J 1

oM fssa 1 t xsimcmacxzoii

to world is tiiro u ^ tiM 0 j ao« v'xmro

amn a—m to hare ararooiBa tau^ ytoWMOB and m e ^ffo^reiisad

tMjoad loB g im tlone bui t ills is not so . XIm d fis lre to r s l^

tbs tfo rld Is la fs a lte . :is tars Is tmr too iprsst st3d ooaylmL to

bs ooDquersd 1] osn and la t lis lr te t t ls to outolaso eaotiotaar

ostors SDd ma icmtB ismmf bssa s lil« to s trllcs a tra o s , :isa*s

In ts rfe rsn o s w ith tiis tisla oos o f mtuars In 02^ asniKwr laasdleteJky

erastss a d is to rteao s . Tt» ooatliiu jus la«£S sools liite rta ra u o s

'by aaa baa eraatsd oarlous i«oi»Iaaa fo r tos very axlstaoos o f

aanklad. Aaoogast aatiiy* |» ll« £ tlo a o f bloSj^teps, la <»ia wiailoii

nssda to bs satiaanitsd w ltn ^ v io r lt /*

^^IXotloa la a o a ltlfa o s ts d aootftroue ^ b U o . I t oaa

bs dsflnod as an la tro < ltio tloa by oaa o f subataaosu In to

anrlroacw at rs w iltlo g , In mMSix dalstarlouB a ffo o ts as baru to

U v lo s rosouress* hazards to hUHan 2»alt& aad normal soolo^ioal

sat tt|>» o r I t can ba daflasd as tb s a d d ltlo a o f soibs UUa» to

w atar whlola ofaoogaa it s o atu m l q.ttailtla£> so tb a t tba r l ^ l a a

jaroprlato r doaa not ^at tbs o a tu ra l w atar o f t ^ s traaa

tran as ilttad to hla« Aooordli^ to tb s raixart o f tbs ^lOrlromsDtal

o llo tlo n x iu a i o f tb a ^iresidaol*8 ^ le io a Advlsosy

CoBaslttae (^odasla* 19da)« tbB tttirlra o a s a la l ijo U u tlo ii la %m

'onfiBTOurabla a lta ra tlo a o f our aurroundlobSf wboUjf o r

as a tora^roduot o f aaii*a aotloaS f tbrou«^ d lra o t o r liad lree t

e ffa e ts o f oiiaagaa In a a a r^ jpattam st ra d ia tio n ls ra ls «

obsffiloal and i^ t^ lo a l ocm stltu tlon and abiv’danoo o f or<janlsaB

(''udaala,

3

Tbc iJoUtKiOi 4s] «'

o f world as a lr« aoiX« i« it« r and iout tJmt 1 ^ Biaoe ieut% ateodtf

a^Aoa ia l>aooaiii& %ba tar at to r 4«^tfinc tm i la fio v e ro o f a^aea

c ra fts . ?hua poIXution baa baeoiiA oaoipotatA XXMa Co4* 1»xt

oteoxoua aad laam iitad* In aot too d lstax^ lix tu ra j oIXtxfcioa wiXX

teva to tM tra s ta d ea an ao t o f la lao n io s aad 4 a a lt w liii as ai»&«

n ia ra ara ooiiatlao& ^M iaiaala iu kW to aaEi» o f tx«Kt

core than lO«Qua a ra oEu&ifaotured a l l over ths w orld« < ^ t o f

tboa advaraaV a ffa e t tba «nrlroaaaa.t« X li^ oau ba t r o u ^

twoaOl^ aa Xo0 «etio ldaa« C arba^tas« /^uogiaidaa* la ia tio

.o llu ta o ta oto« o r tb ii^ aay ba aa food ad«UtlTae, ooeaatlos*

druga, csadiaiaaa, ia in to ««« t mps im a lia ja t ea iM iaM liis o f

thlQga th a t M itg a v U ua* A ll theaa ahaia4oala« tmao uaad

ia o r aear bodiaa* an ter aqi»tio»aoo»«|yataci aa a aoiJMq;»-

aisaa o f m ln aad lamshiag fro s a o il« o r ia d u a trla l a fflu a o ta

aad A^ro-aiaaQlosla d raiiw d la to r lT a ra .

