Ole Lauridsen 2007_learning Styles and Powerpoint, A New and Exciting Approach

7/31/2019 Ole Lauridsen 2007_learning Styles and Powerpoint, A New and Exciting Approach

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LearningStylesandPowerPointAnewandexcitingapproach

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Contents

Power Point in practice 1

Learning Styles 5

Whichelements? 7

Analyticversusglobalinormationprocessing 7

Sensorymodalitiesandstructure 8

The PowerPoint presentation 10

Analyticandglobalinormationprocessing 11

Tipsandtricks 13

Sensorymodalities 13

Design of presentation and slides 14 Fonts(ontandontsize) 15

Colors 15

Colorsandattention 16

Morecolortipsandtricks 18

PowerPoint as exercise materials 20

La sl a PwP: A w a xc appac

About whyPowerPointis better- inact,muchbetter – than

blackboardandchalkortransparencies.Andabouthowtodesign

anduseaPowerPointpresentationinthebestwaypossible.

Ole Lauridsen, Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmark



PowerPointisapresentationprogramthatoersawealthoopportunities.

Butapresentationisneverbetterthanthepersonwhohasdesignedit.Andmostpeoplehave

seenmemorableexamplesohowitshouldNOTbedone.

Thegoodnewsisthatitisactuallynotdiculttoputtogetherapresentationsothatitworks,

thatis,sothattheaudienceactuallylearnssomething.

Thereisasetosimplerulestobeollowed.AndthoserulesarebasedonLearningStyles.

OntheollowingpagesyouwillndthebasicideasotheLearningStylesModeldevelopedby

twoUSresearchers,Dr.RitaDunnandDr.KennethDunn.Aterthatollowsthegroundrules

ordesigningasuccessulPowerPointpresentation.

PowerPointinpractice

LearningStyles(LS)canbedenedasthewayeachpersonbeginsto

• Concentrateonnewanddicultinormation;

• Processthisinormation;

• Internalizeandretainthisinormationand

• Usethisinormation.

AlloitissomethingthatwewouldliketoachievewithourPowerPointpresentations.

Inotherwords,wecanbenetromtakingLearningStylesintoconsiderationwhenwedesignour

presentations,butwhatdowemeanbyLearningStyles?

TheDunn&DunnLearningStylesModeloperateswith20elementsthatareundamentaltoour

learning.Themodelisalignedwiththelearningsystemsothebrain,anditcomprisesallage

groups.Ithasbeenthoroughlyresearchedandhasalreadyprovenitsstrength.

Youcanlearnmoreatwww.learningstyles.netandalsondlinkstoLStestsorallagegroups.

LearningStyles



WhiCh eLements?

WecannotgointodetailwiththeDunn&DunnLearningStylesModelhere.Insteadwewillocus

ontheelementsthatareespeciallyimportantwhenwearetodesignPowerPointpresentations,that

is,theelementsthatwecanincludedirectlyinthedesignothepresentationandinthepresenta-

tionitsel.

Obviouslyitisnotpossibletoproducepresentationsthataccommodateeachindividualperson’sLS

proleindetail.However,byollowingtheguidelinesbelow,wecanreachaverywideaudience.

Themostimportantelementsinthisconnectionare

• Analyticversusglobalinormationprocessing

• Sensorymodalities

• Needorstructure

AnALytiC versus gLobAL informAtion ProCessing

Somepeoplelearnbestwhentheyhavenewanddicultinormationpresentedstepbystepina

logicalsequence;theyarecalledanalytics.

Others(mostpeople)learnbestwhentheyhavenewanddicultinormationpresentedinlarge

chunkswhichtheycantheninvestigateurtherthemselves;theyarecalledglobals.

Finally,thereisasmallgroupopeoplewhodonotpreeronewayratherthantheother;theycan

approachnewanddicultinormationbothanalyticallyandglobally.



sensory modALities

TheDunn&Dunnmodelcomprisesoursensorymodalities:

• t a: Youlearnbylistening.

• t al: Youlearnbyseeingtext(reading)orbyseeingrealormentalpictures.

• t acal: Youlearnbyusingyourhandsandeet.

• t kc: Youlearnbyusingyourwholebodyand/

orbyinvolvingyourselasaperson.

struCture

Withrespecttothestructureonewanddicultinormation,somepeopleneedsupport;they

preertohavearmstructureprovidedorthem.

Otherspreertocreatethatstructurethemselves;theyrejecthavingastructurecreatedorthem.



How to integrate Learning Styles in the PowerPoint presentation

ItisimportanttorememberthatanyPowerPointpresentationconsistsothreeelements,andthat

theseelementsshouldbeconsideredawholethatcannotbedivided:

• Theslidesonthescreen

• Thehandout,i.e.theprintedversionotheslides

(Choose:File>Print.Choose‘Handouts’intheprintdialogbox).

