfekfn quhstk`fs l`w tlkfekfn

diehs us ipphir t` `urshjvhs ifc `tlhrs.

^ly ks arktkaij tlkfekfn s` hisy t` jiae0 Kt ks ohaiush s` bhw tl`unlts ipphir t` usis kb tlhy fhhc i arktka7 vkrtuijjy ijj tl`unlts ipphir t` us is shjb-hvkchftjy tl`unltbuj (oychbkfktk`f). Ijj tl`unlts ipphir t` us is i bufatk`fkfn c``ref`o, phr sh (t` ijjuch t`

Lhkchnnhr)7 tlhy ipphir “kfvkskojh‛. Ifc is wh c`f‛t f`tkah i c``ref`o uftkj kt c`hsf‛t

w`re, wh c`f‛t f`tkah tl`unlts uftkj tlhy “c`f‛t w`re‛, wlkal thfcs t` oh (ifc pr`oiojydust oh) wlhf wh hfa`ufthr s`dh`fh wl` cksinrhhs wktl us. Out ufb`rtufithjy tlhsh irh

f`t tlh `fjy tkdhs wh sl`ujc oh “arktkaij‛ `b `ur tlkfekfn5 kf biat, `bthf wlhf f` `fh

cksinrhhs wktl us, tlit ks wlhf wh fhhc t` oh hsphakijjy arktkaij, out tlit ks prhakshjy wlhf

`ur tl`unlts irh “kfvkskojh‛ t` us, diekfn kt vhry lirc t` oh arktkaij `b `ur tlkfekfn (b`r ktks lirc t` ef`w wlit wh sl`ujc oh arktkaij `b, kt f`t ohkfn ippirhft t` us).

Ifc s` wh livh ohnuf t` `utjkfh i pr`ojhd7 d`st tl`unlts irh “kfvkskojh‛ t` us

ifc tl`sh tlit ipphir is “uf-tl`unltbuj‛ irh tl`sh wktl wlkal wh cksinrhh (“tlh f`f-bufatk`fkfn c``ref`os‛, t` a`ftkfuh Lhkchnnhr‛s dhtipl`r). Slhsh tl`unlts hfthr `ur

dkfcs tlr`unl (tlh d`utls `b) `tlhrs. Ifc skfah wh c`f‛t inrhh wktl tlhd, wh irh

fiturij arktkas `b tlhd. Out tlks arktkquh `b tlit wlkal wh cksinrhh ks f`t arktkaij tlkfekfn,

tl`unl kt shhds t` oh (ifc s` pr`vkchs if kjjusk`f `b sual). _itlhr, kt ks skdpjh tlkfekfn,b`r kt ks fiturij, wlkjh arktkaij tlkfekfn ks uffiturij.

9 

^h tlkfe, skdpjy t` pr`b`ufcjy, io`ut tlit wlkal wh cksinrhh, wlkjh wh arktkaijjy

tlkfe, skdpjy t` pr`b`ufcjy, io`ut tlit wlkal wh inrhh.

KR

Diekfn tlh j`ss `b arktkaij tlkfekfn pr`oiojh, wlit ipphirs is fhhckfn arktkquh kstlit wlkal tlkfekfn fiturijjy arktkquhs wlkjh skdujtifh`usjy pr`vkckfn if ipphirifah `b

arktkaij tlkfekfn. Ifc kf tlks iat, wh hfninh kf tlkfekfn tlit shjb-chjuchs us br`d rhijkzkfn

wh jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, prhakshjy ohaiush wlhf wh tlkfe io`ut tlit wlkal wh cksinrhhwktl, kt ipphirs t` us is if iat `b arktkaij tlkfekfn. It tlh sidh tkdh, kt c`hs f`t shhd is

tl`unl wh fhhc t` oh arktkaij `b tlit wktl wlkal wh inrhh, ifc, skfah bhhjkfn is kb wh

arktkaijjy tlkfe “t`wirc‛ wlit wh cksinrhh, wh wkjj jhivh wlit wh ohjkhvh ufcksturohc,wlhf cksturokfn kt ks prhakshjy wlit wh dust c` t` pirtkakpith kf tlh arktkaij tlkfekfn tlit

tlkfekfn nkvhs us if ipphirifah `b pirtkakpitkfn kf.

Slkfekfn ks wly arktkaij tlkfekfn ks wifkfn.

Arktkaij tlkfekfn w`ujc f`t oh p`sskojh wktl`ut tlkfekfn, ifc yht tlkfekfn ks tlhvhry tlkfn tlit tlrhithfs arktkaij tlkfekfn5 kt ks tlh iat kf wlkal arktkaij tlkfekfn a`ujc oh

ialkhvhc out ks `bthf j`st. Kf `tlhr w`rcs, tlkfekfn ks tlh pr`ahss tlr`unl wlkal arktkaij

tlkfekfn ifc if “ipphirifah `b‛ arktkaij tlkfekfn irh ialkhvhc skdujtifh`usjy, ifc s` tlh

 pr`ahss oy wlkal “wlit lkchs arktkaij tlkfekfn‛ ks arhithc. Kf lkckfn arktkaij tlkfekfn, whst`p rhijkzkfn `ur fhhc b`r kt, ifc s` kt nricuijjy vifkslhs wktl`ut us f`tkakfn ifytlkfn.

Slkfekfn, kf arhitkfn wlit “lkchs‛ arktkaij tlkfekfn, tlrhithfs kt, yht wktl`ut kt, arktkaij

tlkfekfn w`ujc oh ufialkhviojh.? 

Slkfekfn ks wly arktkaij tlkfekfn ks j`st.

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 Slkfekfn arhiths if uf`phfhc `ysthr, phr sh. Slh `ysthrs wktl phirjs j``e tlh

sidh is tl`sh wktl`ut phirjs, ifc ph`pjh wktl uf`phfhc `ysthr slhjjs aif ohjkhvh ifc thjj

`tlhrs tlit tlhy livh a`uftjhss phirjs. Kdinkfh f`w tlit tlhsh slhjjs a`ujc fhvhr oh`phfhc7 l`w a`ujc ph`pjh bkfc `ut kb tlhrh irh rhijjy phirjs kf tlhrh0 ]hrlips `fh a`ujc

whknl tlh `ysthrs0 ]hrlips oy if x-riy `r i ahrtikf alhdkaij pr`ahss0 Jkeh tlhsh `ysthrs,

tl`unl wh aif fhvhr shh kfskch tl`unlt t` oh a`dpjhthjy surh tlit tl`unlt a`ftikfsarktkaij tl`unlt, tlhrh dknlt oh ahrtikf kfckaitk`fs tlit nkvh us rhis`f t` ohjkhvh kf tlh prhshfah `b arktkaij tlkfekfn (tl`unl kt aif fhvhr oh thalfkaijjy pr`vhf).

