OLD ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

Theme 6.

AIMS:AIMS:to identify the Celtic influence on Old Germanic, Old English, and later English;

to explore the Latin influence on Old English;

to figure out evidence for extensive Scandinavian

influence during the Old English period;

to understand the processes of word-building in

Old English.

Points for DiscussionPoints for Discussion

Introduction1. General Overview of the Old English Vocabulary2. Native Words3. Foreign Element in the Old English Vocabulary

3.1. Celtic Loans 3.2. Latin Loans 3.3. Scandinavian Influence

4. Word-Formation in Old English 4.1. Word Structure 4.2. Ways of Word-Formation

5 Stylistic Stratification of the Old English Vocabulary Conclusion

Key-Terms to Know Key-Terms to Know lexiconlexicon etymological layeretymological layer native wordsnative words common IE wordscommon IE words common Germanic wordscommon Germanic words specifically Old English wordsspecifically Old English words lexical invasionslexical invasions loans loans borrowingsborrowings word-formationword-formation word-derivationword-derivation word-compositionword-composition

Literature:Literature: Obligatory:Obligatory: David David CrystalCrystal. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of The . The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of The

English Language.—Cambridge University Press.—English Language.—Cambridge University Press.—1994.—PP. 22-271994.—PP. 22-27

Elly van Gelderen. A History of the English Elly van Gelderen. A History of the English Language. – John Benjamins Publishing Company.—Language. – John Benjamins Publishing Company.—Amsterdam/Philadelphia..—. 2006.—PP.90-99Amsterdam/Philadelphia..—. 2006.—PP.90-99

Valery V. Mykhailenko. Paradigmatics in the Valery V. Mykhailenko. Paradigmatics in the Evolution of English. - Chernivtsi, - 1999. PP 116-131Evolution of English. - Chernivtsi, - 1999. PP 116-131

T.A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English. - Moscow, T.A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English. - Moscow, 1983. - PP. 131-1481983. - PP. 131-148

L.Verba. History of the English language. - Vinnitsa, L.Verba. History of the English language. - Vinnitsa, 2004. - PP. 90-1012004. - PP. 90-101

AdditionalAdditional Аракин В. Д. История английского языка. - М., Аракин В. Д. История английского языка. - М.,

1985. - C. 1985. - C. 92-10292-102

OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARYOLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Native Words Borrowings

Common IE Words Celtic Loans

Common Germanic Words Latin Loans

Specifically OE Words Scandinavian

Influence

Common Indo-European Common Indo-European WordsWords

natural phenomena

plants and animals

agricultural terms

parts of the human body

terms of kinship

verbs adjectives pronouns numerals

Common Indo-European Words In OECommon Indo-European Words In OE

Terms of Kinship

OE German Greek Latin Ukrainian Sanscrit

fœder Vater pater pater

broþor Bruder frater брат

modor Mutter meter mater мати

dohtor Tochter thygater дочкa

sunu Sohn син sunu

Common Indo-European Words in OECommon Indo-European Words in OE ((continued)continued)

Natural phenomena, everyday objects and things

OE German Greek Latin Ukrainian Sanscrit

mona Mond mene

niht Nacht nox ніч nakt

treo, (treow) drus-oak дерево dru forest

woeter Wasser hydoe unda вода

fyr Feuer pyr

In the In the Indo-European stockIndo-European stock we find such we find such English wordsEnglish words as: as:

bull

crow

cat

fish

hare

hound

goose

mouse

wolf

hard

light

quick

right

red

slow

raw

thin

white

to bear

to come

to know

to lie

to mow

to sit

to sow

to stand

to work

to tear

Words of Common Germanic StockWords of Common Germanic Stock OEOE OHGOHG GtGt O Icel O Icel

NENE hand hant handus hợnd hand hant handus hợnd

handhand sand sant --- sandr sand sant --- sandr

sandsand eorþe erda airþa jợrð eorþe erda airþa jợrð

earthearth singan singan siggwan singva singan singan siggwan singva

singsing findan findan finþan finna findan findan finþan finna

findfind grēne gruoni --- grǽn grēne gruoni --- grǽn

greengreen steorfan sterban --- --- steorfan sterban --- ---

starvestarve

scrēap scâf --- --- scrēap scâf --- --- sheepsheep fox fuhs --- --- fox fuhs --- --- foxfox macian mahhon --- --- macian mahhon --- --- makemake hūs hûs hus hús hūs hûs hus hús househouse drincan trinkan drigkan drekka drincan trinkan drigkan drekka drinkdrink land lant land land land lant land land landland sǽ sēo saiws sǽr sǽ sēo saiws sǽr seasea wisdōm wístuom --- vísdómr wisdōm wístuom --- vísdómr wisdomwisdom

