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Technology Exemplars for Energy Efficient Buildings –

Aiming Towards Net-0

for : Saint-Gobain Glass Initiative for Green Buildings

date : Wednesday, February 13, 2013

presenter: Neeraj Kapoor

Kalpakrit Sustainable Environments Pvt. Ltd.

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About Kalpakrit

• Council of Architecture (COA) licensed architects.• Member, Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)• Member, US Green Building Council (USGBC)• GRIHA Trainers & Evaluators, LEED AP & IGBC AP staff

EXPERIENCE & STRENGTHS• A green building consultancy firm led by architects – Comprises of

young architecture, engineering and building science professionals.• Practice rooted in research and industry synergies – providing

solutions for moisture migration, hydroponics, urban design principles formed on vernacular built-heritage & CFD

• Staff involved in the development of Energy Conservation Building Code, i.e. ECBC 2007 and are currently involved with policy initiatives with Bureau of Energy Efficiency, MoP related to code implementation in Tamil Nadu and design of DSM projects.

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Key Projects• Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Vithura,

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bhubneshwar, Orissa• Energy, Lighting Simulation, IAQ and Design Assistance for the Indira

Paryavaran Bhavan (IPB), Delhi, MoEF• Ceremonial Hall, Presidential Estate• IRRAD – Phase 1 , Gurgaon is a Platinum rated green building.

Phase-2 consultants.• Natraj IT Park, Mumbai; FIFC, Mumbai; Signet Towers, Hyderabad• Nestle R&D Centre, Manesar, Haryana• Jaypee Residency Manor Extension, Mussoorie, Uttranchal• Botanika Residential Development, 76 Friends Colony, Delhi• Micron, Barwala, Punjab; Immacule, Nalagarh, Himachal• Punjab National Bank, Gurgaon

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• Net Zero Electricity?

• Net Zero Embodied Energy?

• Operational Energy?

• Carbon Neutral?

• Carbon Footprint?

• Off-Grid?

??

What kind of Net Zero?

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Net Zero Onsite Operational Electricity Consumption

• Loads reduction and then, . . . further loads reduction -- Optimization!

• Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Measures (EEMs & ECMs)

• Key Net Zero Metrics

• Technology demonstrators for a large NZEB

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Loads: It begins and Ends Here for NZEB . . . .• EXTERIOR LOADS (insulation)

• Back to the basics -- Orientation, Floor plate depth, Self shading, Passive design features, sailing months, and prevailing breeze!

• Reducing Heat Gain through walls and roofs~ At what U / R – value does it become futile to apply more insulation?

Is it 0.07?/ 0.065/ 0.06 or 0.055 . . . . . (Btu/ft2.h.F)~ The dilemma of the glass - WANTED: High VLT and low SHGC for glass – It’s Possible! But, before we select glass – ~ Can we effectively shade the windows?

What about the frames? Aluminium, Steel, Aluminium with thermal break, UPVC, Wood or Bamboo-Jute/ composites

• INTERIOR LOADS (power densities and scheduling)• Existential Questions -- Why should one be cooling excessively for

ineffective and inefficient lighting of the interiors? ~ Complete and adequate daylighting of all interior spaces;~ Optimized general lighting benchmarks, LPD + specific task lighting

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• PROCESS LOADS REDUCTION – Are these Classic ECMs?• Could the IT loads be reduced?

~ Laptops :15W to 70W;~ Thin Clients?: 10W to 20W~ IT Energy Management Software~ Let’s do away with the tubes now -- LCD screens only. LED?

• What about the efficiency of appliances and electronics?~ Star-labelled? Energy Star?

• Conservation before Efficiency~ Do you really need the equipment, plugged appliances that you have on your wish-list?

• Aggressive organizational procurement policy to sustain status!

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• Process Loads Reduction – An example of a classic ECM

• Interior Loads• Existential Questions -- Why should one be cooling excessively for

ineffective and inefficient lighting of the interiors? ~ Complete daylighting of all interior spaces;~ Optimized general lighting benchmarks, LPD + specific task lighting

of 389As per works accomplished for a CPWD project aiming for NZEB status

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Consideration to soil erosion: Scarce fertility

As per works accomplished by Neeraj Kapoor for DPAP for a large public project aiming for NZEB

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• HVAC LOADS REDUCTION• Efficiency approaches are not enough. Thinking about ECMs!

~ At what temperature are you comfortable?~ What is comfort? ~ Can we redefine comfort for humans as a function of their adaptability to natural preconditions?;

• How do the systems’ design respond ~ Differentiating Thermostat set-points for different functions.