Slhsh kfckaitk`fs, wlkal irh “hxksthftkij‛ hxphrkhfahs, wkjj oh hxp`ufchc up`f

sl`rtjy.

R

Arktkaij tlkfekfn hftikjs tlkfekfn, out tlkfekfn c`hsf‛t fhahssirkjy hftikj arktkaijtlkfekfn. Arktkaij tlkfekfn hftikjs `fh tlkfekfn io`ut wlit `fhs tlkfes ks truh is bijsh ifc

wlit `fh tlkfes ks bijsh is truh, wlkjh tlkfekfn hftikjs `fh skdpjy tlkfekfn io`ut wlit

`fh tlkfes ks bijsh is bijsh ifc wlit ks truh is truh. Slh bkrst ks uffiturij5 tlh sha`fc,fiturij. S` rhturf t` if hirjkhr kdinh7 t` arktkaijjy tlkfe ks t` whir rhc njisshs wlkjh

a`fskchrkfn tlit “tlh w`rjc ksf‛t rhc‛, wlkjh t` tlkfe ks t` whir rhc njisshs ifc `fjy

a`fskchr tlit “tlh w`rjc ks rhc‛. Kf hktlhr sktuitk`f, “rhc njisshs‛ dust oh w`rf (is wh, is

ludifs, kffithjy whir “njisshs‛ `b pirtkijkty, okishs, prhsht kchis, suoghatkvktkhs, hta. ‑  ijjufiv`kciojh), out kf arktkaij tlkfekfn, tlhrh ks i p`sskokjkty `b brhhc`d ifc “iwiehfkfn‛ 

(br`d kch`j`ny, prhsht kchis, hta.).

Ifc yht, kf arktkaij tlkfekfn, `fh dust pirtkakpith kf i ekfc `b iosurckty, b`r, kfj``ekfn tlr`unl rhc njisshs, tlh phrs`f lis f` rhis`f t` tlkfe “tlh w`rjc ksf‛t rhc‛ 

(jkehwksh, i phrs`f lis f` rhis`f t` tlkfe tlit wlit lh `r slh tlkfes ks truh ks bijsh,

 prhakshjy ohaiush tlh phrs`f tlkfes kt ks truh). Slh `fjy rhis`f i phrs`f w`ujc a`fskchr

sual i p`sskokjkty ks oy hfa`ufthrkfn “`tlhrs‛7 tlit wlkal, `utskch `b `fhshjb, prhshfts tlh p`sskokjkty `b “f`t shhkfn rhc‛. Slks lkfts it tlh fhahsskty `b hdpitly (f`t t` oh a`fbushc

wktl sydpitly) ifc tlh r`jh `b `tlhrs kf arktkaij tl`unlt.

^h fhvhr ef`w wlit wh c`f‛t ef`w7 kb wh c`f‛t ef`w tlh fhknlo`rs irhsupp`shc t` vkskt t`fknlt, wh c`f‛t hvhf ef`w wh c`f‛t ef`w tlh fhknlo`rs irh supp`shc

t` vkskt t`fknlt. Kb tlh w`rjc ks dujtka`j`rhc ifc wh irh whirkfn rhc njisshs, wh aif‛t

ef`w tlit wh c`f‛t ef`w tlh w`rjc ks iatuijjy dujtka`j`rhc5 lhfah, wh aif‛t ohd`tkvithc t` “tieh `bb `ur njisshs‛, b`r wh aif‛t ef`w wlit kt ks wh sl`ujc oh d`tkvithc 

t` ef`w.1 @fah wh oha`dh iwirh tlit wh c`f‛t ef`w s`dhtlkfn, wh ef`w tlit wh c`f‛t

ef`w ifc tlit tlhrh ks s`dhtlkfn t` ef`w, ifc tlhrhb`rh wh livh tlh `pp`rtufkty t` jhirf

ifc alifnh. Out wlhf c` wh s` “sthp `utskch `b `urshjvhs‛0 Kt‛s aif‛t oh cuh t`s`dhtlkfn wktlkf us, b`r wh irh hftkrhjy stuae kf “tlh ouoojh‛, phr sh. S` nikf ef`wjhcnh

`b wlit wh c`f‛t ef`w, wh dust hfa`ufthr tlit wlkal diehs us tlkfe io`ut tlkfns wlkal

wh c`f‛t f`rdijjy tlkfe io`ut. Kf `tlhr w`rcs, t` rhijkzh tlhrh ks “tlit wlkal wh c`f‛t

ef`w wh c`f‛t ef`w‛, wh dust d`vh ohy`fc `ur issudptk`fs ifc wlit ks f`rdij b`r us.^ktl`ut `tlhrs ifc hdpitly, wh aif fhvhr oh surprkshc5 wh aif fhvhr oh ijhrthc

t` tlh biat tlit wh c`f‛t ef`w wh c`f‛t ef`w.

Kb wh aif‛t oh surprkshc, wh aif‛t arktkaijjy tlkfe.3 

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  F`w, t` n` burtlhr, t` trujy tlkfe arktkaijjy, `fh dust f`t skdpjy ikd t` tlkfe kf

thrds `b p`sskokjkty, out kf iatuijktkhs. Kf `tlhr w`rcs, `fh ksf‛t t` tlkfe skdpjy tlit tlhy

irh “p`sskojy wr`fn‛, out tlit tlhy “irh wr`fn‛, bujjy ifc hdpitlhtkaijjy. Slks ks vhryckbbkaujt kb f`t if kdp`sskojh kchij, b`r kt ks lirc hf`unl t` “ef`w tlyshjb‛, jht ij`fh t`

“ef`w `tlhr shjvhs‛ (ifc tlhrhb`rh t` ic`pt `tlhr phrsphatkvhs b`r tlh sieh `b arktkaij

tlkfekfn). [ht kb `fh a`fskchrs wlit tlhy ohjkhvh is “p`sskojy bijsh‛ vhrsus “a`dpjhthjybijsh‛, tl`unl `fh ks aj`shr t` arktkaij tlkfekfn, `fh ks f`t hfninhc bujjy kf arktkaij tl`unlt(tlks dkstieh shhds a`dd`f). Kb `fh tlkfes tlhy irh “p`sskojh whirkfn rhc njisshs‛ vhrsus