Specifically Old English WordsSpecifically Old English Words

These words are few:

OE NE

clipian call

brid bird

We include OE compounds formed from Germanic roots:

wīfman woman

consists of two roots and formed a compound only in OE:

OHG O Icel. NE OE Gt

wīb víf wife man mann

The ratio between common IE words, The ratio between common IE words, common Germanic words, and common Germanic words, and specifically OE words is: specifically OE words is: 2:1:0,52:1:0,5

IEwords

Germanic

OE

words

words

Native words of the OE vocabulary

Native Words ClassificationNative Words Classification

Words of Indo-European stock Words of Common Germanic

(having cognates in the stock (having parallels in vocabularies of different German, Dutch, Norwegian

Indo-European languages) etc. but none in French)

-1- -2-

1.Terms of kinship: 1. Nouns:

father, mother, son, acorn, apple, ankle, bath,

brother, daughter bear, berry, boy, bread

bull, breast, calf, child,

cow, crane, summer,

winter, storm, rain, ice,

Native words classification (Native words classification (continuedcontinued)) ground, bridge, dog, house,

shop, room, iron, lead, cloth,

hat, shirt, shoe, care, evil, hope,

life, need, rest

2. Calendar: sun, moon, 2. Verbs: bake, bind, burn, buy,

day, month, year break, can, come, drive, draw,

hear, keep, learn, make, meet,

rise, see, send, shoot

3. Names of animals and 3. Adjectives: broad, brown,

birds: bull, horse, cow, cold, cunning, dead, deaf,

sheep, dog, hen, goat, deep, damp

Native words classification Native words classification (continued(continued)) swine, fish, cat, crow, cock, goose, wolf, beaver

4. Parts of the body: arm, 4. Adverbs: behind, but, much, hand, eye, foot, heart, still, well, yet chin, bone

5. Common verbs: be, do, go, 5. Pronouns: I, he, we,

have, come, ask, eat, see, you, it, self, this

sit, send, sell, think, bear,

stand, love, kiss, drink, fly,

swim, help, beat

Native words classification Native words classification ((continuedcontinued))

6. Common adjectives: 6. Prepositions:

hard, quick, slow, white, by, for, in, of, to, with

black, wide, long, good, dark, bare

7. Most numerals 7. Most numerals

8. Words naming the most important objects and phenomena of nature: star, wind, water, wood, hill,

stone, door, tree

Native words. Characteristic featuresNative words. Characteristic features

Characteristic feature Illustration

1.High frequency value They constitute 80% of the

500 most frequent words.

2.Wide range of lexical Heel of Achilles; head over

and grammatical valency heels; cool one΄s heels;

take to one΄s heels; show a

clear pair of heels.

3.Developed polysemy Finger: 1) part of body

2) part of a glove

3) hand of a clock

Native words. Characteristic features Native words. Characteristic features ((continuedcontinued))

4. Monosyllabic structure Sun, go, do, door, tree.

5. Great word-building power Watch, watcher, watchful,

watchfulness, watch-out,

watchward, watch-dog.

6. Enter a number of set Be on the watch, watch one΄s

expressions step, keep watch, watchful

as a hawk.

Foreign Element in the Old English Foreign Element in the Old English VocabularyVocabulary

Celtic Latin Scandinavian

loans loans influence

three two results appeared

phases influences in OE, mainly ME

The Celtic languages influence The Celtic languages influence English in three phases English in three phases

The first phase involves loans into Germanic on the Continent

The second one covers adoptions into OE ( both before and after the Introduction of Christianity)

The third phase involves the influence of the Celtic languages after the OE period

(Elly van Gelderen)

The first phaseThe first phase——aa great deal of great deal of archaeological evidence of archaeological evidence of CelticCeltic presence presence

in in EuropeEurope before before 450450

Latin may have borrowed carrus “wagon”

lancia “lance”

Rhine

Danube

Armagnac

Cognac

Words such as dun “hill” are present are present in both

Celtic and Germanic.

