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FIR
ST2
01
9 C
IVIC
CA
LEN
DA
R
“Con
gres
s sh
all m
ake
no la
w r
espe
ctin
g an
est
ablis
hmen
t
of r
elig
ion,
or
proh
ibiti
ng th
e fr
ee e
xerc
ise
ther
eof;
or a
brid
ging
the
free
dom
of s
peec
h, o
r of
the
pres
s; o
r th
e ri
ght o
f
the
peop
le p
eace
ably
to a
ssem
ble,
and
to p
etit
ion
the
gove
rnm
ent f
or a
red
ress
of g
riev
ance
s.”
The N
atio
nal C
onst
itut
ion
Cent
er is
ple
ased
to in
trod
uce
this
ye
ar’s
Civ
ic C
alen
dar,
expl
orin
g th
e ri
ghts
and
free
dom
s pr
otec
ted
by th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t to
the
U.S
. Con
stit
utio
n.
Ove
r th
e co
urse
of t
he y
ear,
we
will
exa
min
e th
e hi
stor
y of
eac
h cl
ause
of
this
cru
cial
con
stitu
tiona
l pro
visi
on a
nd h
ow th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t is
und
erst
ood
toda
y. T
he c
alen
dar
coin
cide
s w
ith
the
Nat
iona
l Co
nsti
tuti
on C
ente
r’s
late
st in
itia
tive
to e
xpan
d un
ders
tand
ing
of
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent.
Inte
rest
ed in
join
ing
the
conv
ersa
tion
?
The
Cent
er h
as n
ew le
sson
pla
ns, e
duca
tion
al v
ideo
s, a
nd m
ore
lear
ning
mat
eria
l for
you
on
cons
titut
ionc
ente
r.org
/lea
rn.
Thes
e re
sour
ces
are
free
and
will
sup
port
cla
ssro
om le
arni
ng a
nd
inst
ruct
ion
as y
ou ta
ke a
n in
-dep
th lo
ok a
t the
topi
cs in
trod
uced
in
this
cal
enda
r. W
e su
gges
t sta
rtin
g of
f wit
h th
e In
tera
ctiv
e Co
nstit
utio
n to
fully
exp
lore
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent.
This
onl
ine
pl
atfo
rm fe
atur
es e
ssay
s w
ritt
en b
y to
p sc
hola
rs fr
om a
cros
s th
e id
eolo
gica
l spe
ctru
m. V
isit
cons
titut
ionc
ente
r.org
/con
stitu
tion.
UN
DE
RS
TAN
DIN
G T
HE
FIR
ST
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
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l: 2
15.4
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l: g
roup
sale
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nsti
tuti
once
nter
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JAN
UA
RY
MA
RTI
N L
UTH
ER K
ING
JR
. DA
Y
12
34
5
67
89
1011
12
1314
1516
1718
19
20
2122
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Mil
lard
Fil
lmor
e (1
800)
Pre
side
nt A
brah
am L
inco
ln
issu
es th
e Em
anci
patio
n P
rocl
amat
ion
(186
3)
Mus
eum
Clo
sed
Bir
thda
y of
Con
stit
utio
nal
Con
vent
ion
dele
gate
B
enja
min
Fra
nkli
n (1
706)
18th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
proh
ibit
s m
anuf
actu
re,
sale
, an
d tr
ansp
orta
tion
of
into
xica
tin
g li
quor
s (1
919)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt R
icha
rd
Nix
on (1
913)
Har
vey
Mil
k be
com
es th
e fir
st
open
ly g
ay m
an to
hol
d el
ecte
d offi
ce in
the
U.S
. (19
78)
Bir
thda
y of
Con
stit
utio
nal
Con
vent
ion
dele
gate
an
d fi
rst S
ecre
tary
of
the
Trea
sury
Ale
xand
er
Ham
ilto
n (1
757)
20th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
pres
iden
tial
inau
gura
tion
s m
ove
to J
anua
ry (1
933)
24th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
abol
ish
es p
oll t
ax (1
964)
$5 A
DM
ISS
ION
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Wil
liam
McK
inle
y (1
84
3)B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
Fr
ankl
in D
. Roo
seve
lt (1
882
)
In H
azel
woo
d v.
Kuh
lmei
er
(198
8), t
he
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
rul
es t
hat s
choo
l ad
min
istr
ator
s m
ay c
enso
r st
uden
t new
spap
ers
to p
rote
ct t
he
sch
ool’s
ac
adem
ic m
issi
on
Bir
thda
y of
Mar
tin
Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. (19
29)
In N
ew J
erse
y v.
T.L
.O. (
1985
) th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt a
llow
s
scho
ol a
dmin
istr
ator
s to
sea
rch
stud
ents
’ bel
ongi
ngs
if th
ey
have
a r
easo
nabl
e su
spic
ion
of
cri
min
al a
ctiv
ity
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
MA
RTI
N L
UTH
ER
KIN
G J
R. D
AY
OF
SER
VIC
E
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• C
eleb
rate
the
life
of M
arti
n Lu
ther
Kin
g Jr
. wit
h a
mov
ing
read
ing
of
Kin
g’s
“I H
ave
a D
ream
” sp
eech
,
fam
ily c
once
rts,
edu
cati
onal
prog
ram
s, a
nd c
raft
act
ivit
ies.
• H
elp
out l
ocal
sch
ools
and
she
lter
s
by le
ndin
g a
hand
with
our
ser
vice
proj
ects
.
• E
njoy
$5
adm
issi
on o
n
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr. D
ay.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• G
ive
stud
ents
a “
hall
pass
” to
trav
el
thro
ugh
Am
eric
an h
isto
ry! T
une
into
Cons
titut
ion
Hal
l Pas
s on
line
vide
o
less
ons
and
live
chat
s. T
his
mon
th
wat
ch o
ur e
piso
de o
n M
artin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr.
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/h
allp
ass
You
can
also
dow
nloa
d ou
r ap
p! V
isit
cons
titut
ionc
ente
r.org
/con
stitu
tion
FE
BR
UA
RY
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
MA
RC
H
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Vis
it o
ur
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titu
tion
fo
r es
says
fr
om to
p sc
hola
rs
from
acr
oss
the
poli
tica
l sp
ectr
um!
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
Le
t’s b
egin
wit
h th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t tex
t: “ C
ongr
ess
shal
l mak
e no
law
re
spec
ting
an
esta
blis
hmen
t of
reli
gion
, or
proh
ibit
ing
the
free
ex
erci
se th
ereo
f; or
abr
idgi
ng
the
free
dom
of s
peec
h, o
r of
the
pres
s; o
r th
e ri
ght o
f the
peo
ple
peac
eabl
y to
ass
embl
e, a
nd to
pe
titi
on th
e go
vern
men
t for
a
redr
ess
of g
riev
ance
s.”
WH
AT
IS T
HE
FIR
ST?
The F
irst
Am
endm
ent
outl
ines
man
y of
th
e fr
eedo
ms
that
Am
eric
ans
hold
mos
t de
ar, b
ut w
here
did
thes
e id
eas
com
e fr
om?
Wha
t tie
s th
em a
ll to
geth
er?
And
how
do
they
sha
pe A
mer
ican
dem
ocra
cy?
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es fo
unde
rs b
elie
ved
our
opin
ions
wer
e th
e pr
oduc
t of r
easo
n—th
e po
wer
of t
he m
ind
to th
ink,
un
ders
tand
, and
form
opi
nion
s an
d ju
dgm
ents
—an
d th
at th
is p
roce
ss s
houl
d N
OT
be c
ontr
olle
d by
th
e go
vern
men
t. In
stea
d, w
e m
ust h
ave
the
righ
t to
thin
k, b
elie
ve, a
rgue
, and
wor
ship
free
ly a
nd, i
n tu
rn, t
o ex
pres
s ou
r be
liefs
to o
ur fe
llow
cit
izen
s an
d to
our
gov
ernm
ent a
s fr
eely
as
poss
ible
. Tha
t id
ea—
free
dom
of c
onsc
ienc
e—is
the
core
of t
he
Firs
t Am
endm
ent.
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
Cal
l: 2
15.4
09.6
800
Emai
l: g
roup
sale
s@co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
PR
ES
IDE
NT
S D
AY
WE
EK
EN
D P
RO
GR
AM
S
FEB
RU
AR
Y
45
67
89
1011
1213
1415
16
1718
19 26
27
28
20
2122
23
24
25
15th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
votin
g ri
ghts
can
not b
e de
nied
on
acc
ount
of r
ace
(187
0)
16th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
esta
blis
hes
a f
eder
al
inco
me
tax
(191
3)B
irth
day
of R
osa
Par
ks,
civi
l rig
hts
pion
eer
(191
3)B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
R
onal
d R
eaga
n (1
911)
11th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
affirm
s st
ates
’ sov
erei
gn
imm
unit
y (1
795)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Wil
liam
Hen
ry H
arri
son
(177
3)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Abr
aham
Lin
coln
(180
9)
NA
AC
P f
oun
ded
in
New
Yor
k C
ity
(190
9)
Obs
erve
d bi
rth
day
of
Fred
eric
k D
ougl
ass,
ab
olit
ioni
st le
ader
(181
8)
Th
e C
onfe
dera
tion
Con
gres
s pa
sses
a r
esol
utio
n in
fa
vor
of a
Con
stit
utio
nal
Con
vent
ion
(178
7)
Bir
thda
y of
Con
stit
utio
nal
Con
vent
ion
pres
iden
t an
d fi
rst p
resi
dent
of t
he
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
(173
2)
Hir
am R
hode
s R
evel
s is
sw
orn
in a
s th
e fi
rst A
fric
an-
Am
eric
an U
nite
d S
tate
s S
enat
or (1
870)
FR
EE
AD
MIS
SIO
N
cour
tesy
of T
D B
ank
22n
d A
men
dmen
t rat
ified
—se
ts a
tw
o-te
rm li
mit
on
the
office
of t
he
pres
iden
t (19
51)
PR
ES
IDE
NT
S D
AY
12
3 In M
arbu
ry v
. Mad
ison
(1
803
), th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt
esta
blis
hes
judi
cial
rev
iew
In T
inke
r v.
Des
Moi
nes
(196
9),
the
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
con
firm
s th
e F
irst
Am
endm
ent r
ight
s of
stu
dent
s at
sch
ool
Pre
side
nt A
ndre
w J
ohns
on
is t
he
firs
t pre
side
nt t
o b
e im
pea
ched
(18
68)
PR
ES
IDE
NT
S D
AY
W
EE
KE
ND
PR
OG
RA
MS
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
S
AFR
ICA
N
AM
ERIC
AN
H
ISTO
RY M
ON
TH
& P
RES
IDEN
TS
DAY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• A
fric
an A
mer
ican
His
tory
Mon
th
and
free
adm
issi
on o
n Fe
brua
ry
18 is
gen
erou
sly
unde
rwri
tten
by
• Th
e B
reak
ing
Bar
rier
s pr
ogra
m
lets
vis
itor
s “d
ress
the
part
” as
they
exp
lore
the
lives
of A
fric
an-
Am
eric
an h
eroe
s. T
hen
gues
ts
can
take
a s
elf-
guid
ed to
ur
and
see
our
rare
cop
y of
the
Em
anci
pati
on P
rocl
amat
ion,
a si
gned
cop
y of
Pre
side
nt
Oba
ma’
s sp
eech
, and
mor
e!
• O
n P
resi
dent
s D
ay g
uest
s ca
n
“m
eet”
som
e of
his
tory
’s fa
vori
te
pres
iden
ts a
nd p
artic
ipat
e in
our
Pre
side
ntia
l Cos
tum
e C
onte
st!
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• E
xplo
re a
bolit
ion
and
the
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
era.