• Thelivepresentation

Inconnectionwiththeslidesandthehandout,wemustconsiderlayout,andinconnectionwiththe

livepresentation,wemustconsiderourperormance.

Butrstoall,andwithoutanyconnectiontoLearningStyles,

• d j a x w l.i a, pa wll

wa w call “a z”. • y l x l a a pa wa a.

ThePowerPointpresentation

1110

AnALytiC And gLobAL informAtion ProCessing

Bothwaysoprocessinginormationareaccommodatedintheininterchangebetweentheslideson

thescreenandthehandout:

The analytic learner

• Apresentationinwhichinormationispresentedstepbystepbenetstheanalyticlearner.

• Thereore,youshouldusebulletpointsandanimations,e.g.‘Flyin’withdirection‘Fromlet’;

asageneralrule,donotusedierentanimationsinthesameslide.

• Teachtheanalyticlearnerhowtousethehandouttocreateanoverviewotheinormation

thathasbeenpresentedattheendothelivepresentation.

• Pauseoracoupleosecondsbeoreyoumoveontothenextslideinyourpresentation;it

givestheanalyticlearnerachancetocollecthis/herthoughts.

The global learner

• Thegloballearnershouldlearnhowtocreateanoverviewotheinormationtobepresented

byskimmingthoughthehandoutbeorethepresentationbegins;thens/heisabletocon-

centrateonthescreenslides.

• Thegloballearnerlikescolorsandpicturesthatsupporthis/herlearning.Thismustbeex-

ploited,c.p.16onwards



tiPs And triCKs – informAtion ProCesssing

Weotenneedtousetextthatexplainsorsupplementspicturesandgraphsthroughtheadditiono

labels,layersandanimation,etc.inapresentation.

Globalsnevergettiredounormsandlotsocolors,butortheanalyticlearnerthisisahassle.

Whenwedesignpresentationsthataretoappealtobothtypesolearners,weneedtotakethisinto

considerationandstriketherightbalancebetweentoomuchandtoolittleotheseeects.

Neitherglobalsnoranalyticscanabsorbanuninterruptedstreamoinormation.Youshouldthereore

pauseor10-20secondsatereveryseventhslide.Remembertotellyouraudiencethattherewillbe

suchpausesor‘time-outs’inyourpresentation.

sensory modALities

t a alistakenintoconsiderationbywhatthepresentersaysandhistoneovoice.You

shouldalwaysbeminduloyourpaceandtoneovoice.Keepaneyeonthereactionsoyouraudience.

t al alistakenintoconsiderationbythepresentationonthescreenaswellasthehand-

out.Itgoesorbothothesethatyoushouldworkconscientiouslywiththelayout,c.p.14onwards.

t acal a kc alaretakenintoconsiderationbythehandout.Touchingthehandout,maybeevenprintingitoutthemselves,anddenitelymovingitaroundonthetable,

leangthroughit,writinginit,etc.areimportantactivitiesorbothtypesolearners.Thekinesthetic

learnerswilldosomorethanwillthetactual;eventhoughthewholebodyisnotinvolved,theywill

stillbenetromit.

11



Amount of information in each slide

Itisimportanttokeeptheamountoinormationoneachslidetoaminimum.Itismuchbetterto

havemoreslidesthanaewillegibleones.Wehaveallseenoverlledslides,andtheyarejustasim-

possibletoreadandprocessasareoverlledtransparencies.

Follow the rule of 7±2

Ourworkingmemoryprocessesinormationstepbystepandcanneverhandlemorethan5-9inor-

mationunitsatthetime.Inotherwords,7istheaveragethatweshoulduseasourguideline;iwe

providelessthat5inormationunits,wedonotexploitthepotentialothememorytoasucientde-

gree,andiweexceed9units,itbecomestoomuchorthememorytoprocess–thusthe7±2rule.

‘Inormationunit’isobviouslyanambiguousconcept.Itislinkedtothelearner’sexistingknowledge

andthewaywepresentthematerial.Forthosewhohaveneverseenacomputerbeore,theconcept

oamouseisveryintriguing,andtheymustprocessmanybitsoinormationinordertounderstand

it.Forthosewhousecomputersonadailybasis,theconceptoamouseisoneandonlyoneinor-

mationunit.

Colorsandpicturesarealsoinormation.Thepicturemustthereoreberelatedtotheverbalcon-

tentsothatitdoesnotchallengetheworkingmemoryunnecessarily,anditisimportanttolimitthe

numberocolorsinoneslide,c.p.21.

Designandpresentationoslides

11

fonts And font siZes

• Useontsize24asaminimum(asinthisexample).Whenweusethisontsize,itiseasytoadheretothe7±2rule.Theresimplyisnotspaceormore

than5bullets,andthatisperect.