OE O Celtic

beak bacc

The secondThe second phasephase——evidence of contacts evidence of contacts between between Old EnglishOld English and and CelticCeltic after after 450450

1.Place names: Thames, Avon, Don, Exe, Leeds, Arden, Usk, Wye, Dover, Dorchester, Cardiff, Belfast, Kent, London. 2.Landscape terms: cairn “heap of stones” glen “valley”, loch “lake”, torr “rock” or “peak” dolmen “rock”, bar “top”, bre “hill”, llyn “lake”, cumb “deep valley”.3.Irish missionaries introduced dry “magician”, anchor some Celtic into Old English “hermit”, story, cross, (during the 7th century) curse

The The third periodthird period of Celtic influence coved of Celtic influence coved the loans after the loans after the Germanic and Old the Germanic and Old

English periods afterEnglish periods after 14001400

The phrase “Celtic origin is out of the question” appears frequently, as in the case of basket, bachelor, and baron. Some clear borrowings are: clan

bard

plaid

slogan

shamrock

galore

whisky

vassal

HybridsHybrids(the Celtic component, combined with a Latin or a (the Celtic component, combined with a Latin or a

Germanic component, made a compound place-name)Germanic component, made a compound place-name)

Celtic plus Latin Celtic plus Germanic

Man-chester York-shire

Win-chester Corn-wall

Glow-cester Salis-bury

Wor-cester Lich-field

Devon-port Devon-shire

Lan-caster Canter-bury

Don-caster Wilt-shire

Ciren-cester Berk-shire

Some Some personal namespersonal names from from CelticCeltic

The Celtic names used by Anglo-Saxon nobility:

Cœdwalla- king of Wessex in 685

Ceadda

Cedd

Cealwin

Cerdic

Cumbra

Cædmon- the first Christian poet

of the 7th c.

Not a great influx of Celtic loanwords into OE remains one of the great puzzles in the history of the language. (see David Crystal. The Stories of English.—2004:33)

Early Latin Loans during the Early Latin Loans during the Continental Continental periodperiod

Old English New English Latin Origin

belt belt balteus

butere butter butyrum

camp field, battle campus

candel candle candela

catt cat cattus

ceaster city castra

cetel kettle catillus

cupp cup cuppa

cycene kitchen coquina

cyse cheese caseus

Early Latin Loans Early Latin Loans (continued)(continued)

Old English New English Latin Origin

draca dragon draco

mæsse mass missa

mil mile mille

minte mint menta

munuc monk monachus

mynster minster monasterium

panne pan panna

piper pepper piper

pise pea pisum

plante plant planta

Early Latin Loans Early Latin Loans (continued)(continued)

Old English New English Latin Origin

port door, gate porta

port harbour, town portus

pund pound pondo

sacc sack, bag saccus

sinoð council, synod synodus

stræt road strata

tigle tile tegula

weall wall vallum

win wine vinum

ynce inch uncia

Some of the words borrowed from LatinSome of the words borrowed from Latin450-650450-650

Old English New English Latin Origin

cocc cock coccus

cugle cowl cuculla

cyrtan to shorten curtus

forca fork furca

læden Latin ladinus

mægester master magister

nunne nun nonna

pere pear pirum

pinsian to reflect pensare

Some of the words borrowed from LatinSome of the words borrowed from Latin450-650 450-650 (continued)(continued)

Old English New English Latin Origin

punt punt, flat boat ponto

relic relic reliquia

renge spider aranea

seglian to seal sigillare

segn mark, sign signum

stropp strap stroppus

torr tower turris

turl ladle, trowel trolla

Some of the words borrowed from Some of the words borrowed from Latin Latin

650-1100650-1100Old English New English Latin Origin

altar alter altar

biblioþece library bibliotheca

creda creed, belief credo

cucumer cucumber cucumer

culpe guilt, fault culpa

Diacon deacon diaconus

fenester window fenestra

fers verse versus

grammatic grammar grammatica

Some of the words borrowed from Latin Some of the words borrowed from Latin 650-1100 650-1100 (continued)(continued)

Old English New English Latin Origin

Mamma breast mamma

Notere notary notarius

Offrian sacrifice, offer offere

Orgel organ organum

Papa pope papa

Philosoph philosopher philosophus

Predician preach praedicare

Regol religious rule regula

Sabbat sabbath sabbatum

Scol school scola

Some words borrowed Some words borrowed twicetwice from Latin from Latin during the Old English periodduring the Old English period