Wit
h ou
r
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titut
ion
and
spec
ial
epis
odes
of C
onst
itutio
n H
all P
ass,
you
and
your
stu
dent
s ca
n le
arn
mor
e ab
out t
he 1
3th,
14t
h, a
nd
15th
Am
endm
ents
!
• V
isit
our
web
site
for
mor
e w
ays
to
com
mem
orat
e A
fric
an A
mer
ican
His
tory
Mon
th a
nd P
resi
dent
s D
ay.
MA
RC
H
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
AP
RIL
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 3
0
25th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
esta
blis
hes
suc
cess
ion
proc
ess
duri
ng
pres
iden
tial
di
sabi
lity
(196
7)
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
The F
irst
Am
endm
ent
outl
ines
man
y of
th
e fr
eedo
ms
that
Am
eric
ans
hold
mos
t de
ar, b
ut w
here
did
thes
e id
eas
com
e fr
om?
Wha
t tie
s th
em a
ll to
geth
er?
And
how
do
they
sha
pe A
mer
ican
dem
ocra
cy?
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es fo
unde
rs b
elie
ved
our
opin
ions
wer
e th
e pr
oduc
t of r
easo
n—th
e po
wer
of t
he m
ind
to th
ink,
un
ders
tand
, and
form
opi
nion
s an
d ju
dgm
ents
—an
d th
at th
is p
roce
ss s
houl
d N
OT
be c
ontr
olle
d by
th
e go
vern
men
t. In
stea
d, w
e m
ust h
ave
the
righ
t to
thin
k, b
elie
ve, a
rgue
, and
wor
ship
free
ly a
nd, i
n tu
rn, t
o ex
pres
s ou
r be
liefs
to o
ur fe
llow
cit
izen
s an
d to
our
gov
ernm
ent a
s fr
eely
as
poss
ible
. Tha
t id
ea—
free
dom
of c
onsc
ienc
e—is
the
core
of t
he
Firs
t Am
endm
ent.
CONS
TITU
TION
AL C
ONVE
RSAT
IONS
AN
D CL
ASSR
OOM
EXCH
ANGE
SEn
gage
you
r stu
dent
s with
big
con
stitu
tiona
l que
stio
ns,
and
conn
ect w
ith cl
assr
oom
s acr
oss t
he c
ount
ry.
Visi
t con
stitu
tionc
ente
r.org
/lear
n fo
r mor
e in
form
atio
n
The F
irst
Am
endm
ent’s
free
dom
s w
ere
amon
g th
e “s
elf-
evid
ent”
trut
hs a
nd “
unal
iena
ble
righ
ts”
that
Tho
mas
Jef
fers
on
ensh
rine
d in
the
Dec
lara
tion
of In
depe
nden
ce in
177
6. B
ut
the
Dec
lara
tion
of In
depe
nden
ce w
as ju
st th
at—
a de
clar
atio
n—no
t en
forc
eabl
e la
w. P
rior
to th
e U
.S. C
onst
itutio
n, m
any
indi
vidu
al r
ight
s w
ere
prot
ecte
d in
sta
te c
onst
itutio
ns a
nd th
roug
h le
gisl
atio
n. F
or
exam
ple,
bot
h th
e Vi
rgin
ia D
ecla
ratio
n of
Rig
hts
and
the
Penn
sylv
ania
Co
nstit
utio
n of
177
6 ha
d pr
ovis
ions
pro
tect
ing
relig
ious
libe
rtie
s an
d fr
ee s
peec
h. H
owev
er, t
he n
ewly
est
ablis
hed
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion
liste
d fe
w in
divi
dual
rig
hts.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es F
ound
ing
gene
ratio
n ad
ded
the
Bill
of R
ight
s—an
d, w
ith it
, the
Fir
st A
men
dmen
t—ra
tified
in 1
791.
Ant
i-Fe
dera
lists
str
ongl
y cr
itici
zed
the
new
Con
stitu
tion
beca
use
it la
cked
a B
ill o
f Rig
hts.
Jam
es
Mad
ison
set
out
to a
nsw
er th
ese
criti
cs a
s a
mem
ber
THE
DEC
LAR
ATIO
N O
F IN
DEP
END
ENCE
, JA
MES
MA
DIS
ON
, AN
D T
HE
BILL
OF of
the
Firs
t Con
gres
s, c
raft
ing
prop
osal
s fo
r a
Bill
of R
ight
s th
at w
as
built
, in
larg
e pa
rt, o
n th
e ri
ghts
ens
hrin
ed in
sta
te c
onst
itutio
ns.
The
Firs
t Am
endm
ent e
mer
ged
from
this
pro
cess
. It w
as d
esig
ned
to p
rote
ct fr
eedo
m o
f con
scie
nce,
kee
p co
mm
unic
atio
ns o
pen
and
free
, and
pro
tect
our
free
dom
s to
thin
k, a
ssoc
iate
, bel
ieve
, wor
ship
, or
gani
ze, a
nd s
peak
free
ly. T
his
amen
dmen
t ens
ures
that
eve
ry
citiz
en h
as a
rig
ht to
spe
ak, t
o th
ink,
to fo
rm o
pini
ons,
and
to e
xpre
ss
judg
men
ts a
bout
his
or
her
gove
rnm
ent.
JAM
ES
MA
DIS
ON
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
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E M
US
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HE
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1011
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
The
Art
icle
s of
Con
fede
rati
on
are
rati
fied
(178
1)
Bos
ton
Mas
sacr
e (1
770)
Th
e “B
lood
y S
unda
y” m
arch
fr
om S
elm
a to
Mon
tgom
ery
take
s pl
ace
(196
5)
In G
ibbo
ns v
. Ogd
en (1
824)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt r
ules
th
at C
ongr
ess
may
reg
ulat
e in
ters
tate
com
mer
ce
In M
cCul
loch
v. M
aryl
and
(181
9), t
he
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
co
nfirm
s th
at C
ongr
ess
has
addi
tion
al, i
mpl
ied
pow
ers
unde
r th
e C
onst
itut
ion
In D
red
Sco
tt v
. San
dfor
d (1
857)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt
rule
s th
at p
eopl
e of
Afr
ican
de
scen
t are
not
U.S
. cit
izen
sIn
tern
atio
nal W
omen
’s D
ay
Jane
t Ren
o is
con
firm
ed
as t
he
firs
t fem
ale
U.S
. at
torn
ey g
ener
al (1
993
)B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
A
ndre
w J
acks
on (1
767)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jam
es M
adis
on (1
751)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Gro
ver
Cle
vela
nd (1
837
)
In G
ideo
n v.
Wai
nwri
ght
(196
3), t
he
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
ru
les
that
sta
tes
mus
t pr
ovid
e an
att
orn
ey f
or
thos
e w
ho
cann
ot a
ffor
d on
e
Bir
thda
y of
Jus
tice
San
dra
Day
O’C
onno
r, fi
rst w
oman
to
ser
ve o
n th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt (1
930)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
John
Tyl
er (1
790)
23rd
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
gran
ts e
lect
oral
vot
es t
o W
ashi
ngt
on, D
.C. (
1961
)
GIR
L S
CO
UT
DA
Y
BO
Y S
CO
UT
DA
Y
MA
RCH
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
WO
MEN
’S
HIS
TOR
Y M
ON
TH
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• A
t our
spe
cial
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ksho
p
visi
tors
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n ab
out w
omen
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suff
rage
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le d
ecod
ing
a un
ique
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atio
nal m
usic
vid
eo—
insp
ired
by L
ady
Gag
a!
• O
ur s
elf-
guid
ed m
useu
m to
ur
high
light
s ra
re a
rtifa
cts
like
Just
ice
San
dra
Day
O’C
onno
r’s
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
rob
e.
• E
nric
h yo
ur e
xper
ienc
e by
book
ing
the
Wom
en’s
His
tory
Th
emed
Pac
kage
and
lear
n ab
out
the
rem
arka
ble
Am
eric
an w
omen
who
fou
ght f
or e
qual
ity.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• V
isit
our
web
site
to le
arn
mor
e
abou
t the
19t
h A
men
dmen
t on
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ract
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titut
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the
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urce
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EXTE
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DEC
.31
Port
rait
of A
lexa
nder
Ham
ilton
Bur
eau
of E
ngra
ving
and
Pri
ntin
g,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of t
he T
reas
ury
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
Sen
sory
-Fri
endl
y
Sun
day
30
RELI
GIOU
SThe
Fir
st A
men
dmen
t pro
tect
s Fr
eedo
m o
f Rel
igio
n. T
his
free
dom
ac
tual
ly c
omes
in tw
o pa
rts
(or
two
clau
ses)
: The
Est
ablis
hmen
t Cl
ause
and
the
Free
Exe
rcis
e Cl
ause
. The
se fr
eedo
ms
are
at th
e co
re o
f our
free
dom
of c
onsc
ienc
e, w
hich
is th
e ri
ght t
o be
lieve
wha
t w
e w
ish
free
ly.
To u
nder
stan
d w
hy th
is w
as a
n es
sent
ial f
reed
om
for
the
Foun
ding
gen
erat
ion,
we
mus
t rem
embe
r th
e ea
rly
hist
ory
of th
e na
tion.
Man
y ea
rly
Am
eric
an
colo
nist
s fa
ced
relig
ious
opp
ress
ion
in E
urop
e an
d br
aved
the
jour
ney
acro
ss th
e At
lant
ic in
hop
es o
f exe
rcis
ing
thei
r re
ligio
us b
elie
fs fr
eely
. Sup
port
for
relig
ious
libe
rty
was
alw
ays
very
pop
ular
am
ong
the
colo
nist
s. B
y th
e tim
e th
e co
loni
sts
decl
ared
in
depe
nden
ce a
nd, l
ater
, the
cre
atio
n of
the
Cons
titut
ion,
free
dom
of
relig
ion
was
am
ong
the
mos
t wid
ely
reco
gniz
ed “
unal
iena
ble
righ
ts,”
and
man
y st
ates
’ bill
s of
rig
hts
and
judi
cial
dec
isio
ns p
rote
cted
it in
so
me
way
.
FREE
DO
M
“ CO
NG
RES
S S
HA
LL M
AK
E N
O L
AW
RES
PEC
TIN
G A
N E
STA
BLI
SH
MEN
T O
F R
ELIG
ION
, OR
PR
OH
IBIT
ING
TH
E FR
EE E
XER
CIS
E TH
EREO
F…”
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
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1417
1819
28
29
30
23
24
25
26
27
U.S
. Min
t is
esta
blis
hed
by
Con
gres
s (1
792)
Jean
nett
e R
anki
n ta
kes
her
sea
t as
the
firs
t fem
ale
mem
ber
of C
ongr
ess
(191
7)
Wil
liam
Hen
ry H
arri
son
is
th
e fi
rst p
resi
dent
to
die
in
office
(18
41)
17th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
esta
blis
hes
dir
ect e
lect
ion
of
U.S
. sen
ator
s (1
913)
Con
fede
rate
Gen
eral
Rob
ert
E. L
ee s
urre
nder
s hi
s A
rmy
of N
orth
ern
Vir
gini
a, le
adin
g to
the
end
of th
e C
ivil
War
(1
865)
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
is
inau
gura
ted
as th
e fir
st
pres
iden
t of t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s (1
789)
Dep
artm
ent o
f the
N
avy
esta
blis
hed
(179
8)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Tho
mas
Jeff
erso
n (1
743)
Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar b
egin
s w
ith
the
Bat
tles
of L
exin
gton
an
d C
onco
rd (1
775)
Pat
riot
s’ D
ay
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Uly
sses
S. G
rant
(182
2)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jam
es B
ucha
nan
(179
1)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jam
es M
onro
e (1
758)
AP
RIL TA
X D
AY
TAX
DA
Y
1620
15P
resi
dent
Abr
aham
Lin
coln
is
sh
ot a
t For
d’s
Th
eatr
e
and
dies
the
next
day
(186
5)
EA
RT
H D
AY
21
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
S
TAX
DAY
&
EAR
TH D
AY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• M
ake
your
vis
it c
ount
this
Tax
D
ay. T
our
the
mus
eum
to le
arn
mor
e ab
out t
he h
isto
ry o
f tax
atio
n
in A
mer
ica,
get
fam
iliar
wit
h th
e
curr
ent s
yste
m, a
nd m
ake
pigg
y
bank
s an
d ot
her
hand
y cr
afts
.
