PAGES 67 - 89

The English Establish 13 Colonies 1585-1732

Reasons the early colonies were established.

The lack of economic opportunities on England forced many to seek fortunes abroad because there had been talk of gold mines in the new land.

Others left for religious freedom.

Two Early Colonies Fail

Roanoke – financed by Sir Walter Raleigh

Began in 1585 on Roanoke Island

Colonists had relied on the Native Americans for food but they were also trying to take the land from the Native Americans

The Native Americans cut off the food supply and those that survived returned to England.

A second colony was established at Roanoke in 1587 under the request of John White.

White was forced to return to England for needed supplies.

Roanoke cont.

It took John White about 3 years to return. The Spanish Armada prevented a quicker return.

Upon his return, there was no one to be found.

The colony had been deserted.

The only clues were letters carved in a tree CRO

The word CROATOAN was carved in a doorpost.

To this day, there is no information as to what really happened to the colony or it’s people at Roanoke.

Second Colony

Sagadahoc – sponsored by the Plymouth Company in 1607.

Was located at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Maine.

Some of the settlers were English convicts

The reasons for the failure:

Harsh winters, arguments amongst the colonists, food shortages, and fights with the Native Americans

These all forced the colonists to return to England

Jamestown is founded in 1607

Financed by the Virginia Company of London.

The first permanent English settlement named after King James.

Problems arose when the colonists spent more time searching for gold instead of preparing for the winter

They had not built shelters and they had not planted food. Many died from malaria.

By January ,1608, only 38 colonists remained alive.

John Smith stepped in and took control. “He that will not work shall not eat”.

Jamestown cont.

Smith also convinced the Powhatan tribe to trade corn to the colonists.

In 1609, about 800 more settlers arrived from England.

Tensions grew between the Natives and the colonists. The Powhatans stopped trading food and would attack the settlers if they left the colony.

Jamestown cont.

This was called “starving time”. The settlers ate rats, mice and snakes to survive. Only 60 settlers survived during this time.

John Rolfe developed a high grade tobacco that the colonists now grew. This created a means to trade and make money for the colony.

The Virginia Company considered the colonists employees---the colonists wanted a share of the profits.

Jamestown cont.

The House of Burgesses – created in 1619. Became the first representative assembly in the American colonies. This was done because the colonists became annoyed with the fact that their governor was also a representative of the Virginia Company and therefore was not looking out for their best interest. They wanted some representation back in London.

Powhatan Conflict

Tensions were growing between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe.

The tribe taught the colonists how to grow corn, catch fish, and capture wild fowl.

The colonists were getting greedy and with the expanding tobacco farms started “grabbing” land from the Powhatans.

In response, the Powhatans killed hundreds of Jamestown’s residents.

Summary

What did the settlers learn from these colonial establishments?

Needed to form positive relationships with each other and the Natives.

Needed to make sure to build shelters and plant crops.

Prepare for weather conditions.

What were the positive and negative ways the explorers impacted the Native

Americans ?

Positive: traded different foods, animals and technology (weapons). This added to the richness of the Native American culture.

Negative: brought disease, enslaved the Native Americans, forced them to migrate from their land, and forced religious conversions. All of this led to the destruction of Native cultures.

The New England Colonies

MAIN IDEA: Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies.

Pages 76 - 87

Voyage of the Mayflower

Church of England established in the early 1500’s (broke away from the Catholic Church)

Early 1600’s, group known as the Separatists called for a break from the Church of England because they thought it was too much like the Catholic Church.

Pilgrims

The Pilgrims were a Separatists group.King James attacked them for going against

the teachings of the Church of England.They fled to Holland to escape the harsh

treatments. Holland was known for acceptance of different opinions and beliefs.

Holland wasn’t what they thought it would be so they approached the Virginia Company.

Pilgrims cont.

They asked for transport to America.It was arranged for them to settle on land on

the eastern coast of North America.November 1620, ship called the Mayflower

arrived off Cape Cod on the Massachusetts coast. They landed in what was named Plymouth.

They had been blown off course---the charter was not valid. They were outside the limits of the Virginia Company.

Mayflower Compact

Was written to create order in the colony due to the fact that the charter was no longer valid.

The men aboard the Mayflower vowed to obey the laws agreed upon for the good of the colony.

This was the first idea of self-government and majority rule.

The Pilgrims found Plymouth

Endured “starving time”---first winter was brutal---disease and death---half of the group had died by spring.

Spring---met 2 Native Americans that spoke English

Learned to plant, hunt, and fish from the Native Americans

They also began trading for furs and preparing lumber to ship back to England for a profit.

Sometime that fall, the Pilgrims celebrated a great harvest by holding a three day feast.

This was the first Thanksgiving---which came to represent peace that existed between the Native Americans and the Pilgrims.

The colony was a success which lead to more people wishing to seek religious freedom in the new land.

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay

Puritans left England between 1630 and 1640 to escape King James I.

They wanted to reform or “purify” the Church of England’s practices.

Their leaving is known as “The Great Migration”.About 20,000 Puritans left England to sail across

the Atlantic Ocean to New England.In 1630, about 1000 people left England to settle

in Massachusetts Bay. They were well supplied making them more prepared and did not suffer through a starving time.

The New England Way

This new colony would be known as a commonwealth, a community in which people work together for the good of the whole.

The basic unit of the commonwealth was the congregation---people belonging to the same church.

Only male church members could hold office or vote.

By law everyone had to attend church services which were held in the meetinghouse. It is here that the sermon provided instruction in the ‘New England Way”.

Explanation of the New England Way

Describes both the Puritan beliefs and society, which emphasized duty, godliness, hard work and honesty.

Believed that amusements and playing games led to laziness. Believed that God required them to work long and hard at their vocation.

This work ethic helped contribute to the growth and success of the New England Colonies.

Education was also very important—laws required that all children learn to read so that they could read the Bible.

Puritan colonies were set up in Connecticut and New Hampshire.

Not all agreed with the New England Way. Roger Williams, a minister who founded the first Baptist Church in America. He opposed forcing people to attend church, the taking of Native American lands w/ force. He was forced to leave Massachusetts . He went south and founded the colony of Rhode Island, which guaranteed religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson was forced to leave Massachusetts as well. She believed that a person could worship God without the help of a church, minister, or Bible.

She fled to Rhode Island in 1638.

Quakers

The Quakers—another religious group. Their name came from the belief that they should “tremble (quake) at the word of the Lord”. They believed that each person could know God directly through “an inner light”.

They also believed that ministers and the Bible were not needed.

Believed that the Native Americans should be treated fairly.

They were whipped, imprisoned or hanged because of their beliefs.

Many of them left for Rhode Island.

Salem Witchcraft Trialsp.80-81

Puritan New England was centered on the church and it’s teachings.

Societal changes led to fear and suspicion.A West Indies slave told some young girls stories

about witches. These young girls thought it would be fun to pretend to be bewitched and accuse others of witchcraft.

This prompted the witch hunts in 1692.Those accused were forced to name others as

witches. More than 100 people were arrested and tried.

Of those, 20 were found guilty and put to death. 19 of them were hanged and another was pressed to death by heavy stones when he refused to enter a plea of guilt.

The panic was short lived and eventually everyone came to their senses.

This did show how a society can create scapegoats for its problems.