Olaf the Peacock

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Olaf the Peacock

Map of the district of the Laxdla saga, from an English language translation

Olaf the Peacock (Old Norse: lafr Pi) or

Olaf Hoskuldsson (lafr Hskuldsson) (c.

9381006)[1] was a merchant and chieftain

of the early Icelandic Commonwealth, who

was nicknamed "the Peacock" because of

his proud bearing and magnificent

wardrobe. He is a major character in the

Laxdaela Saga and is mentioned in a

number of other Icelandic sources. The son

of a slave woman, Olaf became one of the

wealthiest landowners in Iceland and played

a major role in its politics and society during

the latter half of the tenth century. In

addition to the Laxdaela Saga in which he

takes a leading role, Olaf also is mentioned in Egil's Saga, Njal's Saga, Gunnlaugs saga, Kormaks saga, Grettir's

Saga and theLandnmabk, among others.

Birth and upbringing

Olaf was the son of Hoskuld Dala-Kollsson, a chieftain who lived in the Laxardal region.[2] According toLaxdaela

Saga, Hoskuld purchased a mute thrall-woman from a Rus' merchant on Brnn while on a trading expedition to

Norway, and made her his concubine while away from his wife Jorunn Bjarnadottir.[3] When Hoskuld returned home

to Iceland, he took the concubine with him. Despite Jorunn's irritation, the concubine was accepted into Hoskuld's

household, though he remained faithful to Jorunn while in Iceland. The following winter the concubine gave birth to

a son, to whom they gave the name Olaf after Hoskuld's uncle, Olaf Feilan, who had recently died.[4]Landnmabk

mentions that Hoskuld and Melkorka had another son, Helgi, but he does not appear in Laxdaela.[5] According to

Laxdaela Saga, Olaf was a precocious child, and could speak and walk perfectly by the age of two. One day Hoskuld

discovered Olaf's mother speaking to her son; she was not, in fact, mute. [6] When he confronted her she told him that

she was an Irish princess named Melkorka carried off in a viking raid, and that her father was an Irish king named

"Myrkjartan" (Muirchertach).[7] Shortly thereafter squabbling between Jorunn and Melkorka forced Hoskuld to

move his concubine and his son by her to a different farm, which thereafter was known as Melkorkustead. [8]

At the age of seven, over his mother's objections, Olaf became the foster son and heir of a wealthy but childless goi

named Thord, who was at the time engaged in complex litigation with the kinsmen of his ex-wife VigdisIngjaldsdottir (another descendent of Thorstein the Red). Olaf's adoption complicated the issues in the suit and

threatened to lead to a blood feud, but Hoskuld arranged a settlement and compensated Vigdis' kinsmen with gifts. [9]

By fostering Olaf Thord gained the protection of the powerful Hoskuld, and Hoskuld secured an inheritance for his

illegitimate son beyond the limited amount he was permitted to leave to Olaf under Icelandic law.[10] Olaf

accompanied Thord to the Althing when he was twelve years old, and his fancy clothing earned him the admiring

nickname "the Peacock."[11]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Althinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Althinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gragashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_feudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vigdis_Ingjaldsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vigdis_Ingjaldsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go%C3%B0ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foster_sonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melkorkusteadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muirchertachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melkorkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Feilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorunn_Bjarnadottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concubinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A4nn%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laxardalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoskuld_Dala-Kollssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3khttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grettir%27s_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grettir%27s_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kormaks_sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnlaugs_sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Njal%27s_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil%27s_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laxdaela_Sagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Norsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALaxdaela_Saga_-_Map_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17803.jpg


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Career abroad

Around 956, Olaf, at Melkorka's urging, decided to go abroad to seek his fortune. Hoskuld was opposed and would

not provide trade wares, and the property of Olaf's foster-father Thord was mostly in immobile goods and land. In

part to arrange financing for his expedition, his mother Melkorka married Thorbjorn the Feeble, a farmer who had

previously assisted her in the management of Melkorkustead. Melkorka and Thorbjorn had a son named Lambi. [12]