Tha ia a rta a la g ^A ^ulatloa daoaity* fiaa tar urU aalaatlO ii

aad ia fta a tr la l growth Joaa aoapouodad tb i o o a ^ a x itjr o f ^ U u tio u

iafoblao* aad th a poX lutioa ia ^^articHUar. A)udal

iad ioatad th u i ia ordar to a t«n a ia tha world ^oj^iiiAtitm ia th a

yaar 2000* i t wooXd ba aaoaaaary to ioaraaao %bo a i^ io ia tia n l

produotioa by 60 par oaat o v ^ aaxt 20 yaara o f tM a iaareaaaV.

72 per oaat irfoald naad to oooa fTo ii ia ta o a ifio o tio a o f aaU atiaii

a ^ rio u ltu ra aad 26 par aaot f m snra axyaaaioa o f o itltiv a ta d

laodu. Aa tlsara ia m aoopa fo r aspaaaiaa ia la d ia , ia to u a ifi*

o atio a o f a ^ ^ a o ltiira aad iro ta e tlo a txoa loaa« ia tb» oioiy saaaa.

I t 9mims!9& mn unwim ggwth za t« o f 4*6 y«at ootxl in

p c s tie lM maA tmetWLzmr eeontXh. x«t« o f &•> ^ M O l p « aoaui*

^iMta « r« «oai^i% o>«* Xitfiplto o f x«i44

•avaaoos la iSnraiag i«eltt»10£ar in tlw ou m n tl o to luvyt

lno9ct i*M t, %2»0 ti»» «bod«a»» and t i i*

»% ilX olA iB •ubstw sliaX laroporiiw io o f tJoi ^ « s U a l yi«2.4. la

laO ift* al»oisl 18 p«r o«oA o f «ro^ jio id i» io o i duo to nrra^o*

o f posts ( i* o * t^ods* diooBOoo* iDOOoio ofld otors^&o Xoo«ao a t

59» 26« 20« 6 and 6 jp«r ooaft r o a i^ i^ a ly ) C^oitt4» So

m n baa alwaya txy iag M rd to ooatet mvuta. ytoblmm hy doviolx%

varioxsB oootxol a o a a tn ^ .

la roooBt ymx* tba uoo o f i,«a%ioldoa fo r orop

ivo to o tio a baa ineroaaod aaon»iial^« i^artioulca^ijr ia d o ra lo p li^

eooatriaa «ueh aa In d ia . B M tio id o oooaua^oo fig u ra a o f tlkO

la a t tvo daeadM ia oar eountxy aboir a fa a t ia oraaoa ia oonaua-

j;«ioa £roa 452 toaaos ia t$54t i« «o«« to 3 M toaoMi ia 196l{

to 24«b20 toaaaa la 1971 aod ap iso x laa ta ljf tiO«QOa tooaaa la 1^81«

C ^ a n a ^ ltttia r aad A aaari* 1 ^ ) • A t praaaal In d ia i» a a

o a ia o ity to foroHXata a lio iit 2 Xakh toaaaa o f paatio idaa (Joafel#

1 9 6 0 ) .

A p p iio atlo a o f fa r tiiia a irs aad laaauraa to tlia orop ia

o aafia to si'va i t a iafflo iaeA viigour to w itDataad tu a i^ io u b ^ it

o f paata aad diaaaaaa aad fo r iM fttar y ia id C^raa icaaaitw* 1 9 <^)«

Waada faaro a lao addad to th a paroUaa aa th ty Uara bmm aatiisatad

to dap lata aa auoh aa 40 par oeot o f a v a il^ ilo a u tria o ta . flia

aotoaX loaa ia jrio ld d\ia to a l l tlM atoora fae to ra oaa aot ba

••Mrlaioed tbragb it i« to te aa •Uraing

tigaernm

Tb» diX fartnt polXtti«ata ooaing to aquatio 4M>o»jr»t«a

rooaltod in m ir w mXmt poUUitloa ivotaeM i. Coraoa in

h«r book **SlX«at Sparing** bM h l^ U ^ o d tho probloao lik o

r—i4 u if t yosiotanAO la iasoota* pellu tloB 9 t miv« wat«r and

aoU» a o r ta lity o f uaaful iaaeota* d a^ ation o f aatxaral

aoaolaa o f injurioua apaoiaa )i{]r n iia g jiaatioidaa Indiaoriaioa*

ta ly . ^

It la iaotraaainglgr ballarad now a da/a ttaat amrlxo»»