Early loan Later loan NE Latin origin

Celc calic cup calicem

Cliroc cleric cleric clericus

Læden latin Latin latinus

Leahtric lactuca lettuce lactuca

Minte menta mint menta

Spynge sponge sponge spongea

Some of the words borrowed from Old Some of the words borrowed from Old Norse in the Old English period: early Norse in the Old English period: early

borrowings (pre-1016)borrowings (pre-1016)

OE NE Old Norse

barða/barda beaked ship barð

ceallian call kalla

dreng warrior drengr

feolaga fellow, mate felagi

husting tribunal husþing

lagu law log

ora Danish coin aurar

targe small shield targa

wrang wrong vrang

Some loans from ScandinavianSome loans from ScandinavianNouns Anger, bull, calf, cake, crop, egg,

fellow, gate, guest, kid, knife, root,

score, sky, skin, skirt, window, wing;

Adjectives Flat, ill, low, loose, odd, rotten, ugly;

Verbs Cast, call, drown, die, guess, thrust,

get, give, raise, scream, seem,

scare, take, thrive, want;

Pronouns They, their, them, same, both;

Forming

Elements Are (to be), -s (3rd person singular)

Scandinavian place namesScandinavian place namesNorwegian Ending in –by,( “farm/town”)—Derby,

Rugby, Naseby, Grimsby

Whitby;

Danish -toft “homestead” and

-thorpe “village”—Lowestoft,

Eastoft, Sandtoft;

Althorp, Astonthorpe,

Linthorpe;

Old English (in contrast ) -borough “fortified place”,

-ham, -ing, -stow, -sted,

-hall, -wic, -ton “village”

According to their morphological structureAccording to their morphological structureOE wordsOE words fell into 3 main types: fell into 3 main types:

simple words derived words compound words

(“root-words”-- (one root-morpheme (more than one

one root- morpheme) and affixes) root-morpheme)

e.g. land, singan, e.g. be-ginnan; e.g. mann-cynn;

gōd; ge-met-ing; weall-geat;

(NE land, sing, (NE begin, (NE mankind,

good); meeting); wall gate);

Two ways of Word-Formation:Two ways of Word-Formation:

Derivation Word-Composition

Affixes: prefixes/suffixes; First components—stems of

Sound Interchange ; nouns, adjectives and verbs;

Word Stress; second components—nouns;

e.g. ā-gān—go away; e,g. bōc-cræft “literature”;

lang—lengþu (long—length) gōd-dǽd “good deed”;

rīdan—rād [i:-a:] Class I, str.v. wīd-cūþ “widely known”;

΄ondswaru n.—ond-΄swarian v. hām-cyme, “home-coming”

Stylistic Stratification of the Old English Stylistic Stratification of the Old English VocabularyVocabulary

neutral words learned words poetic words

(highest frequency (religious, legal (wealth of

of occurrence) character) synonyms)

e.g. mann, bēon e.g. L. animæ domus e.g. 37 words

“dwelling of the soul” for the

concept

“warrior”;

12-”battle”;

17-”sea”;

Questions for Self-ControlQuestions for Self-Control

The OLD The OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY ENGLISH VOCABULARY :: How did it change? Why did it change?How did it change? Why did it change? Compare the Proto-Germanic vocabulary and Compare the Proto-Germanic vocabulary and

the OE vocabulary the OE vocabulary ; ; b) Describe the means of the word-building in b) Describe the means of the word-building in

OE OE c) Identifyc) Identify llinguistic and extra-linguistic factors inguistic and extra-linguistic factors

that influenced the growth and enrichment of that influenced the growth and enrichment of the English vocabularythe English vocabulary;;

d) define td) define the structure of the English vocabulary he structure of the English vocabulary in the OE periodin the OE period;;

Questions for Self-Control Questions for Self-Control

(continued(continued)) What words are common Indo-European? What words are common Indo-European? What did the common Germanic word What did the common Germanic word

denote denote ?? What means of word-building were used in What means of word-building were used in

OE? OE? What types of word-composition were What types of word-composition were

used in OEused in OE?? . What languages were the . What languages were the sources of borrowing words in OE? sources of borrowing words in OE?