Olaf sailed to Norway with Orn, a sea-captain and hirdman of King Harald Greycloak. He gained great honor atHarald's court, and was a favorite of the king's mother Gunnhild, who had, according to Icelandic sources, been the

lover of Olaf's uncle Hrut Herjolfsson.[13] When Olaf expressed a desire to find his mother's people in Ireland,

Gunnhild financed his voyage.[14]

Olaf set sail for Ireland with Orm to find his mother's people, taking with him tokens and gifts from Melkorka to her

father and her nursemaid.[15] During the voyage, their ship became lost in a fog; upon arriving in Ireland they were

stranded far outside the protection of the Norse-Gaelic longphorts.[16] The ship was attacked by local Irishmen,

despite the efforts of Olaf, who spoke the Gaelic language, to negotiate safe passage with them. [17]

As luck would have it, the local king arrived on the scene, and proved to be Olaf's alleged grandfather Myrkjartan.

Olaf remained with Myrkjartan for a time, and the king, according to Laxdaela Saga, even offered to make Olaf his

heir. Olaf, however, ultimately returned to Norway, afraid of provoking Myrkjartan's sons.[18] Olaf returned to the

court of King Harald, where he was greatly honored by both the king and his mother Gunnhild. [19]

Return to Iceland

Olaf's father in law Egill Skallagrmsson, from a 17th

century manuscript of Egils Saga

Olaf returned home around 957 with great wealth. Upon his return,

his father Hoskuld arranged a marriage for him with Thorgerd

Egilsdottir, the daughter of Egil Skallagrimsson.[20] Thorgerd was

initially reluctant to marry the son of a slave, refusing to believe

that Olaf's mother was a princess. However, she ultimately agreed

to the match after an hours-long private conversation with Olaf. At

the wedding Olaf gave Egil an ornate sword from Ireland.[21] Olaf

and Thorgerd lived happily together at Hoskuldstead for some

time. Around 962 Olaf's foster father Thord died, leaving Olaf his

property and goor Olaf bought land and built a new homestead

at Hjardarholt, which, according to the saga, he had to cleanse of

the draugr of its former owner, Killer-Hrapp. As time went on

people began to settle near Olaf's hall and regarded him as their

goi. Olaf's ever-increasing wealth caused jealousy from

Hoskuld's wife Jorunn. Around the same time Olaf and Thorgerd

had a daughter, Thurid.[22] Hjardarholt was renowned for its rich

decorations; some two decades later, the skald lfr Uggason

composed the famous poem Hsdrpa, about certain mythological

scenes illustrated on the walls of Olaf's hall.[23]

Olaf's half-sister Hallgerd Hoskuldsdottir married Gunnar Hmundarson, a chieftain who lived at Hlarendi in

southern Iceland, during this period.[24] Olaf and Gunnar became close friends.[25]

Hoskuld died around 965, leaving Olaf a full mark of gold, causing tension between Olaf and Hoskuld's legitimate

sons, Bard and Thorleik.[26] As an illegitimate son, Olaf was entitled to one mark of his father's wealth; this was,

however, customarily understood to be a mark of silver and not gold. Olaf eased the tension by paying one-third of

the communal funeral feast for Hoskuld.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorleik_Hoskuldssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bard_Hoskuldssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_%28mass%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hl%C3%AD%C3%B0arendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallgerd_Hoskuldsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BAsdr%C3%A1pahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Alfr_Uggasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skaldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thurid_Olafsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draugrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hjardarholthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go%C3%B0or%C3%B0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Skallagrimssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorgerd_Egilsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorgerd_Egilsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEgil_Skallagrimsson_17c_manuscript.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaelic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longphorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norse-Gaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nursemaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrut_Herjolfssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnhild_Mother_of_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_Greycloakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirdmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorbjorn_the_Feeblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade


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Olaf and Thorgerd had a number of children after Thurid, the sons Kjartan (named after King Myrkjartan), [27]

Steinthor, Halldor, Helgi, and Hoskuld and the daughters Thorbjorg, Thorgerd and Berghora. The ill-fated Kjartan

would be his father's favorite.[28]

Second expedition to Norway and aftermath

Jarl Haakon Sigurdsson. Illustration by Christian

Krohg.