• G
o gr
een
on E
arth
Day
.
Inte
ract
ive
prog
ram
s te
ach
you
how
our
Fou
ndin
g Fa
ther
s w
ere
goin
g gr
een
in th
e 18
th c
entu
ry,
and
our
Ear
th D
ay G
ame
Sho
w
lets
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w o
ff y
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eco-
savv
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owle
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IN T
HE
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Tun
e in
to C
onst
itut
ion
Hal
l Pas
s fo
r en
gagi
ng o
nlin
e vi
deo
less
ons
and
live
chat
s.
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/h
allp
ass
•“ D
olla
rs a
nd S
ense
: Tax
Day
” Le
arn
abou
t the
am
endm
ent t
hat
crea
ted
the
inco
me
tax.
• “Ev
eryt
hing
’s G
one
Gre
en:
The
Sto
ry o
f Ear
th D
ay”
Exp
lore
the
hist
ory
of th
e
env
iron
men
tal m
ovem
ent.
MA
Y
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3 4
5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
JOIN
US
FO
R S
PR
ING
BR
EA
K W
EE
K F
EA
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RIN
G S
PEC
IAL
PR
OG
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MS
22
JOIN
US
FO
R S
PR
ING
BR
EA
K W
EE
K F
EA
TU
RIN
G S
PEC
IAL
PR
OG
RA
MSC
LA
SS
RO
OM
EX
CH
AN
GE
S
FOR
CONS
TITU
TION
DAY
| SE
PTEM
BER
17, 2
019
BOOK
NOW
Adm
issi
on is
FR
EE
on S
epte
mbe
r 17
, but
spo
ts fi
ll fa
st—
ca
ll 2
15.4
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800
to r
eser
ve y
our
spot
!
The F
irst
Am
endm
ent p
rote
cts
relig
ious
libe
rty
and
prev
ents
th
e go
vern
men
t fro
m e
stab
lishi
ng a
n offi
cial
rel
igio
n. W
hile
the
Supr
eme
Cour
t’s r
elig
ion
case
s ar
e of
ten
clos
ely
divi
ded,
the
Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t doe
s yi
eld
som
e ea
sy—
and
impo
rtan
t—an
swer
s th
at s
pan
the
ideo
logi
cal s
pect
rum
. Con
gres
s ca
nnot
cre
ate
an o
ffici
al,
gove
rnm
ent-
orga
nize
d ch
urch
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
. The
gov
ernm
ent
cann
ot s
top
peop
le fr
om b
elie
ving
free
ly in
a c
erta
in r
elig
ion.
Th
e go
vern
men
t can
not f
orce
peo
ple
to a
tten
d re
ligio
us s
ervi
ces.
G
over
nmen
t als
o ca
nnot
inte
rfer
e w
ith a
rel
igio
n’s
sele
ctio
n of
its
cler
gy o
r re
ligio
us d
octr
ine.
The
gov
ernm
ent i
s al
so p
rohi
bite
d fr
om
givi
ng b
enefi
ts to
one
rel
igio
n ra
ther
than
ano
ther
unl
ess
it ha
s a
legi
timat
e se
cula
r re
ason
for
doin
g so
.
How
ever
, man
y co
ntes
ted
area
s re
mai
n—qu
esti
ons
that
oft
en
divi
de c
itiz
ens
and
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
just
ices
ali
ke—
wit
h st
rong
ar
gum
ents
on
both
sid
es. W
hen
mus
t a
pers
on’s
rel
igio
us b
elie
fs
or p
ract
ices
yie
ld t
o a
law
pas
sed
by t
he e
lect
ed b
ranc
hes?
Whe
n m
ay t
he g
over
nmen
t di
spla
y re
ligi
ous
sym
bols
, and
whe
n is
it
proh
ibit
ed?
And
whe
n m
ay a
bus
ines
s re
fuse
ser
vice
to
a cl
ient
on
rel
igio
us g
roun
ds?
The
Firs
t A
men
dmen
t’s
Rel
igio
n C
laus
es
rem
ain
a so
urce
of
insp
irat
ion
and
deba
te in
Am
eric
a to
day.
TOD
AYFR
EED
OM
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
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N U
P F
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EK
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MO
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L D
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1011
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2122
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27th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
dela
ys im
plem
enta
tion
of
con
gres
sion
al p
ay
rais
es (1
992
)
Nat
iona
l Tea
cher
Day
B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
H
arry
Tru
man
(18
84)
Jam
esto
wn
, th
e fi
rst
per
man
ent E
ngl
ish
sett
lem
ent i
n N
orth
Am
eric
a,
is e
stab
lish
ed (1
607)
In B
row
n v.
Boa
rd o
f Edu
catio
n (1
954)
, the
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
ru
les
that
seg
rega
tion
of p
ublic
sc
hool
s is
unc
onst
itutio
nal
Mas
sach
uset
ts b
ecom
es t
he
firs
t sta
te in
th
e U
.S. t
o al
low
sa
me-
sex
mar
riag
e (2
00
4)
In P
less
y v.
Fer
guso
n (1
896)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt r
ules
tha
t st
ates
an
d bu
sin
esse
s ca
n im
pos
e ra
cial
seg
rega
tion
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
John
F. K
enne
dy (1
917)
MA
Y
JU
NE
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Th
e C
onst
itut
iona
l C
onve
ntio
n op
ens
(178
7)
OP
EN
S M
AY
9!
FR
EE
WIT
H M
US
EU
M A
DM
ISS
ION
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
30
31
ME
MO
RIA
L D
AY
W
EE
KE
ND
PR
OG
RA
MS
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
S
LAW
DAY
&
MEM
OR
IAL
DAY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• O
n La
w D
ay, c
eleb
rate
the
Con
stitu
tion
and
the
supr
eme
law
of th
e la
nd.
• E
xplo
re o
ur n
ewes
t exh
ibit
on
the
Civ
il W
ar a
nd R
econ
stru
ctio
n an
d
disc
over
how
the
holid
ay w
e no
w
know
as
Mem
oria
l Day
firs
t beg
an
in th
e ye
ars
afte
r th
e C
ivil
War
.
• O
n M
emor
ial D
ay e
xplo
re th
e
hist
ory
of o
ur m
ilita
ry, j
oin
our
spec
ial p
rogr
ams,
incl
udin
g
flag
cer
emon
ies
and
etiq
uett
e
wor
ksho
ps, c
reat
e m
emor
ial
wre
aths
, and
sin
g pa
trio
tic
tune
s.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• H
ead
to o
ur w
ebsi
te fo
r co
mpe
lling
less
ons
abou
t sol
dier
art
ists
as w
ell a
s cr
aft a
ctiv
ities
to
com
mem
orat
e M
emor
ial D
ay.
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/l
earn
The n
ext f
reed
om li
sted
in th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t is
Free
dom
of
Spee
ch. L
et’s
beg
in w
ith a
sto
ry…
The
year
is 1
798,
Joh
n Ad
ams
was
pre
side
nt, a
nd A
mer
ica
was
on
the
brin
k of
war
with
Fra
nce.
Th
e Fe
dera
list C
ongr
ess
belie
ved
they
nee
ded
to q
uick
ly m
ake
the
coun
try
mor
e se
cure
from
fore
ign
spie
s an
d do
mes
tic tr
aito
rs, s
o th
ey p
asse
d fo
ur n
ew la
ws—
the
Alie
n an
d Se
ditio
n Ac
ts. T
hese
act
s m
ade
it a
crim
e to
cri
ticiz
e th
e go
vern
men
t dur
ing
time
of w
ar. I
f war
w
as d
ecla
red,
it m
ade
it po
ssib
le to
arr
est,
deta
in, a
nd d
epor
t all
mal
e ci
tizen
s of
an
enem
y na
tion,
and
it a
utho
rize
d th
e pr
esid
ent t
o de
port
an
y no
n-ci
tizen
sus
pect
ed o
f plo
ttin
g ag
ains
t the
gov
ernm
ent d
urin
g w
ar o
r pe
ace.
Tho
mas
Jef
fers
on a
nd J
ames
Mad
ison
foug
ht b
ack.
The
y w
orke
d w
ith th
e Vi
rgin
ia a
nd K
entu
cky
stat
e le
gisl
atur
es to
wri
te p
ublic
re
solu
tions
—in
oth
er w
ords
, sta
tem
ents
by
each
sta
te a
rgui
ng
that
the
Alie
n an
d Se
ditio
n Ac
ts w
ere
unco
nstit
utio
nal.
Mat
thew
Lyo
n,
a co
ngre
ssm
an fr
om V
erm
ont,
was
foun
d gu
ilty
unde
r th
e ac
ts
beca
use
he p
ublis
hed
a le
tter
in a
new
spap
er c
ritic
izin
g P
resi
dent
Ad
ams.
Lyo
n w
as ja
iled
for
a ye
ar b
ut s
till r
an fo
r re
elec
tion
to C
ongr
ess
from
his
jail
cell,
and
he
won
! Ada
ms
refu
sed
to p
ardo
n hi
m. I
n 18
00,
Am
eric
ans
mad
e th
eir
voic
e he
ard
and
elec
ted
Thom
as J
effer
son
to
be th
eir
next
pre
side
nt. T
he v
erdi
ct w
as c
lear
: fre
edom
to e
xpre
ss
opin
ions
, esp
ecia
lly o
pini
ons
criti
cal o
f the
gov
ernm
ent,
with
out t
he fe
ar
of p
unis
hmen
t, w
as o
ne o
f our
mos
t che
rish
ed r
ight
s.
“…O
R A
BR
IDG
ING
TH
E F
RE
ED
OM
OF
SP
EE
CH
”FR
EE
MA
TT
HE
W L
YO
Na
cong
ress
man
from
Verm
ont,
was f
ound
gui
lty u
nder
th
e Al
ien
and
Sedi
tion
Acts
bec
ause
he
publ
ished
a le
tter i
n
a ne
wspa
per c
ritici
zing
Pres
iden
t Ada
ms.
Lyon
was
jaile
d
for a
year
but
still
ran
for r
eele
ctio
n to
Con
gres
s fro
m
his j
ail c
ell,
and
he w
on!
....
....
......
......
.........
................................................................. ...........................................................................
.......
......
.....
....
....
....
....
....
..
JOH
N A
DA
MS
MA
TT
HE
W L
YON
TH
OM
AS
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
Image courtesy of the Vermont State Curator’s Office
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
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IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
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g/le
arn
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OK
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UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
Cal
l: 2
15.4
09.6
800
Emai
l: g
roup
sale
s@co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h (1
924)
In L
ovin
g v.
