OCOR Standards 050114

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1910.179(a) — Definitions applicable to this section

(1) A “crane” is a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mech-anism an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or by power.

(2) An “automatic crane” is a crane which when activated operates through a preset cycle or cycles.

(3) A “cab-operated crane” is a crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley.

(4) “Cantilever gantry crane” means a gantry or semi-gantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one or both sides.

(5) “Floor-operated crane” means a crane which is pendant or nonconductive rope controlled by an op-erator on the floor or an independent platform.

(6) “Gantry crane” means a crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.

(7) “Hot metal handling crane” means an over-head crane used for transporting or pouring molten material.

(8) “Overhead crane” means a crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed run-way structure.

(9) “Power-operated crane” means a crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.

(10) A “pulpit-operated crane” is a crane oper-ated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane.

(11) A “remote-operated crane” is a crane con-trolled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab at-tached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control.

(12) A “semigantry crane” is a gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being supported by a truck running on an elevated rail or runway.

(13) “Storage bridge crane” means a gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or nonrigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends.

(14) “Wall crane” means a crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a side wall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the side wall or columns.

(15) “Appointed” means assigned specific re-sponsibilities by the employer or the employer’s rep-resentative.

(16) “ANSI” means the American National Stan-dards Institute.

(17) An “auxiliary hoist” is a supplemental hoist-ing unit of lighter capacity and usually higher speed than provided for the main hoist.

(18) A “brake” is a device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.

(19) A “drag brake” is a brake which provides retarding force without external control.

(20) A “holding brake” is a brake that automati-cally prevents motion when power is off.

(21) “Bridge” means that part of a crane consist-ing of girders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or trolleys.

(22) “Bridge travel” means the crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.

(23) A “bumper” [buffer] is an energy absorb-ing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two moving cranes or trolleys come in contact.

(24) The “cab” is the operator’s compartment on a crane.

(25) “Clearance” means the distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction.

(26) “Collectors current” are contacting devices for collecting current from runway or bridge conductors.

(27) “Conductors, bridge” are the electrical con-ductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.

(28) “Conductors, runway” [main] are the elec-trical conductors located along a crane runway to pro-vide power to the crane.

OSHA 1910.179Overhead and Gantry Cranes

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(29) The “control braking means” is a method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition.

(30) “Countertorque” means a method of con-trol by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction.

(31) “Dynamic” means a method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condi-tion to provide a retarding force.

(32) “Regenerative” means a form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system.

(33) “Mechanical” means a method of control by friction.

(34) “Controller, spring return” means a con-troller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position.

(35) “Designated” means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as be-ing qualified to perform specific duties.

(36) A “drift point” means a point on a travel mo-tion controller which releases the brake while the mo-tor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set.

(37) The “drum” is the cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load.

(38) An “equalizer” is a device which compen-sates for unequal length or stretch of a rope.

(39) “Exposed” means capable of being contact-ed inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not ad-equately guarded or isolated.

(40) “Fail-safe” means a provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.

(41) “Footwalk” means the walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes.

(42) A “hoist” is an apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering.

(43) “Hoist chain” means the load bearing chain in a hoist. NOTE: Chain properties do not conform to those shown in ANSI B30.9-1971, Safety Code for Slings.

(44) “Hoist motion” means that motion of a crane which raises and lowers a load.

(45) “Load” means the total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.

1910.179(a) – Definitions... (cont’d) (46) The “load block” is the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope.

(47) “Magnet” means an electromagnetic device carried on a crane hook to pick up loads magnetically.

(48) “Main hoist” means the hoist mechanism provided for lifting the maximum rated load.

(49) A “man trolley” is a trolley having an opera-tor’s cab attached thereto.

(50) “Rated load” means the maximum load for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s).

(51) “Rope” refers to wire rope, unless otherwise specified.

(52) “Running sheave” means a sheave which rotates as the load block is raised or lowered.

(53) “Runway” means an assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels.

(54) “Side pull” means that portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.

(55) “Span” means the horizontal distance center to center of runway rails.

(56) “Standby crane” means a crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.

(57) A “stop” is a device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.

(58) A “switch” is a device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electric circuit.

(59) An “emergency stop switch” is a manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls.

(60) A “limit switch” is a switch which is operat-ed by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment.