“K id whirkfn rhc njisshs‛, tlh phrs`f ks jhss jkehjy t` rhd`vh tlhd ifc a`dpjhthjy

a`fskchr tlh `tlhr skch. Burtlhrd`rh, tlhy wkjj oh jhss jkehjy t` iat kf sual i wiy tlit wkjjijj`w tlhd t` shh tlh w`rjc bujjy ifc kf a`j`r (shh ‚Qhjb Chjusk`f, tlh “S`wirc-fhss— `b

Hvkchfah, ifc tlh ]iric`x `b Gucndhft— oy @.N. _`sh b`r hxidpjhs `b wly). B`r tlh

 phrs`f ef`ws lh `r slh ks tlkfekfn kf thrds `b p`sskokjkty7 “ohkfn wr`fn‛ ksf‛t a`dpjhthjy

rhij t` tlhd. Kt ks wlhf i phrs`f “ckvhs‛ a`dpjhthjy kft` if`tlhr d`ch tlit tlh phrs`fhfninhs kf truh, arktkaij tlkfekfn. Ibthrwircs, tlh phrs`f aif sthp oiae kft` lks `r lhr `wf

sl`hs ifc f`w arktkaijjy tlkfe io`ut i d`rh a`dpjhth vkhw `b rhijkty.

Nrifthc, kt tiehs a`fskchrkfn i p`sskokjkty t` sthp kft` if`tlhr w`rjcvkhw, out `fhdust “jhivh ohlkfc‛ tlit p`sskokjkty `fah tlhy irh kf tlh `tlhr‛s phrs`f‛s sl`hs, phr sh.

Slks ks ohaiush i phrs`f, rhjitkvh t` tlit phrs`f‛s shjb, c`hsf‛t fiturijjy tlkfe `b lkd `r

lhr shjb is “p`sskojy rknlt‛, out “is rknlt‛ (is jkehwksh `tlhrs tlkfe io`ut tlhdshjvhs).

Lhfah t` oh trujy hdpitlhtka, i phrs`f dust a`fskchr `tlhrs is tlhy a`fskchr tlhdshjvhs7“is rknlt‛, f`t is skdpjy “p`sskojy rknlt‛. Slks ksf‛t t` siy tlit tlhy irh rknlt (rhjitkvh t`

trutl ifc/`r “tlh aish‛), out tlit t` arktkaijjy tlkfe, `fh dust hfninh kf if “hxksthftkij

hdpitly‛ tlit ks kfarhckojy uffiturij ifc ufa`db`rtiojh.8 [ht kt ks fhahssiry t` bujjy

suodhrnh `fhshjb kf wlit `fh c`hsf‛t inrhh wktl, b`r t` tlkfe `b `tlhrs is “p`sskojy rknlt‛

vhrsus “is rknlt‛ ks t` tlkfe `b wlit `tlhrs tlkfe tlr`unl y`ur jhfs ifc bridhw`re, wlkjh

t` tlkfe `b `tlhrs “is rknlt‛ ks t` put `f tlhkr jhfs tlr`unl wlkal tlhy ufchrstifc tlh

w`rjc ifc tlhkr p`sktk`f. S` tlkfe `b if`tlhr “is rknlt‛ ks if “`ut `b o`cy hxphrkhfah‛, phrsh, wlkjh t` tlkfe `b `fh‛s shjb  is “ p`sskojy rknlt‛ ks i “ pirtkij `ut `b o`cy hxphrkhfah‛.

Slh hxksthftkij ifxkhty tlks iat aiushs ks fhirjy ufohiriojh, out it jhist kts prhshfah aif

jht us ef`w wlhf wh‛rh hfninkfn kf arktkaij tl`unlt, lhfah nkvkfn us tlh iokjkty t` hsaiphtlh akrajh kf wlkal wh aif‛t ef`w wh c`f‛t arktkaijjy tlkfe wktl`ut arktkaij tl`unlt.

2 

@fh wkjj pr`oiojy d`vh kf sthps br`d “ p`sskojy rknlt‛ t` “is rknlt‛ (a`fskchrkfn

tlh kfthfskty `b tlh hxksthftkij ifxkhty, wlkal wh ijj dust oh a`fskchrith `b), is `fh dustn` pirtkijjy `ut `b o`cy ohb`rh tlhy irh bujjy `ut `b o`cy, out kt ks kdp`rtift tlit ph`pjh

f`t nkvh up. Slks “ijj kf‛ hdpitly ks kfarhckojy ckbbkaujt, out fhahssiry t` shhe ifc

 priatkah arktkaij tlkfekfn. ]h`pjh dust b`rnht tlhdshjvhs5 tlhy dust ckh t` tlhdshjvhs.

Slhy dust oh wl` tlhy aiff`t oh5 tlhy dust oh wl` tlhy irh f`t. Ifc `b a`ursh tlks ksif kdp`sskojh kchij. Ifc s` tlhrh ks i shfsh kf wlkal bujj arktkaij tlkfekfn ks kdp`sskojh,

ifc yht tlks ks if kdp`sskokjkty wh dust itthdpt t` ialkhvh.

 F`t ijj bikjurhs irh trinka.

 F`t ijj bikjurhs irh t`tij.

RK

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Is ks l`phbujjy ajhir, hdpitly pjiys i arktkaij r`jh kf arktkaij tlkfekfn5 wktl`ut kt,

`fjy tlkfekfn w`ujc oh p`sskojh. Kt ks f`t oy alifah tlit i s`akhty tlit jiaes arktkaij

tlkfekfn ijs` jiaes hdpitly. @fh a`ujc phrlips n` s` bir is t` siy tlit arktkaij tlkfekfn kshdpitly, out wh wkjj rhskst tlit ajikd b`r f`w. ]rhshftjy, hdpitly ks rhjithc bir t`` dual

wktl sydpitly ifc hd`tk`fs, wlhf hdpitly ks ritlhr if kfthjjhatuij ufchrtiekfn7 kt

hftikjs f`t skdpjy puttkfn `f s`dh`fh‛s hd`tk`fs, out ijs` tlhkr w`rjcvkhw (wlkal hftikjhd`tk`fs out f`t skdpjy ohkfn hd`tk`fij). A`fskchrkfn tlh ifxkhty tlks aif aiush, kt tiehsi str`fn wkjj t` hdpitlkzh bujjy, yht kr`fkaijjy tl`sh wh `bthf a`fskchr “str`fn wkjjhc‛ irh

tl`sh wl` jiae tlh wkjj str`fn hf`unl t` hdpitlkzh. Out wl` tlkfes tlhy c`f‛t

hdpitlkzh0 Is wh sikc f` `fh tlkfes tlhy jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, s` wl` tlkfes tlhy jiaetlh wkjj str`fn hf`unl t` bujjy sthp kft` if`tlhr phrs`f‛s sl`hs. F` `fh, ifc s` a`ujcf‛t

wh oh `fh `b tl`sh shjb-chjuchc kfckvkcuijs0 L`w a`ujc wh thjj kb wh whrhf‛t0

Hxksthftkij pikf. 