atntally uaaouad afiri<ralt«ra 4a doing far raaoblng daaagaa to

ttaa arj a fataa oa whloh a ioaltttra rallaa* Xa auiy adtauead

oountriaa tha dira oooaaq»aiaoao of lodiaorialoata oaa of

paatioidaa haa baaa Tiauallaad aad tha aufflalaBl data la baiag

oolXaotad to 9%mOj tba jroULaau Xba ptMjm of aBBrixooatataX

pollution haa not yat raaobad tba alaraing ata^a la lad4a aa

la tha waatt at 111 tHa apoamdlo Inaldanoaa aad rapmrta ayjpaarlBfe

ia rae«al yaaxa baa daflaltaly poiatad tonaspda datwloxatiai

aituatioa aa atiaklag praatea witli floatli^ oil aIioi» tliat bava

daatxcyad ttaa teaading grooada of fiabaa la liabaiaabtsa aad

Simla ooaata» oolor obaa^ ia rivar watara bgr iaduatrial

afflaanta aa IdLaalc wtar of £aaodar aad teowa itttar of Cbalijrav

ia icarala. Ia 1974# it «aa obaawad tbat idalldraa ia Barspor

(Ba aatbaa) vara dafmwad baoauaa of oootaaiaatad dviakii^ uatar

£roa a atraaa* laraoiy aad oadaiua banra baaa fouad to oauaa

6

pttnO jrsis a n i 4o daai6« to tlM te a N i. lereuxy ittlsea ln g myimm

ia o ltti* lo M 9t wimionkt ]Marix% moA ot iA ta llM io a X f t l i i l i t iM .

TlM r« is no trmtamA tw I t «ad d « 6 « ! •

polX n lion . whiah m» TmpoamValm tar %hm >Uao«ittt

d lM R M in Jftpna* )mm to««A aotiocd i& tuo ! • • • HIibim

fla rM in SoiOmu aad in ib y ttiito U s rXrmt in uviMMt (S u M ia «

I9 6 0 )* la UMb ^ d *ta S fS ila b le About jp o lla tia ii o f wator

•ooejotoa io Tvsy iMOiflro*

X tt^ fo m t potftioidoB* fo rtiX ia a rs * tmo%ory « riita ia t« t

i f iA hX^ ooaeoatm tioiw mvmm doktU 9t aqufttie a ttla a ls ,

ia roooat ymrm ooao X ito n tu ro haa boon d«V9t«d to diadueeion

o f a o v ta llt j o f aquatia a a ia tla a fta r aspoaura to axoaaalva

aaooBt o f th a to z ia a a ta rla ia lik a i« a tio iA a a , iiaaty o ata la a ta .

( i ’ortaaaB* t970 | dgfrna, Coaoar« 19?^| CaJUiteroana a| «»

19791 K la la aad i« iaa«« 1974)* ^oaa o f ttia jo lX a ta a ta tny ba

aQtbropogaoio* oarriaogooia and autagonta aubataaaas to o . Xba

a ffa a ta o f p o lla ta a ta a t low aoaaaatsatioa oa a q ia itia b io ta ara

aXao b a ra fo l (Saundava, 1969)* ^2ia a t t b ia t t e i aoaaaa->

tra tio e a o f d iffa ra a t paatia idaa aa«aa daraio^naatal a te o ra a U tia a

( S i i^ aaA Salaai. 1964)« ^dA ataX d a fo ra iU aa (SamdaaJnaaar

aad A aaari* 19B4)« radiaead sapodaatiTity aad aboartioaa CJ^oalii and

Haeat I9d0)» ^Xowar dafalopaoot (Coaoar* 19721 Calabraaa a t a l* .