Usesansseriontslike

• Verdana

• Arial

• Franklin Gothic Book

orsimilaronts.

Avoidontslike

• TIMES NEW ROMAN

• Bernard Condensed

Sansseriontsaremostsuitableorslidesbecausethescreensolutionismuchlessthanitison

paper.Fontswithserisor‘eet’arethereoremorediculttoreadonthescreen.



CoLor And Attention

Inthecourseo40-45minutes(atypicalclasssession),theattentionotheaudiencemaybede-

scribedinthreephases

• Intherstewminutes,theattentionincreasessignicantlyandremainsatahighlevelor

10-12minutes.

• Atertherst15minutes,theattentionplungesandremainsataverylowlevel.

• Ateryetanother15minutes,attentionincreasesagain,butitdoesnotreachthehighlevelo

therstphase.

Thismaybeillustratedasollows:

1 1

0-15 min. 15-30 min. 30-45min.

CoLors

Colorsarevery importantelementsin thePowerPointpresenta-

tions,butyoucannotjustdecidewhichcolorstouseatrandom.

Colorsmaybeusedtoinfuenceyouraudience–andtoattractthe

attentionoyouraudience.

Wedistinguishbetweencool,tepid(middle)andwarmcolors.

• Thecoolcolors(blue, violet)owerthebloodpressure,therespiratoryrequencyandthepulse.

• Theycreateandenhancecalmness.

• Thewarmcolors( yellow, (red-orange))increasethebloodpressure,

therespiratoryrequencyandthepulse.

• Theycauseacertainlevelostress.

• Withthestress,thelevelothehormonenoradrenalinincreasesinthebrain,andnoradrenalin

increasesourattentionandourlearning.

• Thetepidcolors(green,(pink )areinthemiddle.

• Theycreatesomecalmness,butatthesametimetheyalsoincreaseattention.



11

The three types of colors and the three attention phases

Itisagoodideatousethecool,warmandtepidcolorsasbackgroundcolorsonthescreen:From

blueand/orvioletviayellowand/ororangetoredand/orgreen.Youcanthenchangetheback-

groundcolorinaccordancewiththethreephasesoattention.

Alternatively,youcanuseaneutral(whiteorgrey)backgroundandinsertgraphics,i.e.pictures,symbols,WordArt,etc.intheappropriatecolor.

Obviously,graphicsotenhavemanycolors,alsocolorsthatarenotonourlisthere.However,i

onlycolorsareusedconsistently,muchhasbeenachieved.

Maksimalopmæksomhed

Minimalopmæksomhed

Stigendeopmæksomhed



1 0

more CoLor tiPs And triCKs

The perceptual order

• Redisintheoreground.

• Yellowisinthemiddle;thesamegoesorgreen.

• Blueisinthebackground.

More tips and trick – more colors

Manycolorsareconusingandmaketheeyesjump.Theuseomanycolorstirestheaudienceand

shouldbeavoided.

Rememberthatcolorsarealsoinormationunits,andiweusetoomanycolors,weendupexceed-

ingthe7±2limit.

Rememberalsothatthecolorblueishardtoseeonawhitebackground.

He re you see howdi i cu l t i t i s to se e the t e xt and the l in e be low



Materials for the global learner

• Basicprinciples

– FUC (FUnandColor)

–ManyglobalspreeraontlikeComic Sans MS.

• Usebulletpoints,butavoidanimationasmuchaspossible.Globalswantlargechunksoinor-

mationinonego.

• Iyoudouseanimations,youmaychoosetousedierentkindsoanimation(choose‘Ran-

domeects’).

Anexampleoexercisesoranalyticsandglobalsmaybeoundat

http://www.sprog.asb.dk/OL/STARTPAKKE/Hjaelpemidler%20tysk.htm

under”øvelseisætningsanalyse”.

Soarwehavelookedatpresentationsthatarerunbythepresenter.ButthePowerPointpresenta-

tionsmayalsobeusedtoproducematerialorthelearnertouseindependently.Hereweshould

alsoollowasetoguidelinesthatbuildsonthosethathavealreadybeenpresented.However,

whenusedorexercisematerials,PowerPointunctionsdierentlybecausethereisnopresenterand

nohandout.

Materials for the analytic learner

• Basicprinciples

– P2W(Part toWhole)

–KISS(KeepItSimple,Stupid!).

• Avoidusingcoloredtext;useblacktext.

• Iyouwantvariation,useagreyshadeorthetext.

• Usebulletpointsandanimationortheindividualbulletsorchunksotext;use‘Flyin’with

direction‘Fromlet’. • Withinormationintables,itmaybeagoodideatolettheinormationontherighthandside

fyinromtheright.

• Othertypesoanimationshouldbeavoided.

PowerPointasexercisematerials



Documents

Ole Lauridsen 2007_learning Styles and Powerpoint, A New and Exciting Approach