(61) A “main switch” is a switch controlling the entire power supply to the crane.

(62) A “master switch” is a switch which domi-nates the operation of contactors, relays, or other re-motely operated devices.

(63) The “trolley” is the unit which travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism.

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(64) “Trolley travel” means the trolley move-ment at right angles to the crane runway.

(65) “Truck” means the unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles which supports the bridge girders or trolleys.

1910.179(b) — General requirements

(1) Application. This section applies to overhead and gantry cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others having the same fundamental characteristics. These cranes are grouped because they all have trolleys and similar travel characteristics.

(2) New and existing equipment. All new over-head and gantry cranes constructed and installed on or after August 31, 1971, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes, ANSI B30.2.0-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.

(3) Modifications. Cranes may be modified and rerated provided such modifications and the sup-porting structure are checked thoroughly for the new rated load by a qualified engineer or the equipment manufacturer. The crane shall be tested in accordance with paragraph (k) (2) of this section. New rated load shall be displayed in accordance with subparagraph (5) of this paragraph.

(4) Wind indicators and rail clamps. Outdoor storage bridges shall be provided with automatic rail clamps. A wind-indicating device shall be pro-vided which will give a visible or audible alarm to the bridge operator at a predetermined wind velocity. If the clamps act on the rail heads, any beads or weld flash on the rail heads shall be ground off.

(5) Rated load marking. The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its load block and this marking shall be clearly legible from the ground or floor.

1910.179(a) – Definitions... (cont’d) (6) Clearance from obstruction. (i) Minimum clearance of 3 inches overhead

and 2 inches laterally shall be provided and main-tained between crane and obstructions in conformity with Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc, Specification No. 61, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, (formerly Elec-tric Overhead Crane Institute, Inc).

(ii) Where passageways or walkways are pro-vided obstructions shall not be placed so that safety of personnel will be jeopardized by movements of the crane.

(7) Clearance between parallel cranes. If the runways of two cranes are parallel, and there are no intervening walls or structure, there shall be adequate clearance provided and maintained between the two bridges.

(8) Designated personnel. Only designated per-sonnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section.

1910.179(c) — Cabs (1) Cab location. (i) The general arrangement of the cab and

the location of control and protective equipment shall be such that all operating handles are within conve-nient reach of the operator when facing the area to be served by the load hook, or while facing the direction of travel of the cab. The arrangement shall allow the operator a full view of the load hook in all positions.

(ii) The cab shall be located to afford a mini-mum of 3 inches clearance from all fixed structures within its area of possible movement.

(2) Access to crane. Access to the cab and/or bridge walkway shall be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform requiring no step over any gap exceeding 12 inches. Fixed ladders shall be in conformance with the American National Standard Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3-1956, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.

(3) Fire extinguisher. Carbon tetrachloride extin-guishers shall not be used.

(4) Lighting. Light in the cab shall be sufficient to enable the operator to see clearly enough to perform his work.

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1910.179(d) — Footwalks and ladders

(1) Location of footwalks. (i) If sufficient headroom is available on cab-

operated cranes, a footwalk shall be provided on the drive side along the entire length of the bridge of all cranes having the trolley running on the top of the girders.

(ii) Where footwalks are located in no case shall less than 48 inches of headroom be provided.

(2) Construction of footwalks. (i) Footwalks shall be of rigid construction

and designed to sustain a distributed load of at least 50 pounds per square foot.

(ii) Footwalks shall have a walking surface of antislip type.

NOTE: Wood will meet this requirement. (iii) [Reserved] (iv) The inner edge shall extend at least to the

line of the outside edge of the lower cover plate or flange of the girder.

(3) Toeboards and handrails for footwalks. Toe-boards and handrails shall be in compliance with sec-tion 1910.23 of this part.

(4) Ladders and stairways. (i) Gantry cranes shall be provided with lad-

ders or stairways extending from the ground to the footwalk or cab platform.

(ii) Stairways shall be equipped with rigid and substantial metal handrails. Walking surfaces shall be of an antislip type.

(iii) Ladders shall be permanently and secure-ly fastened in place and shall be constructed in com-pliance with 1910.27.

1910.179(e) — Stops, bumpers, rail sweeps, and guards

(1) Trolley stops. (i) Stops shall be provided at the limits of trav-

el of the trolley. (ii) Stops shall be fastened to resist forces ap-

plied when contacted. (iii) A stop engaging the tread of the wheel

shall be of a height at least equal to the radius of the wheel.

