By

Dr.Amer Shaier

Studying the oil sorption of Studying the oil sorption of an agriculture waste as a an agriculture waste as a sorbent material in sorbent material in simulated field conditions simulated field conditions to examine the possibility to examine the possibility of its use in oil spill clean-of its use in oil spill clean-up.up.

Operational failuresLoading, discharging, bunkering

AccidentsCollisionStructural damagesFires & explosions

Intentional dumping of oilWaste crude oil being dumped illegally War or Terrorist act

When oil is spilled into a marine environment, it is subject to several processes including spreading, drifting, evaporation, dissolution, photolysis, biodegradation and formation of water–oil emulsions. Oil spreading is likely to occur, especially if the sea surface is still. In the peculiar environment of rivers, pollutants are driven along the stream. In open seas or in harbors, the consequences of pollutants are often severe because of the action of local or tidal currents

It has human It has human effect.effect.It affects the It affects the marine life.marine life.

The effectof oil spill

The effect of oil spill

Whenever oil is explored, transported and stored and its derivatives are used there is risk of spillage with the potential to cause significant environmental impact.Pollution by petroleum oils affects sea life, economy, tourism and leisure activities because of the coating properties of these materials. Oil spills harm the beauty of polluted sites, the strong odor can be felt miles away and the excessive growth of green algae alters sea color and the landscape

CLEAN-UP TECHNIQUES ON WATER

Clean-up techniques on water are essentially either mechanical techniques and/or chemical treatments. Leave alone action can also be considered, as a method of clean-up. 

Physical Methods

In-situ burning 

It has Bad impact effects onIt has Bad impact effects on

Health and environmentalHealth and environmental

Mechanical Methods

Limitations & principle.Limitations & principle.Floating booms for the collection of oil or prevention of oil spreading come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. In spite of this

booms will not operate properly when

waves are higher than one meter or currents are moving faster than one knot per hour

Chemical Methods

Limitations & principle.Dispersants Oil spill dispersants are a mixture of surface-active materials in one or more solvents chosen to cope with requirements. They used to:• Decrease the interfacial tension between the oil and the water.• Enhance the dispersion of the oil into fine droplets on the water surface and in the water column.• Prevent coalescence of oil droplets after dispersion.• Rapidly disperse the oil mainly on the water surface and partly in the water column, quickly lowering the oil concentration.• Enhance the biodegradation processes.

Sorbent definition .

Sorbents are insoluble Sorbents are insoluble materials or mixtures materials or mixtures of materials used to recover of materials used to recover liquids through liquids through the mechanism of the mechanism of absorption, or adsorption,absorption, or adsorption, or both. or both.

Performance characteristics.

Operational characteristics.

Characteristics of sorbents

Performance characteristics Reusable.

Oleophilic& hydrophobic .

Surface area

Rate of sorption .

High retention capacity

Buoyant

High sorption capacity.

Disposal.

Cost

Good performance characteristics

Supply.

Operational characteristics.

Types of sorbents.

a.a.Natural inorganic Natural inorganic sorbents .sorbents .

b.b.Synthetic Synthetic polymeric sorbent.polymeric sorbent.

c.c.Natural organic Natural organic sorbents. sorbents.

Experimental work

The objective of this work is to provide an efficient, easily deployable method of cleaning up oil spills and recovering of the oil, it is important to provide a safe system for oil removal and recovery.

The main goal in this work is not only to provide an

environmentally acceptable method of

cleaning up oil spills but also to get an applicable

technique, which allows its recovery.

Aim of work

Raw materials

1- Crude oil prepared by weathering. 2- Agriculture waste prepared by washing, drying and crushing.

  ASTM, 1999 F726-99: Standard Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents,

vol. 11.04, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA,

Procedure

1- Put 500 ml artificial sea water & 40 ml of weathered oil.2- Spread 1gm of sorbent on the surface and

leave to sorbe under simulated field conditions.

3- Calculate the sorption capacity.

Treatment (carbonization)

Aim of workAim of work

To improve the To improve the oleophilic & oleophilic & hydrophobic hydrophobic caracteristics of caracteristics of bith bagassebith bagasse

Procedure

1.Crush the pith bagasse to the required size.2. Put the crushed pith bagasse in a steles steel tube

3. Heat the tube in the muffle furnace to various temperatures ranging from 200-600 °C and maintained at the selected temperature for different periods of time ranging from 1-3 hours

4.carbonized pith bagasse packed into a nonwoven polypropylene bag

Effect on sorption time

1. Sorption time1. Sorption time 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

One day weathered oil Sorbed water with one day weathered oil

Seven day weathered oil Sorbed water with seven day weathered oil

Gas oil Sorbed water with fuel oil

Oil/

wat

er s

orpt

ion

capa

city

(g/

g f

iber

)

Time (min)

2. Desorption time2. Desorption time

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

One day weathered oil Seven day weathered oil Gas oil

�

So

rben

t h

old

ing

cap

acit

y (

g/

g f

iber

)

Time in min

3. Weight of sorbent3. Weight of sorbent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

One day weathered oil Seven day weathered oil Gas oil

�

Am

ou

nt o

f so

rbed

(g

)

Weight of sorbentWeight of sorbent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

One day weathered oilSorbed water with one day weathered oil Seven day weathered oilSorbed water with seven day weathered oil Gas oilSorbed water with gas oil

�

Number of sorption cycles

5. Comparison between 5. Comparison between the Prepared Carbonized the Prepared Carbonized bagasse and the bagasse and the Commercial Sorbents.Commercial Sorbents.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Pad of carbonized pithbagasse

Oil-only sorbent whitesheet

Adsorbe-IT filtrationfabric gray sheet

One day weathered oil Sorbed water with one day weathered oil Seven day weathered oil Sorbed water with seven day weathered oil Gas oil Sorbed water with gas oil Fuel oil Sorbed water with fuel oil

Oil

/ wat

er s

orpt

ion

capa

city

(g/

g f

iber

)

The present results reveal that the use of carbonized pith bagasse packed into a nonwoven polypropylene bag is found to be effective in recovering different kind of oil spilled on water.

The following deductions were proved:-

•The carbonized pith bagasse in the form of a pad studied is an excellent sorbent for oils, and under simulated field conditions (artificial water with oil layer).

•The holding capacity of the pad was found good for the different kind of oil which means that the pad can be left without dripping the sorbed oil.

•The recovery of heavy oils sorbed into carbonized pith bagasse was performed using filtration under mild suction at room temperature, which seems to be a more practical process because carbonized pith bagasse can be recovered without serious disruption of its characteristically bulky morphology for 8 times. However, the sorption capacity was found to decrease with its recycling.

•Comparative studies with a commercial sorbent material (Adsorbe-IT filtration fabric, Oil-only sorbent) demonstrated various advantages of the carbonized pith. The carbonized pith bagasse has a greater sorption capacity for oils and inexpensive.

•Based on the total results obtained the pad containing carbonized pith bagasse can be used as sorbent for oil spill cleanup.