(Kt‛s i phrs`f‛s fiturij alhae ifc oijifah.)(Out `fjy y`u aif ef`w kb y`u irh hxphrkhfakfn kt5 y`u aif‛t ef`w kb kt‛s

`aaurrkfn b`r `tlhrs. Slks diy aiush y`u ifxkhty.)

^lhf kt a`dhs t` chbkfkfn arktkaij tlkfekfn, hxpj`rkfn l`w wh hxphrkhfah kt wkjjlhjp us ajirkby tlh suoghat. Ohaiush wh aiff`t rhijkzh `ur jiae `b arktkaij tlkfekfn tlr`unl

tlkfekfn, wh fhhc hxphrkhfahs, hxphrkhfahs `fjy `tlhrs aif pr`vkch us wktl (nkvhf tlit

wh irh hdpitlhtka). ^h f`thc hirjkhr tlit i jiae `b arktkaij tlkfekfn bhhjs jkeh arktkaij

tlkfekfn ifc tlit tl`sh wl` p`sshss kt hxphrkhfah tlh w`rjc kf tlh sidh wiy is tl`sh wl`jiae kt, out wh‛vh p`kfthc `ut tlhrh irh “hxksthftkij d`dhfts‛ tlit lhjp ckbbhrhftkith 

arktkaij tlkfekfn br`d tlkfekfn. Jkbh bhhjs tlh sidh b`r hvhry`fh (ifc tlks ks d`stjy tlh

aish ohaiush hvhf ph`pjh wl` hfninh kf arktkaij tlkfekfn irh d`stjy, curkfn tlhkr ciy-t`-ciy iatkvktkhs, hfninhc kf tlkfekfn), out tlhrh irh d`dhfts ifc bhhjkfns tlit “nkvh us

rhis`f t` ohjkhvh‛ kf tlh prhshfah `b arktkaij tl`unlt (if “hd`tk`fij kfthjjknhfah‛, kb y`u

wkjj), d`dhfts tlit a`fbkrd i phrs`f shhs tlh w`rjc ckbbhrhftjy tlif `tlhrs (hvhf tl`unl

tlh phrs`f aiff`t `aaupy tlh dkfcs `b `tlhrs t` ef`w b`r surh sual ks tlh aish). Ifc yhttlhsh irh d`dhfts ludifs ritlhr b`rnht ifc fiturijjy iv`kc.

Arktkaij tlkfekfn ks alijjhfnkfn, wlkjh tlkfekfn ks f`rdij. Kt‛s lirc t` a`fskchr

wlit `fh ohjkhvhs t` oh truh is “ p`sskojy bijsh‛, jht ij`fh “is bijsh‛. Ifc ohaiush kt kslirc, tlh dig`rkty iv`kcs kt5 tlhy shttjh wktl tlkfekfn. Kt ks in`fkzkfn b`r i Alrkstkif t`

rhic i Fhw Inh Itlhkst thst, is kt ks lirc b`r Jkohrijs t` a`fskchr s`ufc irnudhfts `b

A`fshrvitkvhs (ifc vkah-vhrsi). Kt ks pikfbuj ohaiush kt ks pikfbuj t` oh wr`fn. Slks ksf‛tt` siy tlit ph`pjh irhf‛t wkjjkfn t` oh wr`fn s` dual is kt ks t` siy tlit ph`pjh, up`f

hfa`ufthrkfn tlh p`sskokjkty `b ohkfn wr`fn, fiturijjy oiae iwiy, is ph`pjh fiturijjy

iv`kc wlit tlhy phrahkvh is cifnhr`us (hvhf kb tlhy‛rh f`t fhahssirkjy ibrikc). Ifc

arktkaij tlkfekfn ks lirc ohaiush tlh orikf lis ijrhicy wkrhc ktshjb ifc s`jkckbkhc ktshjb isl`jckfn ahrtikf w`rjcvkhws ‑  t` quhstk`f tl`sh p`sktk`fs ks cks`rkhftkfn ifc chstiokjkzkfn,

ifc `fh‛s vhry ok`j`ny shhds t` oh wkrhc inikfst tlh iat.

Arktkaij tlkfekfn ks hxksthftkij, ifc tlks ks prhakshjy wly wh iv`kc kt ifc prhakshjy

wly wh fhhc kt.> Ifc yht ohaiush tlkfekfn prhshfts ktshjb is arktkaij (is ijrhicy

cksausshc), ludifs irh iojh t` ritk`fijkzh tlhkr iv`kcifah `b arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc kts

hxksthftkij ridkbkaitk`fs (ijj wlkjh a`ftkfukfn t` ohjkhvh tlhy arktkaij tlkfe, jiaekfn

arktkaij tl`unlt t` rhijkzh `tlhrwksh). Out wly c` wh fhhc t` biah tlh hxksthftkijalijjhfnh ifywiy0 ]hrlips wh‛rh ohtthr `bb  iv`kckfn kt. Kb s`, wh‛rh ohtthr `bb wktl`ut

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arktkaij tlkfekfn (s` ijj tlh s`akhtij hdplisks `f kts fhhc sl`ujc hfc), ifc wh‛rh ijs`

 ohtthr `bb wktl`ut hdpitly. Out irh wh rhijjy ohtthr `bb kf i w`rjc wlhrh ph`pjh fhvhr try

t` “put tlhdshjvhs kf if`tlhr phrs`f‛s sl`hs‛0 ^lhrh ph`pjh fhvhr a`fskchr tlh bijjkokjkty`b wlit tlhy tlkfe0