Vir
gini
a (1
967)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt in
vali
date
s st
ate
law
s th
at f
orbi
d
inte
rrac
ial m
arri
ages
In M
iran
da v
. Ari
zona
(1
966)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt
rule
s th
at p
olic
e m
ust
info
rm d
efen
dant
s of
th
eir
cons
titu
tion
al r
ight
s
12th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
com
bin
es a
par
ty’s
pr
esid
enti
al a
nd
vice
pr
esid
enti
al c
andi
date
s on
to o
ne
tick
et (1
80
4)
STR
IPES
AN
D S
TAR
S FE
STI
VAL
CELE
BR
ATI
NG
FLA
G D
AY
&
U.S
. AR
MY
BIR
THD
AY
FLA
G D
AY
1
23
45
67
8
910
1113
1415
1617
1819
20
2122
29
23
24
25
26
27
28
All
ied
forc
es in
vade
N
orm
and
y on
D-D
ay
duri
ng
Wor
ld W
ar II
(194
4)
In O
lmst
ead
v. U
nite
d S
tate
s (1
928)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt
rule
s th
at p
riva
te p
hon
e co
nver
sati
ons
may
be
wir
etap
ped
by
pol
ice
and
used
as
evid
ence
June
teen
th—
the
abol
itio
n of
sl
aver
y is
fina
lly
proc
laim
ed
in G
alve
ston
, Tex
as (1
865)
Arc
hduk
e Fr
anz
Ferd
inan
d of
Aus
tria
is a
ssas
sina
ted,
sp
arki
ng
Wor
ld W
ar I
(191
4)
In R
egen
ts o
f the
Uni
vers
ity
of C
alif
orni
a v.
Bak
ke (1
978)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt r
ules
th
at r
acia
l quo
tas
may
n
ot b
e us
ed in
col
lege
ad
mis
sion
s
Sen
sory
-Fri
endl
y
Sun
dayJU
NE
12
30
Th
e U
.S. C
onst
itut
ion
is
adop
ted
afte
r N
ew H
amps
hire
b
ecom
es t
he
nint
h st
ate
to
rati
fy it
(178
8)
In T
exas
v. J
ohns
on (1
989)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt r
ules
tha
t bu
rnin
g th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s fl
ag
is p
rote
cted
sp
eech
The n
ext f
reed
om li
sted
in th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t is
Free
dom
of
Spee
ch. L
et’s
beg
in w
ith a
sto
ry…
The
year
is 1
798,
Joh
n Ad
ams
was
pre
side
nt, a
nd A
mer
ica
was
on
the
brin
k of
war
with
Fra
nce.
Th
e Fe
dera
list C
ongr
ess
belie
ved
they
nee
ded
to q
uick
ly m
ake
the
coun
try
mor
e se
cure
from
fore
ign
spie
s an
d do
mes
tic tr
aito
rs, s
o th
ey p
asse
d fo
ur n
ew la
ws—
the
Alie
n an
d Se
ditio
n Ac
ts. T
hese
act
s m
ade
it a
crim
e to
cri
ticiz
e th
e go
vern
men
t dur
ing
time
of w
ar. I
f war
w
as d
ecla
red,
it m
ade
it po
ssib
le to
arr
est,
deta
in, a
nd d
epor
t all
mal
e ci
tizen
s of
an
enem
y na
tion,
and
it a
utho
rize
d th
e pr
esid
ent t
o de
port
an
y no
n-ci
tizen
sus
pect
ed o
f plo
ttin
g ag
ains
t the
gov
ernm
ent d
urin
g w
ar o
r pe
ace.
Tho
mas
Jef
fers
on a
nd J
ames
Mad
ison
foug
ht b
ack.
The
y w
orke
d w
ith th
e Vi
rgin
ia a
nd K
entu
cky
stat
e le
gisl
atur
es to
wri
te p
ublic
re
solu
tions
—in
oth
er w
ords
, sta
tem
ents
by
each
sta
te a
rgui
ng
that
the
Alie
n an
d Se
ditio
n Ac
ts w
ere
unco
nstit
utio
nal.
Mat
thew
Lyo
n,
a co
ngre
ssm
an fr
om V
erm
ont,
was
foun
d gu
ilty
unde
r th
e ac
ts
beca
use
he p
ublis
hed
a le
tter
in a
new
spap
er c
ritic
izin
g P
resi
dent
Ad
ams.
Lyo
n w
as ja
iled
for
a ye
ar b
ut s
till r
an fo
r re
elec
tion
to C
ongr
ess
from
his
jail
cell,
and
he
won
! Ada
ms
refu
sed
to p
ardo
n hi
m. I
n 18
00,
Am
eric
ans
mad
e th
eir
voic
e he
ard
and
elec
ted
Thom
as J
effer
son
to
be th
eir
next
pre
side
nt. T
he v
erdi
ct w
as c
lear
: fre
edom
to e
xpre
ss
opin
ions
, esp
ecia
lly o
pini
ons
criti
cal o
f the
gov
ernm
ent,
with
out t
he fe
ar
of p
unis
hmen
t, w
as o
ne o
f our
mos
t che
rish
ed r
ight
s.
....
....
......
......
.........
................................................................. ...........................................................................
.......
......
.....
....
....
....
....
....
..
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Don
ald
Trum
p (1
946)
PR
OFE
SS
ION
AL
DE
VEL
OP
MEN
T A
T
THE
NA
TIO
NA
L CO
NS
TITU
TIO
N C
ENTE
RTh
e C
ente
r off
ers
spec
ializ
ed tr
aini
ngs
and
prof
essi
onal
de
velo
pmen
t opp
ortu
niti
es f
or e
duca
tors
, as
wel
l as
le
gal p
rofe
ssio
nals
and
law
enf
orce
men
t offi
cers
.
Vis
it c
onst
itut
ionc
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IC H
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G D
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. A
RM
Y B
IRTH
DAY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
Cel
ebra
te t
wo
Am
eric
an
mile
ston
es a
t the
Str
ipes
and
S
tars
Fes
tiva
l!
• W
e ar
e te
amin
g up
wit
h ou
r
neig
hbor
ing
hist
oric
sit
es to
host
a d
ay fi
lled
wit
h sp
ecia
l
cere
mon
ies,
mili
tary
ban
ds,
a pa
rade
, and
mor
e.
• A
t the
mus
eum
we
are
cele
brat
ing
wit
h ou
r st
ory
corn
er, 1
8th-
cent
ury
gam
es,
and
patr
ioti
c cr
afts
.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• V
isit
our
web
site
for
an
info
rmat
ive
docu
men
tary
on
the
hist
ory
of th
e
Am
eric
an fl
ag a
s w
ell a
s gr
eat
hand
s-on
act
iviti
es.
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/l
earn
The F
irst
Am
endm
ent p
rote
cts
the
peop
le’s
free
dom
to s
peak
ou
t abo
ut th
eir
gove
rnm
ent w
ithou
t fea
r of
rep
ercu
ssio
ns.
Ther
efor
e, th
e go
vern
men
t can
not s
top
peop
le fr
om c
ritic
izin
g a
war
or
argu
ing
for
tax
cuts
. But
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent c
over
s m
ore
than
the
spok
en w
ord.
It a
lso
prot
ects
com
mun
icat
ions
thro
ugh
prin
ting,
mov
ies,
bro
adca
stin
g, a
nd th
e in
tern
et. T
he F
irst
Am
endm
ent
also
app
lies
to s
ymbo
lic e
xpre
ssio
ns, s
uch
as b
anne
rs, fl
ag-b
urni
ng,
and
arm
band
s. In
pub
lic s
choo
ls, a
s lo
ng a
s th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n is
not
di
srup
tive,
stu
dent
s ca
n ex
pres
s th
eir
opin
ions
thro
ugh
spee
ch a
s w
ell
as th
ings
like
clo
thin
g. H
owev
er, i
f the
y ar
e us
ing
a sc
hool
-spo
nsor
ed
plat
form
, suc
h as
the
scho
ol n
ewsp
aper
, stu
dent
s’ e
xpre
ssio
n m
ay b
e
mor
e re
stri
cted
, and
cou
rts
are
mor
e de
fere
ntia
l to
scho
ol o
ffici
als’
de
cisi
ons
whe
n re
late
d to
a
cour
se o
r offi
cial
cur
ricu
lar
activ
ities
. Ove
rall,
we
have
th
e m
ost r
obus
t fre
e sp
eech
pr
otec
tions
in th
e w
orld
, and
th
e go
vern
men
t can
not r
estr
ict
spee
ch u
nles
s it
’s li
kely
to
caus
e im
min
ent
viol
ence
. Th
is s
tand
ard
is k
now
n as
the
“Bra
nden
burg
” st
anda
rd, n
amed
aft
er th
e ca
se B
rand
enbu
rg v
. Ohi
o.
In th
at c
ase,
the
Cour
t rev
erse
d th
e co
nvic
tion
of K
u K
lux
Kla
n le
ader
Cl
aren
ce B
rand
enbu
rg, w
ho w
as c
harg
ed w
ith a
dvoc
atin
g vi
olen
ce
duri
ng a
spe
ech.
The
Cou
rt r
uled
that
the
gove
rnm
ent c
an o
nly
plac
e a
rest
rict
ion
on s
peec
h w
hen
it is
“di
rect
ed to
inci
ting
or p
rodu
cing
im
min
ent l
awle
ss a
ctio
n” a
nd “
likel
y to
inci
te o
r pr
oduc
e su
ch a
ctio
n.”
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TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
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onst
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ente
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5
13
147
158
161710
1811
1912
20
2122
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Bat
tle
of G
etty
sbur
g
beg
ins
(18
63)
26th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
low
ers
voti
ng a
ge to
18
(197
1)B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
G
eorg
e W
. Bus
h (1
946)
14th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
guar
ante
es r
ight
s of
ci
tize
nshi
p an
d es
tabl
ish
es
due
proc
ess
(18
68)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
John
Qui
ncy
Ada
ms
(176
7)
Ale
xand
er H
amil
ton
is
fata
lly
wou
nde
d in
a d
uel
wit
h V
ice
Pre
side
nt
Aar
on B
urr
(18
04)
In U
nite
d S
tate
s v.
Nix
on
(197
4), t
he
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
de
fin
es li
mit
s on
th
e p
ower
of
th
e E
xecu
tive
Bra
nch
Beg
inni
ng
of t
he
Sen
eca
Fall
s C
onve
ntio
n, t
he
firs
t w
omen
’s r
ight
s co
nven
tion
(1
84
8)
Pre
side
nt G
eorg
e H
.W. B
ush
sign
s th
e A
mer
ican
s w
ith
Dis
abili
ties
Act
(19
90)
Th
e S
econ
d C
onti
nen
tal
Con
gres
s vo
tes
for
inde
pen
den
ce (1
776)
IND
EP
EN
DE
NC
E D
AY
JULY
Ado
ptio
n of
th
e D
ecla
rati
on
of In
dep
ende
nce
(177
6)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt C
alvi
n C
ooli
dge
(187
2)
2 9
3A
UG
US
T
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1
2 3
4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Ger
ald
Ford
(191
3)
ALL
-AM
ER
ICA
N C
ELE
BR
AT
ION
4
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
IND
EPEN
DEN
CE
DAY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
It’s
an
All
-Am
eric
an C
eleb
rati
on
on In
depe
nden
ce M
all!
Spe
nd
Am
eric
a’s
birt
hday
in A
mer
ica’
s
birt
hpla
ce:
• S
tep
back
in ti
me
wit
h ou
r
re-c
reat
ed R
evol
utio
nary
War
enc
ampm
ent.
• Tr
y yo
ur h
and
at c
olon
ial t
rade
s
like
prin
ting
, mill
ing
pape
r, o
r
dipp
ing
cand
les.
• E
xper
ienc
e en
gagi
ng p
rogr
ams
incl
udin
g ou
r In
depe
nden
ce
Day
Sho
w a
nd jo
in in
sch
olar
ly
disc
ussi
ons.
Cele
brat
e Am
eric
a’s B
irthd
ay
AT A
MER
ICA’
S B
IRTH
PLA
CE!
Join
us
for
an A
LL-A
MER
ICA
N C
ELEB
RA
TIO
N
on In
depe
nden
ce M
all
The th
ird
free
dom
add
ress
es th
e Fr
eedo
m o
f the
Pre
ss. T
oday
, “p
ress
” us
uall
y co
vers
jour
nalis
ts a
nd n
ews
outl
ets.