Around 975, over his wife's objections, Olaf went on a second

expedition to Norway. There he stayed with a viking named

Geirmund the Noisy and visited Haakon Jarl, the latter of whom

gave him a cargo of timber to take home as a gift. On his return

Olaf reluctantly brought Geirmund with him. and Geirmund fell in

love with Olaf's daughter Thurid. Though Olaf was opposed to the

match, Geirmund bribed Thorgerd to be his advocate, and Olaf

relented. The marriage was an unhappy one, and after three years

Geirmund decided to return home without leaving any money for

the support of his ex-wife and daughter. Enraged, Thurid boarded

his ship before he departed, stole his famous sword "Leg-Biter,"

and left their infant daughter Groa on the ship. Geirmund cursed

the sword, and on his return to Norway he and all of his shipmates,

including little Groa, were drowned.[29]

Later years

During the closing years of the tenth century, Olaf's kinsman and friend Gunnar became embroiled in a blood feud

with several neighboring landowners. A settlement was reached whereby Gunnar would accept "lesser outlawry," a

three-year exile, but after agreeing to the settlement Gunnar refused to leave Iceland. Olaf tried to protect hiskinsman but was unsuccessful, and Gunnar was killed by his enemies.[30] Olaf's favorite son Kjartan traveled abroad

with his beloved cousin Bolli Thorleiksson. The two were very close. Ultimately, however, they grew apart when

Bolli married Kjartan's lover Gurn svfursdttir. According to Oddr Snorrason, Olaf had predicted that strife

would ensue between Kjartan and Bolli.[31] Tensions between the cousins grew until a full-blown blood feud ended

with Kjartan being killed by Bolli in 1003. Ironically, Bolli killed Kjartan with the sword "Leg-biter," which had

been given to him as a gift by his cousin Thurid, Kjartan's sister. [32] Olaf refused to prosecute Bolli for the killing,

and arranged for him to pay a fine instead; by sharp contrast, he had Gudrun's brothers, who had goaded Bolli to

fight his cousin, driven into exile.[33] Jesse Byock contrasted Olaf's magnanimity towards Bolli with the blood feud

mentality of his wife Thorgerd:

Olaf knows that Kjartan, who was involved in a love triangle with Bolli and Bolli's wife GudrunOsvifrsdottir, caused his own downfall by acting aggressively. In Icelandic terms, Kjartan had surpassed

the acceptable limits of immoderation. Whereas Olaf wants to maintain the solidarity of the larger

family, keeping workable relations with his siblings and their children, Thorgerd's concerns are

different. She focuses more narrowly on the honour of her nuclear family. [34]

Olaf died in 1006, and Olaf's widow Thorgerd subsequently directed a number of revenge-killings herself, including

that of Thorkel, a man who had witnessed Kjartan's death but been indifferent to it and had not intervened. [35] Bolli

was killed by Olaf's sons and their allies in a raid led by Thorgerd. [36] Some twelve years later, Gudrun, with the help

of her friend Snorri Goi, had a number of Bolli's murderers killed in revenge. [37]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorri_Go%C3%B0ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorri_Go%C3%B0ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Byockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oddr_Snorrasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn_%C3%93sv%C3%ADfursd%C3%B3ttirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolli_Thorleikssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outlawryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haakon_Jarlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geirmund_the_Noisyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOlav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Geirmund_Haakon_jarl_-_C._Krohg.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kjartan


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Notes

[1][1] Magnusson 267

[2] Hoskuld was the grandson of Thorstein the Red through his daughter Thorgerd Thorsteinsdottir.Laxdaela Saga 5 (Magnusson 53).

[3] Lax. 12 (Magnusson 63).


[5][5] Ari 2:18.

[6] Lax. 13 (Magnusson 68).[7] Lax. 13 (Magnusson 68). Magnusson notes that there were a number of contemporary Irish petty kings by this name. Magnusson 68 at n.1



[10][10] Byock 279-281.