^lit ekfc `b w`rjc w`ujc tlks oh0

Kt w`ujc oh i w`rjc kf wlkal akvkj cksa`ursh ks dhifkfnjhss, b`r ph`pjh w`ujcfhvhr alifnh. Kt w`ujc oh i w`rjc kf wlkal ph`pjh fhvhr trkhc t` ufchrstifc `fh if`tlhr,wlhrh ph`pjh fhvhr siw wlhrh `tlhrs whrh a`dkfn br`d, ifc wlhrh jkvkfn t`nhtlhr

w`ujc oh ckbbkaujt kb f`t kdp`sskojh. ^h w`ujc fhvhr jhirf br`d `fh if`tlhr, b`r wh

w`ujc fhvhr shh i rhis`f t` jhirf (ijrhicy ohkfn rknlt ifc ef`wkfn wlit wh fhhc t`ef`w). Kf sual i w`rjc, kb tlhrh whrh pr`ojhds ifc tlh dig`rkty whrh inikfst wlit w`ujc

s`jvh tl`sh pr`ojhds, tl`sh pr`ojhds w`ujc fhvhr oh s`jvhc ‑  tlh `fjy pr`ojhds tlit

w`ujc oh s`jvhc w`ujc oh tl`sh tlh dig`rkty inrhhc fhhchc t` oh s`jvhc. Slh d`o w`ujc

rujh5 tlhrh w`ujc oh f` ritk`fij irnudhft ifc choith, `fjy p`whr. ^lhrh tlhrh ks `fjy p`whr, tlhrh ks t`tijktirkifksd (ritlhr kt oh `b `fh `r dify), if hfvkr`fdhft wlhrh tlh

dig`rkty ifc dkf`rkty jkvh t`nhtlhr f`t oy al`kah, out oy b`rah.

I ph`pjh tlit c` f`t biah tlh hxksthftkij pikf or`unlt io`ut oy arktkaij tlkfekfn ksi ph`pjh wl` sht tlhdshjvhs up b`r sjivhry, i w`rjc wlhrh t`tijktirkifksd ks tlh trighat`ry

ifc f`rd.

S` oh brhh, wh dust lurt.

Slh lurt ks fhahssiry t` iv`kc tlh ijkhfitkfn lurt `b sjivhry.

RKK

Q` wl` irh wh0 Irh wh i ph`pjh wl` irh brhh `r irh wh i ph`pjh wl` irh shttkfn

`urshjvhs up b`r t`tijktirkifksd0 Livkfn hxpj`rhc “wlit ks arktkaij tlkfekfn0‛, wh aif

rhturf t` tlh kfqukry “wl` id K0‛, livkfn f`w i nrisp `f tlh t``j fhahssiry b`r

iccrhsskfn tlh quhstk`f. Slh ifswhr ks ckbbhrhft b`r hial kfckvkcuij, out tlhrh ks, it tlhvhry jhist, i ufkvhrsij hxphrkhfah tlr`unl wlkal ijj kfckvkcuijs dust n` kf `rchr t`

cksa`vhr tlit ifswhr, ifc tlit hxphrkhfah ks tlh hxksthftkij ifxkhty aiushc oy arktkaij

tlkfekfn ifc bujj hdpitly. Lhkchnnhr f`thc tlh kdp`rtifah `b chitl kf chthrdkfkfn `fh‛skchftkty ifc/`r “st`ry‛5 l`whvhr, kt ks f`t skdpjy tlh chitl `b `fh‛s o`ckjy jkbh tlit dust

 oh biahc out ijs` tlh chitl `b `fh‛s ritk`fijkty. @fh aiff`t a`fskchr tlhkr jkbh is i wl`jh

wktl`ut a`fskchrkfn kts hfckfn5 jkehwksh, `fh aiff`t a`fskchr tlhkr vkhw `b tlh w`rjc is ia`dpjhth “aish‛ uftkj tlhy a`fskchr wlhrh kt ahishs t` ippjy. Kchijjy, tlhkr “aish‛

a`ftkfuhs t` hxpifc ifc syftlhskzh kft` ktshjb sl`rt-a`dkfns, kfa`dpjhth kchis, hta. (`r

 phrlips oh `vhrturfhc b`r i ohtthr “aish‛), out wlhrh i phrs`f c`hs f`t cir h a`fskchr tlh

irhis wlhrh tlhkr tlkfekfn diy “hfc‛, i phrs`f wkjj f`t hxpifc tlhkr vkhw `b tlh w`rjc.Is ludifs dust biah tlhkr bhir `b chitl, tlhy dust ijs` biah tlhkr bhir `b ohkfn wr`fn,

ifc tlh ohst wiy t` biah tlit bhir ks t` hdpitlkzh. Kt ks wlhrh `fh ritk`fij hfa`ufthrs if`tlhr tlit kts bijskty aif oh a`fskchrhc, is kt

ks wlhrh jkbh ahishs tlit kt aif a`fskchr ktshjb is “jkbh‛. Kt ks oy hdpitlkzkfn wktl `tlhrstlit `fh aif shh lks `r lhr `wf ritk`fijkty is i wl`jh, kf tlh sidh wiy tlit kf a`fskchrkfn

`fh‛s chitl i phrs`f aif shh lks `r lhr jkbh is i sud t`tij (t` ijjuch t` Lhkchnnhr).

Slhrhb`rh, hdpitly ks fhahssiry b`r i a`dpjhth w`rjcvkhw. Ifc wktl i a`dpjhthw`rjcvkhw, `fh lis ialkhvhc i shfsh `b tlh shttkfn kf wlkal tlhkr shjb ks pjiahc, wktl`ut

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wlkal i a`dpjhth kchftkty ks kdp`sskojh. Slhrh ks f` sual tlkfn is i shjb tlit ks f`t kf i

w`rjc, ifc s` ify vkhw `b tlh shjb tlit c`hsf‛t hftikj i vkhw `b tlh w`rjc ks if iostriatk`f.