Zoning the building for say – three varying set-points,excluding the merely ventilated spaces.

~ Do corridors and lobbies need cooling or could they be simplyshaded, well ventilated transition spaces when one enters the building from the extreme outdoors?~ How does one respond to Seasonal Cycles?

Hot-Dry versus Warm Humid?

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Radiant Slabs . . . .

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Design and Construction Process

Housing in the Everglades

• Integrated Design Process that involves the Owners.

• Sophisticated Controls, experienced and smart facility managers.

• Educated and Sensitized Users who will sustain the super efficiency goals.

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SELECTED PROJECT STRATEGIES . . . .

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CASE 1 : Efficient Building Envelope systems with 20% on-site renewable energy generation.

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CASE 2 : Conservation & adaptation as a effective strategy for energy consumption reduction

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Our Immediate Environment: Comfort in Buildings

As lifestyle aspirations evolve for the middle class India, we have started seeing air conditioning getting installed largely as an additional facility. It’s usually used only during certain times – and – that forms the basis of a mixed mode operational approach.

Ceiling Fans

Nat. Vent. / Night Flushing

Evap. Cooling

Air Conditioning

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

AC used for 6 hrs a day for 45 days (270 hrs a year )

Ceiling fans through out summer

Graphic & Source: Office space comfort systems’ usage pattern, New Delhi; Ashok Lall & Neeraj Kapoor

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Changing Expectations in Thermal Comfort

Basic Cool ~ Cold ~ Outright Chilly

Source: Ashok B. Lall Architects

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Changing Means to meet Comfort Expectations

As India develops economically there is a rising trend toward adopting refrigerant based air conditioning for indoor comfort.

Ceiling Fans

Nat. Vent./ Night Flushing

Evap. Cooling

Refrigeration based A/C

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Graphic & Source: Adaptation of the graphic to represent contemporary HVAC trend for buildings in India

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Alternatively, there’s . . .

The Adaptive comfort model accounts for our physiological capacities to adapt to a wider range of temperature and humidity conditions in real life than those that are assumed to be the idealized limits.

Graphic & Source: Acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces, ASHRAE 55 - 2004

Adaptive Comfort

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Adaptive Comfort versus Steady State

Adaptive / Reasonable

Hot Dry season (RH < 60%):“Comfortable” at 28°C.

Warm Humid season (RH ≤ 70%):“Comfortable” at 26°C.

Image Source: Ashok B. Lall Architects

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Annual Energy Production/ ConsumptionJa

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Feb

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y

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

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Dec

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Electricity Monthly Production Electricity Monthly Consumption

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Super Efficient Examplar (for a Net-0) Building

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CASE 3 : Fresh Air Displacement Ventilationfor a School, New Delhi

• Each tunnel to be 90m long to handle 12000 CFM approx. depending on 900mm wide tunnel.

• Slow Speed system: Air quantity based on 6 ACH in Peak Summer and 3 ACH in Monsoon & Winter.

• Displacement Ventilation for natural stratification of air column.

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Forced Air Distribution versus Natural Stratification

Forced Air:

12.5 - 14°C

UFAD/ Stratified:

15.5 – 18.5°C

Source: # web #

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Displacement Ventilation

Outside air is first pre cooled & then let to naturally stratify as it picks up heat.

29°C to 32°C

25°C to 28°C

21°C to 24°C

Source: Nirmal Gupta Consultants; Original Source: # web #

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Relevance . . . Air Quality!

Source: # web #

[24˚C]

[25˚C]

[26˚C]

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• Better air quality & therefore health.

• Thermal comfort and adequate daylight

• Environment conducive to better performance.

• Sensitivity and ownership towards environmental initiatives.

• Quantifiable, real energy consumption reduction.

for the occupants of the building, it means . . .

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Comfort & Energy Efficiency when used with . . . .

• Evaporative cooler in hot dry season

• Refrigerant based cooling hybridized to condense water out of the air

• TES for managing peak loads, & differential utility tariff structures.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Graphic: Adaptation of the graphic to represent use of high savings yielding EEMs in an Indian context

Winter Heating, if necessary

Nat. Vent./ Night Flushing / Free Sail

Evap. Cooling during hot dry period

Dehum. Air delivered via Displ. Ventilation

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Thank You

The webinar presentation and audio will be uploaded in www.glassisgreen.com shortly.

Please fill in the survey.

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