1975)» abaagad fb E ra io lo g io a l aad bioohoaio nX a a tiv it ia a (Kabaar

s i. 1965)* baiacvioucal oliaaeaa aad loaa o f a ^ a llih riu a

(^aandaia« I9 6 9 t ^anahaHrwaar aad A aaazi* 19^ > aad daaraaaa ia

abaagaa of aurvlvaX» abaaeaa ia hiatoiatboXot^ of diffaraat

7

orfiSQS iZmoa^ H . |^ *« 19701 ^ t t s d U e ^ f |

A A iaikakty « » l ri«g«, 19T9 I 'leuadal and KuXaiarmmUmm % ^§

C liB t« « r jM 2 i

isQim o f i l l * e*8»noeblorlae p o X Itito i^ mAmeism i& lo

•q n a tlo IXHM mam e«arioii» fiiiiar ax« m%

•a c lly b io-4«gm d*dt «B t«r in lo Hm **acm ia rg « t" anioB l tis a u M

moBL tbm in %t» food dhBin. ?h l« bio • oofuauXntio o term

mooyo o f d i« ra iA io a ot oooXo^Ml teXaaoa tm wbo o f tiio mar

ta rg e t organloas vM eh IneXuda la p o rtn a t sdoters o f food obfcAo

p « riitti ia tlM fflpooooa . tbm txw gie inot4anoo o f ".Haaftigaam

Sjadrmsa** o f Karaataka baa baan augt^aatoa 4ua to tb * o fn^ns^ioa

o f paatiolA a soiaooad o n ba oad f iafaaa bgr looaX popula;ti/^

(Aanoal. Hoport o f In a ia a CowmH o f riaAloal Kaoaarob* 197?)«

7ha o ra lu a tio a o f to g lool og loal jpobloaa ia ooanlleataA

aa4 bafwad tlM oooforobaaaioa o f aoat o f tb a iiaop^U. AaaaaaeaaS

to x lo tnn,mtnaa o f « l4 a optmA mmisoamma%Bl i^oliuticm

M arou^ iNcpariMBfc on a a ia a la ia a 3 ^ baaat w itb -varlatjUm ia

loaaX}^ aaaaaaod o ffo o ta aaA tb «raf«ra« atanftevdiaatioa baooaaa

a forobXaa ia ita c O f • aaarlioaaaatal a a ia a i aodala a im a U jr

aa$4flgf0d fo r toxiooXosioaX o fa l^ tlo a aya ap t to jra a aa t gaaatio

aa v a ll aa r«^OBaX tiffa ra io a a ia voaj oodiag to aspoaura to

m ariad Id a la ^ p o U n taa ta , bfsaoa tbaxo ia aa ap ia ra a t aaad fo r

ra g iflo a l raaaaoM oaat o f to x io o lo g io a l proiOaaa* aai^o^iag

ao«a o f tba ooeeoaly oboaaa n n iaal apaaiaa fo r tb a purpoaa o f

daoidiag about tb a a a fa ty aaaaitraa.