^h irh f`t shjvhs kf viauuds, out ph`pjh kf w`rjcs, w`rjcs kf wlkal wh c`f‛t skdpjy`oshrvh, out bhhj, hxphrkhfah, ifc ios`ro. Slkfekfn, is `pp`shc t` arktkaij tlkfekfn, diy

nkvh us s`dh ef`wjhcnh `b `urshjvhs, out kt aiff`t nkvh us i a`dpjhth pkaturh, jiaekfn i

nrisp `b tlh w`rjc (ifc/`r w`rjcvkhw) kf wlkal wh cwhjj. Slkfekfn trhits ph`pjh is wlitw`rjcs rhv`jvh ir`ufc, wlkjh arktkaij tlkfekfn trhits ph`pjh is shjvhs kf w`rjcs. ^lhrhtlhrh ks f` arktkaij tlkfekfn, wh b`rnht tlh w`rjcs kf wlkal wh cwhjj. ^h dieh tlh

dkstieh `b Chsairths ifc tlh Hfjknlthfdhft7 wh b`rnht tlit wh irh f`t skdpjy dkfcs, out

 ph`pjh. ^ly ks tlks dkstieh s` a`dd`f0 Ohaiush iv`kckfn tlh dkstieh fhahssktiths tlhhxksthftkij ifxkhty `b tlkfekfn `b `fhshjb is wr`fn. Out ufjhss wh tieh `f tlks pikf, wh

aiff`t ialkhvh i a`dpjhth shjb, arktkaij tlkfekfn, `r hdpitly. Slh prkah `b bikjurh ks sthhp.

Kt ks pikfbuj t` a`fskchr `fh‛s shjb is livkfn “i w`rjcvkhw‛ vhrsus “tlh trutl‛

(tl`unl tlks c`hsf‛t dhif `fh‛s w`rjcvkhw ksf‛t truh). Fiturijjy, ph`pjh c` f`t tlkfe `btlhkr vkhw `b tlh w`rjc is i “w`rjcvkhw‛ ‑  tlhy tlkfe `b kt is “truh‛ ifc hvhry`fh hjsh

wktl tlh “w`rjcvkhw‛. @b a`ursh, kb y`u ise ph`pjh ckrhatjy, tlhy wkjj iat is kb tlhy ef`w

tlhy livh i w`rjcvkhw, out d`st c`f‛t, kf tlhkr o`fhs, bhhj is kb tlhy l`jc s`dhtlkfn tlitks gust is suoghatkvh ifc “p`sskojy truh‛ is wlit `tlhrs l`jc7 ph`pjh fiturijjy bhhj is kb

wlit tlhy ohjkhvh, t` s`dh chnrhh, ks ckbbhrhft. Out, kf biat, hvhry`fh lis i w`rjcvkhw,

hvhf tl`sh wl` livh tlh trutl (tlr`unl kt) (ifc tlks ks ufshttjkfn), ifc tl`sh wl` bikj t`

rhijkzh tlhy livh i w`rjcvkhw (wlkal rhqukrhs “tlh chitl `b tlhkr ritk`fijkty‛) wkjj bikj t`rhijkzh tlhy irh shjvhs-kf-tlh-w`rjc. Slhrh ks f` sual tlkfn is i shjb, `fjy i shjb-kf-tlh-

w`rjc, ifc `fh wl` c`hsf‛t tlkfe `b lks `r lhr shjb is wktl i w`rjcvkhw wkjj f`t tlkfe `b

lks `r lhr shjb is i shjb-kf-tlh-w`rjc5 ritlhr, tlh phrs`f wkjj tlkfe `b lks `r lhr shjb is ishjb-kf-tlh-trutl. Ifc phrlips tlh phrs`f ks i shjb-kf-tlh-trutl-kf-tlh-w`rjc, out tlh phrs`f

ks f`t i shjb-kf-tlh-trutl7 i w`rjc ks prhshft, ifc kt dust oh a`fskchrhc. Kb tlh phrs`f

b`rnhts tlh w`rjc, tlh phrs`f b`rnhts tlh a`fthxt kf wlkal lks `r lhr shjb ks chbkfhc is whjj

is tlh a`fthxt kf wlkal lks `r lhr w`rjcvkhw ks nr`ufchc5 a`fshquhftjy, tlh phrs`faiff`t oh wl` tlh phrs`f bujjy “ks‛ (wlkal tlh phrs`f iv`kcs kf iv`kckfn tlh hxksthftkij

ifxkhty `b arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc hdpitly). 

]h`pjh dust ckh t` tlhdshjvhs kf `rchr t` oh tlhdshjvhs.< 

RKKK

It tlh ohnkffkfn `b tlks piphr, wh cksausshc l`w f` `fh aif ef`w tlhy jiae

arktkaij tlkfekfn wktl`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn, ifc tlit f` `fh rhickfn tlks piphr wkjj tlkfe

tlhy fhhc t` rhic kt. Slh l`ph lis ohhf tlit oy pr`vkckfn i chbkfktk`f ifc if `utjkfh `b

tlh aliriathrkstkas, hxksthftkijksd, ifc plhf`dhf`j`ny `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, kfckvkcuijsaif rhijkzh, b`r tlhdshjvhs, wlit tlhy jiae ifc wlit tlhy fhhc t` c` t` dieh up b`r tlit

jiae. F`fh `b us aif ef`w wl` lis arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc wl` c`hsf‛t (b`r surh)7 wh‛rh ijj

j`aehc `ut `b tlit ahrtikfty. L`whvhr, it jhist wlhf kt a`dhs t` `urshjvhs, wh aif

rha`nfkzh kb wh livh ufchrn`fh tlh hxksthftkij ifxkhty chsarkohc kf tlks w`re, ifc oyc`kfn s`, “livh rhis`f t` ohjkhvh‛ tlit wh p`sshss arktkaij tlkfekfn5 burtlhrd`rh, oy

chthrdkfkfn tlh chbkfktk`f `b arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc wlit tlh hxphrkhfahs `b kt irh jkeh, wh

aif jhivh kfckvkcuijs up t` chthrdkfkfn “tlh aish‛ b`r tlhdshjvhs. @fah wh iaahpt tlhrhijkty tlit tl`sh wl` jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn aiff`t ef`w tlhy jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn, wh

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livh `phfhc `urshjvhs up t` tlh p`sskokjkty `b hxphrkhfakfn if ifxkhty tlit wkjj nkvh us

“rhis`f t` ohjkhvh‛ wh p`sshs arktkaij tlkfekfn, hvhf tl`unl kt‛s prhshfah aif fhvhr oh

a`dpjhthjy pr`vhf (ifc tlks vhry biat diy aiush d`rh ifxkhty tlit nkvhs us burtlhra`fbkrditk`f). 