The
Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t pro
tect
s th
e ri
ght o
f the
se e
ntiti
es to
rep
ort
on g
over
nmen
t lea
ders
and
act
ivit
ies.
The
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
foun
ders
be
liev
ed t
hat
an in
depe
nden
t pr
ess
was
ess
enti
al f
or p
reve
ntin
g co
rrup
tion
wit
hin
the
gove
rnm
ent.
The
foun
ders
rem
embe
red
rest
rict
ions
impo
sed
on t
hem
whi
le t
hey
wer
e co
loni
sts
like
the
S
tam
p A
ct—
a ta
x on
pri
nted
mat
eria
ls—
plac
ed o
n pu
blic
atio
ns b
y th
e B
ritis
h go
vern
men
t dur
ing
the
deca
des
lead
ing
up to
the
Am
eric
an
Rev
olut
ion.
The
y al
so r
emem
bere
d th
e tr
ial o
f Joh
n Pe
ter
Zeng
er,
who
was
the
prin
ter
of T
he N
ew Y
ork
Wee
kly
Jour
nal.
In
173
3, Z
enge
r pu
blis
hed
artic
les
criti
cal o
f the
Roy
al
Gov
erno
r of
New
Yor
k W
illia
m C
osby
. The
pap
er r
epor
ted
on
dis
pute
s ov
er C
osby
’s s
alar
y, a
nd th
e su
bseq
uent
re
plac
emen
t of a
judg
e w
ho r
uled
aga
inst
Cos
by. G
over
nor
Cosb
y fo
ught
bac
k, is
suin
g a
proc
lam
atio
n co
ndem
ning
The
New
Yor
k W
eekl
y Jo
urna
l, an
d ch
argi
ng Z
enge
r w
ith li
bel.
Aft
er m
onth
s in
jail,
Ze
nger
was
acq
uitt
ed, a
nd h
is la
ndm
ark
case
wou
ld h
elp
lay
the
grou
ndw
ork
for
Free
dom
of P
ress
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.
FREE
“…O
R O
F T
HE
PR
ES
S”
TH
E Z
EN
GE
R T
RIA
L
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
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OU
P T
OD
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l: 2
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roup
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nsti
tuti
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nter
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4
32
11
56
78
910
1112
1314
1516
17
1819
20
2122
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Th
e C
omm
itte
e of
Det
ail
pres
ents
its
prel
imin
ary
draf
t of t
he
Con
stit
utio
n to
th
e C
onst
itut
iona
l C
onve
ntio
n (1
787)
Pre
side
nt L
yndo
n Jo
hnso
n si
gns
the
Voti
ng
Rig
hts
Act
of
196
5B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
H
erbe
rt H
oove
r (1
874)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Wil
liam
J. C
lint
on (1
946)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Ben
jam
in H
arri
son
(18
33)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
(190
8)S
enso
ry-F
rien
dly
Sun
day
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing
Jr.
deli
vers
his
“I H
ave
a D
ream
” sp
eech
at t
he
Mar
ch
on W
ashi
ngt
on f
or J
obs
and
Free
dom
(196
3)
Thu
rgoo
d M
arsh
all
is c
onfir
med
as
the
firs
t A
fric
an-A
mer
ican
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
just
ice
(196
7)
AU
GU
ST
RES
OU
RCE
S F
OR
BACK
TO
SCH
OO
L
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• S
ee a
n in
spir
ing
Free
dom
R
isin
g pe
rfor
man
ce.
• E
xplo
re o
ne-o
f-a-
kind
exh
ibiti
ons
like
The
Stor
y of
We
the
Peo
ple,
Sig
ners
’ Hal
l, an
d Ci
vil W
ar a
nd
Rec
onst
ruct
ion.
• E
nhan
ce y
our
expe
rien
ce: b
ook
a th
emed
mus
eum
pac
kage
or
guid
ed m
useu
m to
ur.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• Fi
nd o
ut w
here
our
con
stitu
tiona
l
free
dom
s ca
me
from
—an
d w
here
they
’ve
gone
—w
ith o
ur O
rigi
ns
and
Trav
el in
tera
ctiv
e ac
tivi
ty!
Then
exp
lore
the
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titut
ion,
the
best
non
part
isan
onlin
e re
sour
ce fo
r th
e Co
nstit
utio
n,
feat
urin
g m
ater
ials
wri
tten
by
the
top
cons
titut
iona
l sch
olar
s fr
om
acro
ss th
e po
litic
al s
pect
rum
—
a m
ust-
have
tool
for
ever
y
clas
sroo
m!
• G
ive
your
stu
dent
s a
“hal
l pas
s”
to tr
avel
thro
ugh
Am
eric
an
hist
ory—
wit
hout
leav
ing
thei
r
clas
sroo
m. V
iew
our
Con
stitu
tion
H
all P
ass
onlin
e vi
deo
less
ons.
Th
e R
even
ue C
utte
r S
ervi
ce,
pred
eces
sor
to th
e U
.S. C
oast
G
uard
, is
foun
ded
(179
0)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Bar
ack
Oba
ma
(196
1)
Ric
hard
Nix
on a
nnou
nce
s hi
s re
sign
atio
n as
pr
esid
ent (
1974
)
19th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
votin
g ri
ghts
can
not b
e de
nied
on
acc
ount
of s
ex (1
920)
IS JU
ST A
ROUN
D TH
E COR
NER!
CELE
BRAT
E WIT
H US
AT TH
E CEN
TER
OR IN
YOUR
CLA
SSRO
OM
Vis
it c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/co
nsti
tuti
onda
y fo
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion
Court
s ha
ve n
ot a
lway
s off
ered
rob
ust p
rote
ctio
n fo
r Fr
eedo
m
of th
e Pr
ess.
Unt
il th
e 19
20s,
the
Supr
eme
Cour
t rea
d th
e Fi
rst
Am
endm
ent n
arro
wly
, but
it in
crea
sed
prot
ectio
ns a
s th
e 20
th
cent
ury
prog
ress
ed, w
ith th
at tr
end
acce
lera
ting
in th
e 19
60s
and
1970
s. P
erha
ps th
e m
ost f
amou
s ca
se d
urin
g th
is p
erio
d w
as th
e Pe
ntag
on P
aper
s ca
se. T
he P
enta
gon
Pape
rs w
ere
a se
ries
of r
epor
ts
com
pile
d in
the
late
196
0s, u
nder
the
dire
ctio
n of
Sec
reta
ry o
f Def
ense
R
ober
t McN
amar
a. T
hey
asse
mbl
ed a
full
hist
ory
of th
e Vi
etna
m W
ar.
The
repo
rts
cont
aine
d ev
iden
ce th
at g
over
nmen
t offi
cial
s ha
d m
isle
d th
e pu
blic
abo
ut th
e sc
ope
of th
e w
ar a
nd U
.S. a
ctio
ns in
Vie
tnam
. Whe
n th
e ex
iste
nce
of t
he P
enta
gon
Pap
ers
was
ev
entu
ally
leak
ed, t
he N
ixon
adm
inis
trat
ion
trie
d to
sto
p ne
wsp
aper
s—in
clud
ing
The
New
Yor
k Ti
mes
and
The
Was
hing
ton
Post
—fr
om p
ublis
hing
st
orie
s ab
out t
hem
. The
cas
e—N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es C
o. v
. Uni
ted
Stat
es—
m
ade
it to
the
Supr
eme
Cour
t, an
d th
e Co
urt s
ided
with
the
new
s ou
tlet
s. J
ustic
e H
ugo
Bla
ck e
xpla
ined
, “O
nly
a fr
ee a
nd u
nres
trai
ned
pres
s ca
n eff
ectiv
ely
expo
se d
ecep
tion
in g
over
nmen
t.” T
oday
, the
le
gal p
rote
ctio
n off
ered
by
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent i
s st
rong
er th
an e
ver
befo
re in
our
his
tory
.
FREE
RO
BE
RT
MC
NA
MA
RA
P
EN
TA
GO
N P
AP
ER
STh
e Pe
ntag
on P
aper
s wer
e re
ports
on
the V
ietn
am W
ar
com
pile
d un
der t
he d
irect
ion
of S
ecre
tary
of D
efen
se R
ober
t Mc
Nam
ara.
The
Nixo
n ad
min
istra
tion
tried
to st
op
news
pape
rs—
incl
udin
g Th
e New
York
Tim
es a
nd
The W
ashi
ngto
n Po
st—
from
pub
lishi
ng
stor
ies a
bout
them
.
....
....
....
....
....
....
.....
......
.......
.............................................................................................................................................
........
......
......
....
.. TOD
AY
KA
TH
AR
INE
GR
AH
AM
Pu
blis
her
of T
he W
ashi
ngto
n Po
st
HU
GO
LA
FAY
ET
TE
BL
AC
K
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
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OU
P T
OD
AY!
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l: 2
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l: g
roup
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34
56
89
1011
1213
14
1819
20
21
22 29
3023
24
25
26
27
28
Th
e Tr
eaty
of P
aris
en
ds t
he
Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar (1
783)
Nat
iona
l His
pani
c
Her
itag
e M
onth
beg
ins
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Wil
liam
H. T
aft (
1857
)
Th
e B
attl
e of
For
t McH
enry
in
spir
es F
ranc
is S
cott
Key
to
wri
te t
he
“Sta
r-S
pan
gled
B
ann
er”
(181
4)
U.S
. Air
For
ce
esta
blis
hed
(194
7)
Pre
side
nt G
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n pu
blis
hes
his
fa
rew
ell a
ddre
ss (1
796)
San
dra
Day
O’C
onno
r is
con
firm
ed a
s th
e fi
rst
fem
ale
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
ju
stic
e (1
981)
Th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s C
onst
itut
ion
is s
ign
ed (1
787)
SEP
TEM
BER
LA
BO
R D
AY
CON
STI
TUTI
ON
DAY
FRE
E A
DM
ISS
ION
15
CELE
BR
ATE
CON
STI
TUTI
ON
D
AYS
EPTE
MB
ER 1
7
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• E
njoy
FR
EE A
DM
ISS
ION
to th
e m
useu
m o
n
Sep
tem
ber
17.
• Jo
in in
a r
eadi
ng o
f the
P
ream
ble
to th
e C
onst
itut
ion.
• E
nga
ge in
inte
ract
ive
and
educ
atio
nal p
rogr
ams
like
the
Pas
s th
e Ci
tizen
ship
Tes
t
quiz
gam
e an
d m
eet s
peci
al
cele
brit
y gu
ests
!
• S
ign
our
gian
t Con
stit
utio
n an
d ce
lebr
ate
wit
h ca
ke a
nd c
onfe
tti.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• O
ur s
chol
arly
, non
part
isan
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titut
ion
is a
fant
astic
tool
for
ever
y cl
assr
oom
.
• Tu
ne in
to v
iew
our
spe
cial
Con
stit
utio
n D
ay e
piso
des
of th
e
fun
and
fasc
inat
ing
vide
o le
sson
seri
es C
onst
itut
ion
Hal
l Pas
s.
• O
ur C
onst
itut
ion
Day
web
site
has
gam
es, q
uizz
es, l
esso
n
plan
s, a
nd m
ore!
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/
cons
titu
tion
day
162
CO
NS
TIT
UT
ION
DA
Y
CE
LEB
RA
TIO
N
Pre
limin
ary
Em
anci
pati
on
Pro
clam
atio
n is
issu
ed
(18
62)
LIV
E C
HA
TS
ALL
WE
EK
LO
NG
PLU
S C
LA
SS
RO
OM
EX
CH
AN
GE
S O
N 9
/17!
17
CELE
BRAT
E W
ITH
US!