tb c r« IM a t lmm% •o s * Xiteratuam ea

toxloola^iCMiX m%Ddim in tlmhm but £r««h %*ai«r o m to M u s

• • «mbs M «a to M t i t a t a l r a te ro o f a tta o tio n aoA iiaAaar-

otanAiflig, p ro teH y baoouae i t 4oaa m t out aexoaa t&a tx a d l*

tio a a l ar^a& laatioa o f p^JLntloa tkioloear* ^ M a 4im f baalca axm

a t oaaa tlia aauaa aadt la jp r t* tiia aCfaat oC tioa aoattarad

aad traeBantazy « la ta o t ^raaaot iotdMladga ia th ia f ia l4 . tlO a

vouaity o f kaowladea aaA tba tva^glo Xa8l4«Qea o f **aanaigoa

Syndlroaa" haa loapijrad ua to wont on lo a a ll/ avaU ab la , a41bX«

topatalsiawa ia e q u /^ o a tii C aatidm ) fa r tlia yo ao ut

a t u ^ «

Tba aiudy o f aaolaior baa brougbi forth rmey o ia a rijr

th a t tba &a aora tbaa tb a **aa» o f i t a ^arta” * f lu

a a tn a l a ita and ti^ ra a o f 4tamg9 oaoaad fegr i>0il i ata a la aaa

porobably only ba mmmvA )nr «4ioia bo4ar raajttoaaa* Bowam *

B o ltiaap ao ta l atud iaa aa h imwiowtal ateogaa, blaohaaiocl ta a ta *

blood ooopoaitioft and b ia to j^ tb o io g lo a l obaagaa aaa aXao ^ v a

an idaa a t td iiab tb a *«w aoaaa** ooouarat i f a t a ll« and tba

ra ia tin M ^ p o f tb ia otH iaaBtratioa to auaii aaaauresMBta aa tba

L a ^ fa r p o iltita iit i^ a b ia o f ^paXut ia w atar qaalitor aootroX

(wanraa* 9mm ooaoantratioa Mayit# a tiif^ o f bio-aoaoanla-

tio a * food abaio T a ria tio n a a lao aaa ba o f balp in ivad iartioa

o f aoolo gi aa l obaaeaa in tb a p artieu X ar araa«

Tim y t a n t wart; i* d iv iM e so o ra ia g l/ **

G tap l« r X • ititli t aaa#g3.0iSl « a«nft stitaMMM to x io l^ s ta t it f t if fa a*%lio4B«

C3iapl«r n * 4mOs if ith M K T io ts ra l i^ tU am o f er&b

ia rmyotmm to jj>oI l« U a f om s.•xp«riattcsl« 8V« oox3du0t«d to voeovA

M flcv io u m l ymst%A\%SiB» o f AiMmtoI lwaMi ■liiftoti— rtfifcii and tho voealta aro dloeueeod.

« lth b lo^ bealeal ^laaiioo i t e i o rate avo miyom to irarlous ^ IX o ta o la . tbm tSamagif in oortolasrteatoo« jpcotalaa, Xip&d ooBtOiita aaA t lio ir so lo ia $oUnp

tio a atroo ii ia A iaoatftwail ia th ia otaastor.

Chaptar I f * iao is iio a a tu ^ ^ eaiS iO ar aa4 M o - <tiiaaieal cteigoa ia lOaad ant ava ao»

ra ia ta d to io U aS io a a tra m .

daala w ith M ato p tt iioi og ioai ^ o a a ^ ao

aa to ata47 ^ d a ta ra ia a tio a o f d a ia - ta rio a a a ffa o ta o f im lo u a j?oU iii aata »

Q iX ia t Hepatoipaoraaa and ia ta a tia a vara

th a osigaaa a to d iad .

< ^ p la r VX * d aa ia w ltn ^iuoaBzy aad

i t f m a g H t t

10

A a ttiiiik ttlty maA M»8. I9?9« M£m% o f « e iil« «a& oteoalo«x|XMMr« to p ao tie id « th lo dita , £«€• Slj wad kffO M >*o& tlio llT o r o f viAow ioU m S jaM B IB B teE S flE8lS l ( aoT l« ig«r) • la d ia a i5 tW -2 0 w ^

a iM it te o te m , S o x lo«rf«9 l o f «kbria oa 3aoi«iopsiiomM ^ t in to lo e s i fio ii ClailiMi tatimohaaB Ci4aiu)^ laA iaa

C bott«pjM « ijiOTOai sim ai aad Soaar, S.K* LoUial•ftO 0 %« o f stotaol (»i « froah wator oa tflo h iltorodiiouot— fo o o illii. lo rix o a Sool* ItaijK K H .

Bbryaii« O.M* 1971. Tiio o ffa o t o f a0UO» (o th a r Vmn fsmnm }on oariao and eaturXiw oxjiaalaaa, i^R »o*K *^« B)«

CalAlaroa^ A JR .3 ., C o lU a r* S Xmm aad m o laBOO» I^ T ).to x io ltjr o f bfiavy laotala to artayoa o f tlw AMariea&

a y f r C w o«»«r<« H w .lu o l. 16.162-166.

Oaraos* E«3« 1962. S u .as l S|sp|a6« lioa^^itoB H iffX ^ Co.