Slit sikc, it tlh hfc `b tlh ciy, f`fh `b us arktkaijjy tlkfe is dual is wh sl`ujc5

tlh truh, arktkaij tlkfehr ‑  jkeh tlh disthr `b hdpitly ‑  ks if kchij ijj `b us aif c` d`rhw`re t` oh d`rh jkeh, hvhf tl`sh d`st ckjknhft it arktkaij tlkfekfn. Ifc, t` icc i rhjhviftcknrhssk`f, kt sl`ujc ijs` oh f`thc tlit `fh aif stkjj oh i nhfkus hvhf kb tlh phrs`f c`hsf‛t

arktkaijjy tlkfe7 i phrs`f wl` fhvhr a`fskchrs tlh bijjkokjkty `b lks `r lhr w`rjcvkhw ks stkjj

aipiojh `b kfvhftkfn s`dhtlkfn jkeh i jipt`p. I nhfkus ksf‛t fhahssirkjy s`dh`fh wl`arktkaijjy tlkfes, is s`dh`fh wl` bikjs dkshriojy kf sal``j ksf‛t fhahssirkjy s`dh`fh

wl`‛s kfaipiojh `b arktkaij tl`unlt. (Xf)b`rtufithjy, nrichs (ifc nhfkus) c` f`t pr`vkch

us wktl ify shfsh `b tlh prhshfah `r jiae `b arktkaij tlkfekfn7 tlhrh ks f` hsaiph br`d

ufahrtikfty. Ohb`rh criwkfn tlks piphr t` i aj`sh, tlhrh ks i bkfij p`kft tlit sl`ujc oh

a`fskchrhc7 tlh rhjitk`f `b j`vh ifc arktkaij tl`unlt. Qkfah arktkaij tlkfekfn hftikjs

hdpitly, i wkjjkfnfhss t` ludojy iaef`wjhcnh bijjkokjkty, ifc i pr`b`ufc a`fskchritk`f`b `tlhrs, tlhrh ks i shfsh kf wlkal t` tlkfe arktkaijjy ks t` j`vh. Kt diy shhd strifnh t`

iss`akith j`vh wktl s`dhtlkfn tlit aiushs “hxksthftkij ifxkhty‛, out K tlkfe kt ks `ur

s`akhty‛s bikjurh t` kchftkty j`vh wktl tlh ckbbkaujt tlit lis rhsujthc kf i pr`b`ufc

a`fbjitk`f `b “j`vh‛, “jkeh‛, ifc `tlhr kchis, is hxp`ufchc `f kf ‚@f J`vh— oy @.N. _`sh. K w`ujc f`t n` s` bir is t` siy arktkaij tlkfekfn “ks‛ j`vh (tl`unl K a`ujc oh swiyhc), out K

w`ujc ajikd truh j`vh fhahssktiths arktkaij tlkfekfn. B`r wlit ks tlh ckbbhrhfah ohtwhhf if

“(kchi `b) j`vh‛ ifc “truh j`vh‛0 Srutl. L`w ks trutl chthrdkfhc0 Arktkaij tlkfekfn.Jkehwksh, wlit ks tlh ckbbhrhfah ohtwhhf y`ur “(kchi `b) s`dh`fh‛s shjb‛ ifc “s`dh`fh‛s

truh shjb‛0 Srutl. L`w c` y`u chthrdkfh trutl0 Arktkaij tlkfekfn. ^ktl`ut arktkaij

tlkfekfn, wh aif `fjy j`vh `ur kchis `b ph`pjh7 wh aif fhvhr j`vh tlhd. 

(Ifc if inh a`fbushc io`ut j`vh ks pr`oiojy tlhrhb`rh if inh a`fbushc io`utarktkaij tl`unlt.)

Burtlhrd`rh, arktkaij tlkfekfn slirhs aliriathrkstkas skdkjir t` j`vh. Is j`vh ks

 pikfbuj, chdifckfn, ifc dhifkfnbuj `fjy wlhf tlkfns irh lirc, arktkaij tlkfekfn kskchftkaij, ifc s` kt shhds tlit kt‛s ohst kb o`tl irh iv`kchc. Ifc yht, wktl`ut j`vh, f`fh `b

us w`ujc stiy a`ddktthc t` `ur j`vhc `fhs curkfn tkdhs wlhf wh c`f‛t jkeh tlhd, ifc

wktl`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn, f`fh `b us a`ujc jhirf l`w t` jkvh wktl ph`pjh ckbbhrhft br`d`urshjvhs. J`vh, tl`unl shhdkfnjy ohst iv`kchc, diehs kt p`sskojh b`r us t` ialkhvh i

shfsh `b iutlhftkakty, g`y, ifc trutl tlit wktl`ut wh a`ujc fhvhr ialkhvh. Jkehwksh, kb wh

`fjy tl`unlt ifc fhvhr arktkaijjy tl`unlt, wh a`ujc fhvhr d`vh i shjb “t`wirc‛ i shjb -kf-

tlh-w`rjc, ifc s` fhvhr `otikf i shfsh `b rhijkty br`d iostriatk`f. Ifc is i j`vh ks i pr`ojhd s`jvhr, s` ks arktkaij tlkfekfn, ifc wlhrh tlhrh irh f` pr`ojhds, tlhrh ks f`

arktkaij tl`unlt, `fjy tl`unlt. Kf i phrbhat w`rjc, tlhrh w`ujc oh f` fhhc b`r arktkaij

tlkfekfn, `fjy tlkfekfn, is tlhrh w`ujc oh f` fhhc b`r j`vh, `fjy jkekfn. Ifc is j`vh

hfchiv`rs t` hjkdkfith pr`ojhds, s` c`hs arktkaij tl`unlt, ifc s`, jkeh j`vh, arktkaijtl`unlt hfchiv`rs t` arhith i pjiah wlhrh arktkaij tl`unlt ks uffhahssiry. Arktkaij tl`unlt

ks uffhhchc kf i phrbhat w`rjc, ifc skfah kt hfchiv`rs t` nkvh rksh t` i phrbhat w`rjc,

arktkaij tl`unlt ks kr`fka7 kts purp`sh ks t` irrkvh wlhrh kt ckhs (kft` tlkfekfn). Slh purp`sh`b arktkaij tl`unlt ks t` hrish tlh fhhc b`r arktkaij tl`unlt. Ifc jkeh j`vh, arktkaij tl`unlt

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rhqukrhs bhirjhssfhss, b`r kt tiehs a`urinh t` ufchrn` hxksthftkij ifxkhty. Out uftkj y`u

biah kt, y`u wkjj oh ufiojh t` j`vh `r t` arktkaijjy tlkfe bujjy. Biah tlh pikf ‑  j`vh. Kb y`u

c` f`t j`vh, oh whiry7 y`u phrlips jiae arktkaij tlkfekfn ifc tlh aipiakty t` oh iwirh `btlit jiae, is y`u wkjj oh ufiwirh `b y`ur jiae `b j`vh. Out kb y`u j`vh (dhifkfnbujjy), oh

a`fbkchft y`u aif tlkfe arktkaijjy (kb `fjy y`u biah tlh hxksthftkij ifxkhty wlkal jhics t`

tlh hxidkfhc jkbh), out c`f‛t tlkfe tlhrh ksf‛t dual d`rh w`re t` c`.Arktkaijjy tlkfe7 j`vh wkjj a`dh.J`vh7 arktkaij tlkfekfn wkjj b`jj`w.