SEPT
EMBE
R 17
FR
EE A
DMIS
SION
& P
ROGR
AMS
The fi
nal t
wo
free
dom
s of
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent a
re th
e R
ight
s of
Ass
embl
y an
d P
etit
ion.
Tak
en to
geth
er, t
hese
rig
hts
are
a co
re w
ay o
f com
mun
icat
ing
one’
s be
liefs
and
gri
evan
ces
to
thos
e in
pub
lic o
ffic
e. T
hese
rig
hts
are
amon
g th
e ol
dest
in th
e A
nglo
-A
mer
ican
lega
l tra
ditio
n. F
or in
stan
ce, w
hen
the
Am
eric
an c
olon
ists
de
clar
ed in
depe
nden
ce fr
om G
reat
Bri
tain
, the
y ju
stifi
ed th
e sp
lit b
y re
fere
ncin
g th
e ye
ars
of ig
nore
d pe
titi
ons
by th
e co
loni
sts
to K
ing
Geo
rge
III. T
hrou
ghou
t his
tory
, ass
embl
y an
d pe
titio
n ri
ghts
hav
e be
en
espe
cial
ly c
ruci
al to
gro
ups
chal
leng
ing
the
stat
us q
uo. E
ven
whe
n m
embe
rs o
f the
se g
roup
s co
uldn
’t vo
te o
r ho
ld o
ffice
,
they
cou
ld p
etiti
on
thei
r go
vern
men
t an
d ex
pres
s th
eir
view
s. T
hink
abo
ut
abol
ition
ists
in
thei
r st
rugg
le
agai
nst s
lave
ry,
suff
ragi
sts
duri
ng
thei
r de
cade
s-lo
ng b
attl
e fo
r w
omen
’s v
otin
g ri
ghts
, to
say
noth
ing
of
coun
tles
s ot
her
labo
r ac
tivis
ts, r
elig
ious
min
oriti
es, a
nd c
ivil
righ
ts
grou
ps. A
lthou
gh th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t rig
hts
of a
ssem
bly
and
petit
ion
have
bee
n ce
ntra
l to
Am
eric
a’s
cons
titut
iona
l sto
ry s
ince
its
foun
ding
, th
ey a
re n
ot o
ften
cite
d in
rec
ent C
ourt
dec
isio
ns. I
nste
ad, t
oday
’s
Supr
eme
Cour
t tre
ats
both
as
subs
umed
with
in a
n ex
pans
ive
“spe
ech”
ri
ght,
ofte
n ca
lled
“fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n.”
ASS
EMBL
YA
ND
“…O
R T
HE
RIG
HT
OF
THE
PEO
PLE
PEA
CEA
BLY
TO
ASS
EMB
LE, A
ND
TO
PET
ITIO
N T
HE
GO
VER
NM
ENT
FOR
A R
EDR
ESS
OF
GR
IEVA
NCE
S.”
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
Cal
l: 2
15.4
09.6
800
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l: g
roup
sale
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nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
12
34
5
67
89
1011
12
1314
1516
1718
19
20
2122
23
24
25
26
27
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jim
my
Car
ter
(192
4)B
irth
day
of P
resi
dent
R
uthe
rfor
d B
. Hay
es (1
822)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Che
ster
A. A
rthu
r (1
829)
Nat
iona
l His
pani
c
Her
itag
e M
onth
en
ds
Col
umbu
s D
ay
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er (1
890)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
John
Ada
ms
(173
5)
OCT
OB
ER
28
29
30
31
JOIN
US
FO
R
SCO
UT
DAY
S
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• G
irl S
cout
s ca
n w
ork
tow
ards
thei
r C
itiz
en L
egac
y B
adge
s, p
lus
lear
n ab
out i
nspi
ring
figu
res
and
impo
rtan
t eve
nts
from
wom
en’s
hist
ory.
• C
ub S
cout
s w
ill h
ave
a gr
eat d
ay
mee
ting
firs
t res
pond
ers
and
lear
ning
the
ins-
and-
outs
of
flag
eti
quet
te.
• B
oy S
cout
s ca
n ac
com
plis
h
mul
tipl
e re
quir
emen
ts f
or
thre
e di
ffer
ent M
erit
Bad
ges:
Law
, Am
eric
an H
erit
age,
and
Cit
izen
ship
in th
e N
atio
n.
• All
Sco
uts
rece
ive
a N
atio
nal
Con
stit
utio
n C
ente
r fu
n pa
tch!
•The
mus
eum
hol
ds S
cout
Day
s
in O
ctob
er, N
ovem
ber,
and
Mar
ch.
Visi
t our
web
site
for
mor
e
date
s, r
ates
, and
a f
ull l
ist o
f
requ
irem
ents
off
ered
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/s
cout
s
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• H
ead
to o
ur w
ebsi
te f
or f
un,
patr
ioti
c cr
aft a
ctiv
itie
s, c
ompl
ete
wit
h do
wnl
oada
ble
tem
plat
es
and
step
-by-
step
inst
ruct
ions
—
they
are
gre
at a
ctiv
itie
s fo
r th
e
clas
sroo
m a
nd a
re p
erfe
ct f
or
troo
p an
d pa
ck m
eeti
ngs!
NO
VE
MB
ER
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
DE
CE
MB
ER
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Fir
st c
opy
of T
he F
eder
alis
t P
aper
s is
pub
lish
ed in
su
ppor
t of t
he
new
ly s
ign
ed
Con
stit
utio
n (1
787)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Theo
dore
Roo
seve
lt (1
858)
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
BO
Y S
CO
UT
DA
Y
Now
that
we
have
exa
min
ed th
e fr
eedo
ms
ensh
rine
d in
the
Firs
t A
men
dmen
t, w
e ne
ed to
take
a lo
ok a
t ano
ther
am
endm
ent
to u
nder
stan
d ho
w b
road
ly th
ey a
re c
over
ed to
day.
Whe
n A
mer
ica’
s fo
undi
ng g
ener
atio
n ra
tifi
ed th
e B
ill o
f Rig
hts,
its
prot
ecti
ons
only
app
lied
to s
tate
abu
ses.
Tha
t mea
ns th
at if
you
r st
ate—
say,
Pen
nsyl
vani
a—th
rew
you
in ja
il fo
r cr
itici
zing
its
gove
rnor
, yo
u w
ould
not
hav
e ha
d a
clai
m u
nder
the
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion.
Tha
t is,
un
til th
e ra
tifica
tion
of th
e 14
th A
men
dmen
t aft
er th
e Ci
vil W
ar.
With
its
ratifi
catio
n in
186
8, th
e 14
th A
men
dmen
t ext
ende
d m
any
key
Bill
of R
ight
s pr
otec
tions
to s
tate
abu
ses.
Thi
s pr
oces
s of
app
lyin
g th
e B
ill o
f Rig
hts
to th
e st
ates
is k
now
n as
“in
corp
orat
ion.
” Ju
stic
e H
ugo
Bla
ck s
tudi
ed th
e R
econ
stru
ctio
n er
a cl
osel
y an
d co
nclu
ded
that
ke
y R
econ
stru
ctio
n fr
amer
s lik
e Jo
hn B
ingh
am, o
ne o
f the
pri
ncip
al
auth
ors
of th
e 14
th A
men
dmen
t, so
ught
to e
nfor
ce B
ill o
f Rig
hts
prot
ectio
ns li
ke fr
ee s
peec
h an
d re
ligio
us li
bert
y ag
ains
t the
sta
tes.
Th
e Co
urt e
vent
ually
rea
ched
nea
rly
the
sam
e co
nclu
sion
s, ta
king
a
sele
ctiv
e, c
ase-
by-c
ase
appr
oach
, and
dec
idin
g to
inco
rpor
ate
each
ri
ght i
ndiv
idua
lly d
urin
g th
e 20
th c
entu
ry.
THE
14TH
AN
D IN
COR
POR
ATIO
N
R
EC
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
E
RA
Reco
nstru
ctio
n fra
mer
s lik
e Jo
hn B
ingh
am, o
ne o
f the
pr
incip
al a
utho
rs o
f the
14t
h Am
endm
ent,
soug
ht to
en
forc
e Bi
ll of
Rig
hts p
rote
ctio
ns li
ke fr
ee sp
eech
and
re
ligio
us li
berty
aga
inst
the
stat
es.
....
....
....
....
......
......
........
..........................................................................................................................................
........
......
......
....
..
JOH
N B
ING
HA
M
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
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l: 2
15.4
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800
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l: g
roup
sale
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nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
Nov
emb
er is
Nat
iona
l Nat
ive
Am
eric
an H
erit
age
Mon
th
John
Ada
ms
bec
omes
th
e fi
rst p
resi
dent
to
mov
e in
to
the
Whi
te H
ouse
(18
00)
VE
TE
RA
NS
DA
Y
ELE
CT
ION
DA
Y
12
34
67
89
1011
1213
1415
16
1718
19 26
20
27
28
29
30
2122
23
24
25
TH
AN
KS
GIV
ING
DA
Y
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
War
ren
G. H
ardi
ng (1
865)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jam
es K
. Pol
k (1
795)
Pre
side
nt A
brah
am
Linc
oln
deli
vers
th
e G
etty
sbur
g A
ddre
ss (1
86
3)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Jam
es G
arfi
eld
(18
31)
U.S
. Mar
ine
Cor
ps
esta
blis
hed
(177
5)
GIR
L S
CO
UT
DA
Y
BO
Y S
CO
UT
DA
Y
Mus
eum
Clo
sed
Pre
side
nt J
ohn
F.
Ken
nedy
is a
ssas
sina
ted
in D
alla
s, T
exas
(196
3)
NO
VEM
BER
TH
AN
KS
GIV
ING
WE
EK
EN
D P
RO
GR
AM
S
CIVI
C H
OLI
DAY
S
ELEC
TIO
N D
AY,
VET
ERA
NS
DAY
, &
TH
AN
KS
GIV
ING
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• O
n Ve
tera
ns D
ay, h
onor
thos
e w
ho
have
ser
ved
our
coun
try
wit
h a
wre
ath-
layi
ng c
erem
ony,
vet
eran
conv
ersa
tion
s, a
nd m
usic
al
perf
orm
ance
s.
• D
urin
g Th
anks
givi
ng w
eeke
nd,
expl
ore
the
hist
ory
of th
e ho
liday
and
enjo
y a
corn
ucop
ia o
f fun
fall
activ
ities
.
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• E
ngag
e in
sta
te a
nd lo
cal e
lect
ions
wit
h yo
ur s
tude
nts
by v
isit
ing
our
C
onst
itutio
n D
aily
blo
g th
is e
lect
ion
s
easo
n fo
r in
sigh
tful
upd
ates
and
c
omm
enta
ry!
con
stit
utio
ncen
ter.
org/
blog
• D
ownl
oad
grea
t
“Th
ank-
A-V
et”
post
card
s.
co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
/lea
rn
• Tu
ne in
to o
ur o
nlin
e vi
deo
less
on
Cons
titu
tion
Hal
l Pas
s:
“The
His
tory
of T
hank
sgiv
ing”
to le
arn
the
real
sto
ry o
f thi
s
Am
eric
an h
olid
ay.
co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
/hal
lpas
s
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Zach
ary
Tayl
or (1
784)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Fran
klin
Pie
rce
(18
04)
5
DE
CE
MB
ER
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
JA
NU
AR
Y
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3 4
5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
....
....
....
....
......
......
........
..........................................................................................................................................
........
......
......
....
..