Coanor« P«M« 1972* Aouto toaOoitgr o f iiM fy a a ta la to aoaa aaviao la rv a o . > t1^ l 9 2 .

CoulJk>n and 1952* Xa wator i« n « tie iH j« « fia ti -tipafcaahea,

IM a l« B . 1 ^ * F avtiX isav tor food jpcodaatiott ia dov«Xo|4i^ aow itriaB Ammal OaafaraaBO a t t^c^a C arlo*

19i30). PartUUMor .^oi«. 4 0 - 4 1 .

Joahl« 8«C* 193Q* limomA advonooa Ia oaro $rotootloi& 4a Ind ia ia d iffaaraat p laa pariod a. iw iB a r oa j Last liro to o tio a 7aahaoXofi7 oapyaalaad I9 X)av«l0£Mc^ o f Agriculture aad Co-^pam tioa* H la ia tiy o f %rioti2.tuapa« uovarnaaal o f Zadla. 1 -5 *

J o A i* A«G« aad Rasa* H«S« 1 9 0 0 * Aouta to x ia it / o f a^aip aatie ld aa and a f aw taor&mio aaXta to tiia Moaqoito f la ^ Gaabuala a f f ia ia (^jalzd aad O ivavd)# la d im i J . 3x p *B S o l. 1 8 t 43» W 5 7 *

l i

A im d Saiyib* atiliPB iM a d &ao d«tiriW 8U i» ^ £«a«S« and H a im Bao« S«T* iifligulAticm o f aoJL4l« maAiMSie ^ S 9m or prot«iBS o f ft to looot f yftgifl ^oomM cft ia»i«r m&lflfihRl aoa&thioa ii^siooi. Ixidlaa J.Fioiu 30S514-519-

gmujfaUJnaoy and AaMuri* B*A* I9d4« iielsihlon foxloilgr*ikolotal. in vtaro fioii (atoohgtfiHilo r«rlo»Cy|flriiii4o«) • j oetielAo Soi«a0o« ?ol.« l tl*

Xof)iqr<tto« SUor« i«« o M JT« t$70«fO^OlOBl P0P«P ^ of OpiStO «id ^ildi4fo* 53i% n n *

C lola , oaft i4ii8«r« 1^74* Bmmr$awe93L «^ oolft ^d le ld rin opoa f lW o r Hm a a g llo to ;. la ^oI^ bsM ^•ad flM io X a iar o f a m o o cttP ^E uw I 4oari<«a o ap0am liis .

Kudmimt p o ^ W i^ ^ea^U

H aate l, ir*C . a a l ?iOaliroatiia« A«S* aiatogfttho lg^ iiaqolaaagoa auKiaibaX an alth im i la taagLaa(LjUsft*^* loS latt 5

^ tio a a X la a tita ta o f M r itio & « Anrmal IfT ? * la i l« iCcmaoll o f HoAioal Haaoarab xW U aatiose jet«

xMaran* J.K. 1970* ^oxialt^ taatia^ lOih p«rtlai&iarr^Taraaaoa to o il roaonrln^ aftt«ariUla aoA bMKvy aaUOa* 51^ XaOhntowl Gm fm oaoa oa laviaa MlvXLim and it a o ffo a ta «k U ria^ raaoivoaa a»a fiah iA g *

Sem Sere, 1969* h m m as»rtali% laa and iM iiaviour ia toroaktrov^ and a tlju iiio aaiaMn la a a tro aa lo IX iiio d \& a^loaltaaraX pooilel4o8« S^Wim Brnm mmQaa* £6«o9S*^«

S i2] |^ s * oad aohalt E ffao t o f lia la tM o a «&a M T ta ll^ and M a r lo a r o f tM» fM H m to r t« la ^ ia .

^yal*

Syao Hoanliu 1979* G hoaiati7 o f la O M tla ld a a aod faag la ld aa'^ o rd aad XM i^aM iwUoe On* 1979* ^ SofldaiytC alo B ita .

H anrw , c.E . I97t* BtoSyo aad i^ a r c oofcxuX.iM ladaiiikia t ^•d.^ma^ra