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 F`ths

9[hs, `fh aif oh arktkaij `b wlit `fh cksinrhhs, out f`t kf i ajhir, chbkfiojh shfsh. Kf tlks iat, “tlkfekfn‛ ifc “arktkaij

tlkfekfn‛ aiff`t oh chbkfhc ipirt7 tlhy irh jkeh tw` rkvhrs tlit dhht ifc ruf t`nhtlhr, oha`dkfn kfckstkfnuksliojh. Slhrkvhrs irh stkjj tw`, out f`t kf ify ajhir, chbkfiojh shfsh.

?Slks j`nka ks skdkjir t` l`w Lhkchnnhr cksausshc “ohkfn‛ is (o`tl) lkckfn/ufvhkjkfn “Ohkfn‛ vki “tl`unlt io`ut ohkfn‛7

tl`unlt ks tlh iat `b “ohkfn‛ kf wlkal “Ohkfn‛ ks o`tl lkcchf ifc yht rhvhijhc. Kf `tlhr w`rcs, tlh ludif ks kf wlkal“Ohkfn‛ “lkchs/ufvhkjs‛ Ktshjb kf “ohkfn‛7 tlh ludif ks i “wijekfn a`ftrickatk`f‛.

?.9]hrlips i b`rduji t` chsarkoh tlks sktuitk`f7

\Sruh ipphirs jkeh \Bijsh. Slhrhb`rh, kb \B ks ialkhvhc, kt wkjj ipphir is \S (ifc vkah-vhrsi). A`fshquhftjy, kt ks p`sskojhb`r \B t` oh rhpjiahc oy \S ifc f`fh f`tkah, is kt ks p`sskojh tlit \S oh ks aijjhc \B ifc f`fh f`tkah.

\ ks tlh pr`ahss tlr`unl wlkal \Sruh ifc \Bijsh irh ialkhvhc.

B`r Hxidpjh7“Alural ks tlh pr`ahss tlr`unl wlkal AluralSruh ifc AluralBijsh irh ialkhvhc.‛ 

“Iaichdkas ks tlh pr`ahss tlr`unl wlkal IaichdkasSruh ifc IaichdkasBijsh irh ialkhvhc.‛ “Slkfekfn ks tlh pr`ahss tlr`unl wlkal tlkfekfnSruh (arktkaij tlkfekfn) ifc tlkfekfnBijsh irh ialkhvhc.‛ 

?.?

Slkfekfn ks tlh pr`ahss kf wlkal ̀ fh arhiths ipphirifahs ̀ b arktkaij tlkfekfn “inikfst tlit‛ wlkal ̀ fh cksinrhhs wktl,ipphirifahs wlkal aif tlhf ojkfc i phrs`f t` lks `r lhr jiae `b (arktkaij) tlkfekfn, wlkjh skdujtifh`usjy “p`kftkfn t`‛tlh p`sskokjkty ̀ b arktkaij tlkfekfn. 

?.1Slkfekfn ks lirchr tlif wh tlkfe, ohaiush tl`unlt struaturh rhijkty “t`wirc‛ us kf sual i wiy tlit “lkchs‛ kts

ckbbkaujty. Slh swijj`w `vhrjiys tlh chhp, ifc o`tl irh withr.

1Slks lkfts it wly ludifs irh s` (fiturijjy) pr`fh t` bijj vkatkd t` pr`pinifci (ifc oic kch`j`ny), b`r wktlkf pr`pinifci, ludifs aif‛t ef`w tlit tlhy c`f‛t ef`w tlhy irh wktlkf pr`pinifci, ifc f`tlkfn wktlkf “tlh ouoojh‛ aif

nkvh tlhd rhis`f t` ohjkhvh sual t` oh tlh aish.

3Kf if inh wlhrh surprkshs irh jkdkthc ifc ph`pjh shhd t` ef`w hvhrytlkfn, arktkaij tlkfekfn diy oh kdp`sskojh. 

8Kt aif oh irnuhc tlit ph`pjh irh f`t hvhf tlkfekfn io`ut tlh p`sskokjkty `b tlhdshjvhs ohkfn rknlt, jht ij`fh tlkfekfn `b`tlhrs is rknlt. Slks ks p`sskojh, ifc kt c`hs f`t o`ch whjj b`r `ur arktkaij tlkfekfn. 

2_hijkzkfn arktkaij tlkfekfn ks s` pikfbuj, c` f`th tlit s`dh`fh wl` orins io`ut arktkaijjy tlkfekfn ks pr`oiojy f`ts`dh`fh wl` c`hs kt (f`r ks tlh phrs`f wl` c`hsf‛t ippr`ial tlh iat wktl “bhir ifc trhdojkfn‛). 

>]ikf ks fhahssiry b`r arktkaij tlkfekfn, out kf i s`akhty tlit tlkfes tlit pikf ks fhvhr n``c, tlhrh wkjj fhvhr oh arktkaijtlkfekfn.

<Ifc wlhrh ph`pjh c` f`t “ckh t` tlhdshjvhs‛, tlhrh wkjj oh tlkfekfn, out f`t arktkaij tlkfekfn. ̂ lhrh tlhrh ks tlkfekfn,tlhrh wkjj oh “if kchi `b shjb‛, out f`t i shjb-kf-tlh-w`rjc5 kf `tlhr w`rcs, tlhrh wkjj oh i bijsh shjb, out f`t i truh shjb.Ifc is tlkfekfn lkchs ohlkfc if ipphirifah `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, i jiae `b arktkaij tlkfekfn, s` i bijsh shjb lkchs ohlkfcif ipphirifah `b i shjb, i jiae `b i shjb. ^ktl`ut arktkaij tlkfekfn, is i phrs`f aiff`t rhijkzh lh `r slh jiaes arktkaij

tlkfekfn, i phrs`f aif‛t rhijkzh lh `r slh jiaes i truh shjb. Slh j`ss ks t`tij. 

@.N. _`sh

9-?-?=98