Whe
n it
com
es to
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent’s
free
dom
s, n
o on
e sa
id it
bet
ter
than
Sup
rem
e Co
urt J
usti
ce L
ouis
Bra
ndei
s:
The
Foun
ding
gen
erat
ion
“bel
ieve
d th
at fr
eedo
m to
thin
k as
you
will
and
to s
peak
as
you
thin
k ar
e m
eans
indi
spen
sabl
e to
the
disc
over
y an
d sp
read
of p
oliti
cal t
ruth
; tha
t with
out f
ree
spee
ch a
nd
asse
mbl
y di
scus
sion
wou
ld b
e fu
tile
; tha
t wit
h th
em, d
iscu
ssio
n aff
ords
ord
inar
ily a
dequ
ate
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t the
dis
sem
inat
ion
of
noxi
ous
doct
rine
; tha
t the
gre
ates
t men
ace
to fr
eedo
m is
an
iner
t pe
ople
; tha
t pub
lic d
iscu
ssio
n is
a p
oliti
cal d
uty;
and
that
this
sho
uld
be a
fund
amen
tal p
rinc
iple
of t
he A
mer
ican
gov
ernm
ent.”
Bra
ndei
s
sum
med
up
not o
nly
why
the
Free
dom
of E
xpre
ssio
n w
as e
ssen
tial
to th
e U
nite
d St
ates
foun
ders
, but
als
o w
hy th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t re
mai
ns s
o de
ar to
Am
eric
ans
toda
y.
FIR
ST
AM
EN
DM
EN
TS
OJO
UR
NE
R T
RU
TH
SU
NM
ON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
AT
TH
E M
US
EU
M
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
CIV
IC
HO
LID
AY
SIG
N U
P F
OR
OU
R
EDU
CA
TOR
E-N
EW
SLE
TTE
R!
Vis
it: c
onst
itut
ionc
ente
r.or
g/le
arn
BO
OK
YO
UR
GR
OU
P T
OD
AY!
Cal
l: 2
15.4
09.6
800
Emai
l: g
roup
sale
s@co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
BIL
L O
F R
IGH
TS
DA
Y
12
34
56
7
89
1011
1213
14
1516
1718
1920
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Ros
a P
arks
ref
uses
to
give
up
her
sea
t on
a bu
s in
M
ontg
omer
y, A
laba
ma
(195
5)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Mar
tin
Van
Bur
en (1
782)
21st
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
rep
eals
th
e pr
ohib
itio
n of
al
coh
ol (1
933)
13th
Am
endm
ent r
atifi
ed—
abol
ish
es s
lave
ry (1
865
)
Del
awar
e is
th
e fi
rst
stat
e to
rat
ify
the
Con
stit
utio
n (1
787)
Sen
sory
-Fri
endl
y S
unda
y T
he
U.S
. Con
gres
s de
clar
es
war
on
Japa
n an
d en
ters
W
orld
War
II f
ollo
win
g th
e at
tack
on
Pea
rl H
arb
or
(194
1)
Bos
ton
Tea
Par
ty (1
773)
Gen
eral
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
and
his
troo
ps s
ucce
ssfu
lly
cros
s th
e D
elaw
are
Riv
er,
surp
risi
ng th
e B
riti
sh a
nd
Hes
sian
forc
es a
t Tre
nton
, N
J (1
776)
Mus
eum
Clo
sed
In K
orem
atsu
v. U
nite
d S
tate
s (1
944)
, the
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
uph
olds
Ja
pan
ese
Am
eric
an in
tern
men
t
In K
atz
v. U
nite
d S
tate
s (1
967)
, th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt e
stab
lish
es
an in
divi
dual
’s “
reas
onab
le
exp
ecta
tion
of p
riva
cy”
duri
ng
phon
e co
nver
sati
ons
Pen
nsyl
vani
a ra
tifi
es t
he
Con
stit
utio
n by
a v
ote
of
45
-23,
bec
omin
g th
e se
con
d st
ate
in t
he
Uni
on (1
787)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
Woo
drow
Wil
son
(185
6)
Bir
thda
y of
Pre
side
nt
And
rew
Joh
nson
(180
8)
Th
e B
ill o
f Rig
hts
is r
atifi
ed (1
791)
DEC
EMB
ERCI
VIC
HO
LID
AY
BIL
L O
F
RIG
HTS
DAY
AT
THE
MU
SEU
M
• Ta
ke a
tour
of S
igne
rs’ H
all,
then
play
our
Who
Wan
ts to
Be
a
Bill
-ion
aire
gam
e or
cre
ate
craf
ts th
at h
elp
you
mat
ch th
e
righ
t fre
edom
s w
ith
the
corr
ect
amen
dmen
ts.
• E
nhan
ce y
our
visi
t—bo
ok
the
Bill
of R
ight
s Th
emed
Pac
kage
!
IN T
HE
CL
AS
SR
OO
M
• V
isit
our
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titut
ion
for
bip
arti
san,
in-d
epth
exp
lain
ers
on
the
firs
t 10
amen
dmen
ts.
• V
iew
our
onl
ine
vide
o le
sson
,
Cons
titu
tion
Hal
l Pas
s: “
The
Bill
of
Rig
hts”
to le
arn
abou
t how
our
firs
t ten
am
endm
ents
took
sha
pe.
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/h
allp
ass
• B
ring
the
Bill
of R
ight
s Sh
ow to
you
r
scho
ol w
ith o
ur T
rave
ling
His
tory
and
Civ
ics
Pro
gram
.
Whe
n it
com
es to
the
Firs
t Am
endm
ent’s
free
dom
s, n
o on
e sa
id it
bet
ter
than
Sup
rem
e Co
urt J
usti
ce L
ouis
Bra
ndei
s:
The
Foun
ding
gen
erat
ion
“bel
ieve
d th
at fr
eedo
m to
thin
k as
you
will
and
to s
peak
as
you
thin
k ar
e m
eans
indi
spen
sabl
e to
the
disc
over
y an
d sp
read
of p
oliti
cal t
ruth
; tha
t with
out f
ree
spee
ch a
nd
asse
mbl
y di
scus
sion
wou
ld b
e fu
tile
; tha
t wit
h th
em, d
iscu
ssio
n aff
ords
ord
inar
ily a
dequ
ate
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t the
dis
sem
inat
ion
of
noxi
ous
doct
rine
; tha
t the
gre
ates
t men
ace
to fr
eedo
m is
an
iner
t pe
ople
; tha
t pub
lic d
iscu
ssio
n is
a p
oliti
cal d
uty;
and
that
this
sho
uld
be a
fund
amen
tal p
rinc
iple
of t
he A
mer
ican
gov
ernm
ent.”
Bra
ndei
s
sum
med
up
not o
nly
why
the
Free
dom
of E
xpre
ssio
n w
as e
ssen
tial
to th
e U
nite
d St
ates
foun
ders
, but
als
o w
hy th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t re
mai
ns s
o de
ar to
Am
eric
ans
toda
y.
HA
PP
Y N
EW
YE
AR
!!
Chec
k th
e m
ail f
or y
our
20
20 C
ivic
Cal
enda
r!
FE
BR
UA
RY
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
JA
NU
AR
Y
S
M
T
W
T F
S
1 2
3 4
5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
TH
AN
KS
GIV
ING
WE
EK
EN
D
PR
OG
RA
MS
CL
AS
SR
OO
M E
XC
HA
NG
ES
AB
OU
T TH
E
NAT
ION
AL
CON
STI
TUTI
ON
CE
NTE
R•
The
first
and
onl
y no
npro
fit, n
onpa
rtis
an c
ivic
educ
atio
n ce
nter
dev
oted
to th
e U
.S. C
onst
itutio
n
and
its le
gacy
of f
reed
om
• Lo
cate
d st
eps
from
Inde
pend
ence
Hal
l in
the
His
tori
c D
istr
ict o
f Phi
lade
lphi
a
• A
mus
t-se
e at
trac
tion
wit
h co
nsti
tuti
onal
ly-
them
ed e
xhib
its
and
prog
ram
min
g, th
e C
ente
r
also
ser
ves
as a
hub
for
con
stit
utio
nal e
duca
tion
.
Ons
ite
and
onlin
e, th
e C
ente
r pr
ovid
es a
wea
lth
of e
duca
tion
al r
esou
rces
for
lear
ners
of a
ll ag
es
and
prod
uces
a w
ide
rang
e of
pub
lic p
rogr
ams
wit
h th
ough
t lea
ders
fro
m a
cros
s th
e id
eolo
gica
l
spec
trum
dis
cuss
ing
and
deba
ting
the
mos
t
impo
rtan
t con
stit
utio
nal i
ssue
s of
the
day.
CI
VIC
HO
LID
AYS
AR
E
GR
EAT
DAY
S TO
CEL
EBR
ATE
AT T
HE
MU
SEU
M O
R IN
YOU
R C
LAS
SR
OO
M
S
O W
HAT
IS A
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
?
• Ci
vic
holid
ays
are
occa
sion
s to
com
mem
orat
e
Am
eric
a’s
hist
ory
and
cele
brat
e ou
r ri
ghts
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
as c
itize
ns.
• Th
e N
atio
nal C
onst
itutio
n C
ente
r pr
ovid
es
the
natio
n’s
best
res
ourc
es fo
r ce
lebr
atin
g
civi
c ho
liday
s bo
th a
t the
mus
eum
and
in
your
cla
ssro
om.
The
Inte
ract
ive
Cons
titut
ion
is a
FR
EE, o
nlin
e to
ol th
at d
eliv
ers
scho
lars
hip
from
top
cons
titut
iona
l exp
erts
rig
ht to
you
r cl
assr
oom
. It
allo
ws
stud
ents
to e
xplo
re th
e hi
stor
y be
hind
eac
h ar
ticle
, sec
tion,
an
d am
endm
ent o
f the
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion
up to
the
pres
ent d
ay. F
or
each
par
t of t
he C
onst
itutio
n, a
diff
eren
t pai
r of
lega
l sch
olar
s re
ache
s ac
ross
the
part
isan
div
ide
to c
o-au
thor
a “
Com
mon
Inte
rpre
tatio
n”
essa
y ex
plai
ning
the
thin
gs o
n w
hich
they
agr
ee—
incl
udin
g hi
stor
ic
orig
ins
and
anal
ysis
of r
elev
ant S
upre
me
Cou
rt o
pini
ons.
The
n, th
e sa
me
scho
lars
wri
te in
divi
dual
“M
atte
rs o
f Deb
ate”
ess
ays
outl
inin
g le
adin
g vi
ewpo
ints
acr
oss
a ra
nge
of p
ersp
ectiv
es o
n ho
w th
at p
art
of th
e C
onst
itutio
n ca
n or
sho
uld
be in
terp
rete
d. T
he In
tera
ctiv
e Co
nstit
utio
n’s
nonp
artis
an fo
unda
tion
and
ideo
logi
cally
bal
ance
d op
inio
ns h
elps
teac
hers
and
stu
dent
s to
hav
e in
form
ed, r
espe
ctfu
l, up
-to-
date
dis
cuss
ion
and
deba
te a
bout
the
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion.
ON
-SIT
E &
CL
AS
SRO
OM
W
OR
KSH
OP
S
AVA
ILA
BLE
cons
titu
tion
cent
er.o
rg/c
onst
itut
ion
The
Inte
ract
ive
Co
nsti
tuti
on
was
mad
e p
ossi
ble
by
a g
rant
fro
m t
he J
ohn
Tem
ple
ton
Foun
dat
ion
and
un
der
th
e ad
vise
men
t o
f th
e A
mer
ican
C
onst
itut
ion
Soci
ety
and
The
Fed
eral
ist
Soci
ety.
The
Firs
t Am
endm
ent P
roje
ct
The
Nat
iona
l Con
stitu
tion
Cen
ter
is p
roud
to in
trod
uce
this
new
cla
ssro
om in
itiat
ive
aski
ng s
tude
nts
to th
ink
criti
cally
abo
ut th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t and
exa
min
e it
thro
ugh
a no
n-pa
rtis
an c
onst
itutio
nal l
ens.