[13] Ordower 4161;Njal's Saga 35 (Hollander 713); cf.Lax. 19 (Magnusson 82).



[16] Lax. 21 (Magnusson 9091); Forte 328329.




[20][20] Oddr 156 (Shepton 222).

[21] Lax. 23 (Magnusson 98100); cf. Egil's Saga 79 (Scudder 168).

[22] Lax. 24 (Magnusson 101102).


[24] Njal. 33 (Hollander 6163).

[25] Njal. 5970 (Hollander 118138).


[27][27] Oddr 156 (Shepton 222).

[28] Lax. 28 (Magnusson 110)

[29] Lax. 30 (Magnusson 112114).

[30] Njal. 7477. (Hollander 144151).

[31][31] Oddr 157 (Shepton 224).[32] Lax. 3249 (Magnusson 117177).

[33] Lax. 51 (Magnusson 179181).

[34][34] Byock 200.

[35][35] Pencak 73

[36] Lax. 5155 (Magnusson 180188); Pencak 73-74.

[37][37] Pencak 73-75.

References

Ari the Learned; Ellwood, T. (transl.) (1898). The Book of the Settlement of Iceland(http://books.google.com/

books?id=W5APAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&

f=false) (Landnmabk). Kendal: T. Wilson, Printer and Publisher.

Byock, Jesse (2001). Viking Age Iceland. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-029115-5.

Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; and Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires (http://books.google.com/

books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 0-521-82992-5.

Hollander, Lee M. (transl.) (1999).Njal's Saga (http://books.google. com/books?id=Wbzz-pVXeh4C&

printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Wordsworth. ISBN

1-85326-785-6.

Jones, Gwyn (1984).A History of the Vikings (http://books.google. com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&

printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). 2nd ed. London: Oxford

Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-280134-1
http://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=Wbzz-pVXeh4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=Wbzz-pVXeh4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_M._Hollanderhttp://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3khttp://books.google.com/books?id=W5APAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=W5APAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=W5APAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ari_%C3%9Eorgilssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petty_kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorgerd_Thorsteinsdottirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorstein_the_Red


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Olaf the Peacock 5

Magnusson, Magnus; and Plsson, Hermann (transl.) (1969).Laxdaela Saga (http://books.google.com/

books?id=um91wPf9c7MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&

f=false). Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044218-9

Oddr Snorrason; Shepton, J. (transl.) (1895). The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason who reigned over Norway: A.D.

995 to A.D. 1000 (http://books.google.com/books?id=fZwTAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&

source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Nutt.

Ordower, Henry. "Exploring the Literary Function of Law and Litigation in 'Njal's Saga.'" Cardozo Studies in

Law and Literature, Vol. 3, No. 1 (SpringSummer 1991), pp. 4161.

Pencak, William (1984). The Conflict of Law and Justice in the Icelandic Sagas (http://books.google.com/

books?id=beI5n7OVp9IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false).

Rodopi.

Scudder, Bernard (transl.) (2005)Egil's Saga (http://books.google.com/books?id=HJ-GQwlzVTgC&

printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Penguin Classics. ISBN

0-14-044321-5
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Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and ContributorsOlaf the Peacock Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=550629252 Contributors: Berig, Briangotts, David Gerard, Deanlaw, Delirium, Dsp13, EdmundT, Haukurth, IlmariKaronen, JG 28, John of Reading, Koavf, Maunus, Postdlf, Rich Farmbrough, 4 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Laxdaela Saga - Map - Project Gutenberg eText 17803.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Laxdaela_Saga_-_Map_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17803.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Pieter Kuiper, Rmih, Tagishsimon

File:Egil Skallagrimsson 17c manuscript.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egil_Skallagrimsson_17c_manuscript.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:Tiina357, , 1 anonymous edits

File:Olav Tryggvasons saga - Geirmund Haakon jarl - C. Krohg.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Geirmund_Haakon_jarl_-_C._Krohg.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jorunn, Solbris

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