The
goa
l is
to p
rovi
de m
iddl
e an
d hi
gh s
choo
l cla
ssro
oms
with
a t
wo-
wee
k pl
an o
f stu
dy th
at is
a o
ne-s
top
shop
for
teac
hers
to in
trod
uce
each
of t
he fo
ur c
laus
es o
f the
am
endm
ent,
disc
uss
the
prov
isio
ns in
a m
oder
n co
ntex
t, an
d ex
amin
e sc
hola
rly
deba
tes
surr
ound
ing
thei
r in
terp
reta
tion.
The
Cen
ter
is c
olla
bora
ting
with
the
Col
lege
Boa
rd to
cre
ate
the
Inte
ract
ive
Con
stitu
tion
Cla
ssro
om E
ditio
n:
The
Firs
t Am
endm
ent,
a se
t of o
nlin
e re
sour
ces
that
will
ena
ble
educ
ator
s to
teac
h th
e Fi
rst A
men
dmen
t to
stud
ents
in g
rade
s 6
thro
ugh
12. T
hrou
gh th
is in
itiat
ive,
the
two
inst
itutio
ns a
re e
nsur
ing
that
all
Am
eric
an
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts
grad
uate
with
a k
now
ledg
e of
the
basi
c pr
inci
ples
of t
he F
irst
Am
endm
ent a
nd th
e fr
eedo
ms
it pr
otec
ts.
VIS
IT T
HE
NAT
ION
AL
CON
STI
TUTI
ON
CEN
TER
MA
IN E
XH
IBIT
S
FREE
DO
M R
ISIN
G
Set
the
stag
e fo
r yo
ur m
useu
m e
xper
ienc
e in
this
sta
te-o
f-th
e-ar
t, liv
e pe
rfor
man
ce th
at te
lls th
e st
ory
of th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s C
onst
itutio
n an
d th
e A
mer
ican
que
st fo
r fr
eedo
m—
pres
ente
d in
the
Sid
ney
Kim
mel
The
ater
. Fr
eedo
m R
isin
g is
und
erw
ritt
en in
par
t thr
ough
a g
ener
ous
gran
t fro
m th
e F.
M. K
irby
Fou
ndat
ion.
THE
STO
RY
OF
WE
THE
PEO
PLE
Trav
el th
roug
h hi
stor
y an
d di
scov
er w
hy th
e U
.S. C
onst
itut
ion
is a
s im
port
ant t
oday
as
it w
as in
178
7. T
he S
tory
of W
e th
e P
eopl
e
is fi
lled
wit
h ha
nds-
on, m
ulti
med
ia a
ctiv
itie
s an
d a
rota
ting
col
lect
ion
of r
are
arti
fact
s. S
tude
nts
will
tak
e th
e O
ath
of O
ffice
, w
eigh
in o
n S
upre
me
Cou
rt c
ases
and
dis
cove
r fo
r th
emse
lves
the
endu
ring
rel
evan
ce o
f the
U.S
. Con
stit
utio
n.
SIG
NER
S’ H
ALL
In th
is ic
onic
exh
ibit
, stu
dent
s w
ill s
tep
into
the
fina
l day
of t
he C
onst
itut
iona
l Con
vent
ion
and
sign
the
U.S
. Con
stit
utio
n al
ongs
ide
42 li
fe-s
ize,
bro
nze
stat
ues
of G
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n, J
ames
Mad
ison
, Ale
xand
er H
amilt
on, B
enja
min
Fra
nklin
, and
ot
her
Foun
ding
Fat
hers
.
CON
STI
TUTI
NG
LIB
ERT
Y: F
RO
M T
HE
DEC
LAR
ATI
ON
TO
TH
E B
ILL
OF
RIG
HTS
The
Dec
lara
tion
of In
depe
nden
ce, t
he C
onst
itutio
n, a
nd th
e B
ill o
f Rig
hts
are
the
thre
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t doc
umen
ts in
Am
eric
an
hist
ory.
The
y ex
pres
s th
e id
eals
that
defi
ne “
We
the
Peo
ple
of th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s” a
nd in
spir
e fr
ee p
eopl
e ar
ound
the
wor
ld. T
he
Nat
iona
l Con
stitu
tion
Cen
ter
is p
roud
to d
ispl
ay a
firs
t edi
tion
Sto
ne E
ngra
ving
of t
he D
ecla
rati
on o
f Ind
epen
denc
e, a
rar
e co
py
of th
e fir
st p
ublic
pri
ntin
g of
the
U.S
. Con
stit
utio
n, a
nd a
rep
rodu
ctio
n of
one
of t
he 1
2 su
rviv
ing
copi
es o
f the
Bill
of R
ight
s in
the
Geo
rge
H.W
. Bus
h G
alle
ry. T
he o
rigi
nal B
ill o
f Rig
hts,
whi
ch w
as e
xhib
ited
at th
e C
ente
r be
twee
n 20
14 a
nd 2
017,
was
pre
serv
ed a
s pa
rt o
f The
New
Yor
k P
ublic
Lib
rary
’s r
enow
ned
rese
arch
col
lect
ion.
It w
ill b
e re
turn
to th
e N
atio
nal C
onst
itutio
n C
ente
r af
ter
2020
an
d be
dis
play
ed o
n a
rota
ting
basi
s to
the
publ
ic in
bot
h P
enns
ylva
nia
and
New
Yor
k fo
r th
e ne
xt 1
00 y
ears
.
CIV
IL W
AR
AN
D R
ECO
NS
TRU
CTI
ON
EX
HIB
IT
In S
prin
g 20
19, t
he N
atio
nal C
onst
itutio
n C
ente
r w
ill o
pen
the
first
gal
lery
in A
mer
ica
devo
ted
to e
xplo
ring
the
cons
titut
iona
l de
bate
s an
d ke
y fi
gure
s—fr
om A
brah
am L
inco
ln a
nd F
rede
rick
Dou
glas
s to
Joh
n B
ingh
am a
nd H
arri
et T
ubm
an—
cent
ral t
o th
e fo
rmat
ion
and
ratifi
catio
n of
the
13th
, 14t
h, a
nd 1
5th
Am
endm
ents
. Fro
m th
e ea
rly
Am
eric
an r
epub
lic to
the
Civi
l War
and
R
econ
stru
ctio
n, th
e ex
hibi
t will
use
per
sona
l sto
ries
, doc
umen
ts, a
nd a
rtifa
cts
to e
ngag
e vi
sito
rs w
ith th
emes
of f
reed
om,
equa
lity,
and
citi
zens
hip.
The
exh
ibit
will
incl
ude
artif
acts
from
col
lect
ions
aro
und
the
regi
on a
nd a
cros
s th
e co
untr
y, in
clud
ing
feat
ured
obj
ects
from
the
colle
ctio
n of
the
Civi
l War
Mus
eum
of P
hila
delp
hia
on lo
an fr
om th
e G
etty
sbur
g Fo
unda
tion
and
the
Uni
on L
eagu
e of
Phi
lade
lphi
a. W
hile
lear
ning
abo
ut th
ese
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Am
endm
ents
, vis
itors
will
dis
cove
r th
e pr
omis
es th
at
wer
e en
shri
ned
in th
e C
onst
itutio
n an
d th
eir
impa
ct o
n al
l Am
eric
ans.
Vis
itors
will
als
o ex
plor
e de
bate
s ov
er th
e co
nstit
utio
nal
lega
cy o
f Rec
onst
ruct
ion,
whi
ch c
ontin
ue in
Am
eric
a to
day.
HA
MIL
TON
: TH
E C
ON
STI
TUTI
ON
AL
CL
AS
HE
S T
HA
T S
HA
PED
A N
ATI
ON
| O
pen
thro
ugh
Dec
embe
r 31
, 201
9
This
feat
ure
exhi
bit h
ighl
ight
s th
e co
nflic
ting
idea
s of
Ale
xand
er H
amilt
on a
nd h
is le
gend
ary
riva
ls. C
reat
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal
Con
stitu
tion
Cen
ter,
the
exhi
bit e
xplo
res
Ham
ilton
’s fr
augh
t rel
atio
nshi
ps w
ith J
ames
Mad
ison
, Tho
mas
Jeff
erso
n, J
ohn
Ada
ms,
and
Aar
on B
urr.
Exa
min
ing
the
pers
onal
ities
and
con
stitu
tiona
l riv
alri
es th
at s
hape
d A
mer
ica—
incl
udin
g th
e sc
ope
of
the
natio
nal g
over
nmen
t, th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a s
tand
ing
arm
y, th
e cr
eatio
n of
a fe
dera
l ban
king
sys
tem
, and
mor
e—th
e ex
hibi
t pr
ovid
es u
niqu
e in
sigh
t int
o A
lexa
nder
Ham
ilton
’s e
ndur
ing
role
in th
e co
nstit
utio
nal a
nd p
oliti
cal a
rgum
ents
that
con
tinue
to
crea
te s
park
s to
this
day
.
AB
OU
T TH
E
NAT
ION
AL
CON
STI
TUTI
ON
CE
NTE
R•
The
first
and
onl
y no
npro
fit, n
onpa
rtis
an c
ivic
educ
atio
n ce
nter
dev
oted
to th
e U
.S. C
onst
itutio
n
and
its le
gacy
of f
reed
om
• Lo
cate
d st
eps
from
Inde
pend
ence
Hal
l in
the
His
tori
c D
istr
ict o
f Phi
lade
lphi
a
• A
mus
t-se
e at
trac
tion
wit
h co
nsti
tuti
onal
ly-
them
ed e
xhib
its
and
prog
ram
min
g, th
e C
ente
r
also
ser
ves
as a
hub
for
con
stit
utio
nal e
duca
tion
.
Ons
ite
and
onlin
e, th
e C
ente
r pr
ovid
es a
wea
lth
of e
duca
tion
al r
esou
rces
for
lear
ners
of a
ll ag
es
and
prod
uces
a w
ide
rang
e of
pub
lic p
rogr
ams
wit
h th
ough
t lea
ders
fro
m a
cros
s th
e id
eolo
gica
l
spec
trum
dis
cuss
ing
and
deba
ting
the
mos
t
impo
rtan
t con
stit
utio
nal i
ssue
s of
the
day.
CI
VIC
HO
LID
AYS
AR
E
GR
EAT
DAY
S TO
CEL
EBR
ATE
AT T
HE
MU
SEU
M O
R IN
YOU
R C
LAS
SR
OO
M
S
O W
HAT
IS A
CIV
IC H
OLI
DAY
?
• Ci
vic
holid
ays
are
occa
sion
s to
com
mem
orat
e
Am
eric
a’s
hist
ory
and
cele
brat
e ou
r ri
ghts
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
as c
itize
ns.
• Th
e N
atio
nal C
onst
itutio
n C
ente
r pr
ovid
es
the
natio
n’s
best
res
ourc
es fo
r ce
lebr
atin
g
civi
c ho
liday
s bo
th a
t the
mus
eum
and
in
your
cla
ssro
om.
CO
NS
TITU
TIO
N H
ALL
PA
SS
Giv
e yo
ur s
tude
nts
a “h
all p
ass”
to e
xplo
re
Am
eric
a’s
civi
c ho
liday
s an
d co
nsti
tuti
onal
his
tory
!
Cre
ated
and
pro
duce
d by
the
Nat
iona
l Con
stit
utio
n
Cen
ter,
Con
stitu
tion
Hal
l Pas
s is
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ree,
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OG
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ente
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Am
eric
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Tow
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rogr
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e be
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ente
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AIL
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og, C
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aily
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ely
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onst
itutio
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ssue
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EO
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rey
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osts
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pora
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isto
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ics
abou
t the
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion.
Vis
it co
nsti
tuti
once
nter
.org
/pod
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Cal
l 215
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0 or
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