(2) Bridge bumpers. (i) A crane shall be provided with bumpers or

other automatic means providing equivalent effect, unless the crane travels at a slow rate of speed and has a faster deceleration rate due to the use of sleeve bear-ings, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance by the nature of the crane operation and there is no haz-ard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the crane (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed 3 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at 20 percent of the rated load speed.

(a) The bumpers shall have sufficient en-ergy absorbing capacity to stop the crane when travel-ing at a speed of at least 40 percent of rated load speed.

(b) The bumper shall be so mounted that there is no direct shear on bolts.

(ii) Bumpers shall be so designed and installed as to minimize parts falling from the crane in case of breakage.

(3) Trolley bumpers. (i) A trolley shall be provided with bumpers

or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley travels at a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the trolley (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed 4.7 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at one-third of the rated load speed.

(ii) When more than one trolley is operated on the same bridge, each shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent on their adjacent ends.

(iii) Bumpers or equivalent shall be designed and installed to minimize parts falling from the trolley in case of age.

(4) Rail sweeps. Bridge trucks shall be equipped with sweeps which extend below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck wheels.

(5) Guards for hoisting ropes. (i) If hoisting ropes run near enough to other

parts to make fouling or chafing possible, guards shall be installed to prevent this condition.

(ii) A guard shall be provided to prevent con-tact between bridge conductors and hoisting ropes if they could come into contact.

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(6) Guards for moving parts. (i) Exposed moving parts such as gears, set

screws, projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocating components which might constitute a hazard under normal operating conditions shall be guarded.

(ii) Guards shall be securely fastened. (iii) Each guard shall be capable of support-

ing without permanent distortion the weight of a 200-pound person unless the guard is located where it is impossible for a person to step on it.

1910.179(f) — Brakes

(1) Brakes for hoists. (i) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane

shall be equipped with at least one self-setting brake, hereafter referred to as a holding brake, applied di-rectly to the motor shaft or some part of the gear train.

(ii) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except worm-geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the lowering direction shall, in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with control braking means to prevent overspeeding.

(2) Holding brakes. (i) Holding brakes for hoist motors shall have

not less than the following percentage of the full load hoisting torque at the point where the brake is applied.

(a) 125 percent when used with a control braking means other than mechanical.

(b) 100 percent when used in conjunction with a mechanical control braking means.

(c) 100 percent each if two holding brakes are provided.

(ii) Holding brakes on hoists shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation re-quired by the service.

(iii) Holding brakes on hoists shall be applied automatically when power is removed.

(iv) Where necessary holding brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear.

(v) The wearing surface of all holding-brake drums or discs shall be smooth.

1910.179(e) – Stops, bumpers...(cont’d) (vi) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane handling hot metal and having power control brak-ing means shall be equipped with at least two holding brakes.

(3) Control braking means. (i) A power control braking means such as re-

generative, dynamic or countertorque braking, or a mechanically controlled braking means shall be ca-pable of maintaining safe lowering speeds of rated loads.

(ii) The control braking means shall have am-ple thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by service.

(4) Brakes for trolleys and bridges. (i) Foot-operated brakes shall not require an

applied force of more than 70 pounds to develop man-ufacturer’s rated brake torque.

(ii) Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravity means.

(iii) Where necessary brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear.

(iv) The wearing surface of all brake drums or discs shall be smooth.

(v) All foot-brake pedals shall be constructed so that the operator’s foot will not easily slip off the pedal.

(vi) Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with automatic means for positive release when pres-sure is released from the pedal.

(vii) Brakes for stopping the motion of the trolley or bridge shall be of sufficient size to stop the trolley or bridge within a distance in feet equal to 10 percent of full load speed in feet per minute when traveling at full speed with full load.

(viii) If holding brakes are provided on the bridge or trolleys, they shall not prohibit the use of a drift point in the control circuit.

(ix) Brakes on trolleys and bridges shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service to prevent impairment of func-tions from overheating.

(5) Application of trolley brakes. (i) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trol-

ley, a trolley brake shall be required as specified under paragraph (f)(4) of this section.

(ii) A drag brake may be applied to hold the trolley in a desired position on the bridge and to elim-inate creep with the power off.

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(6) Application of bridge brakes. (i) On cab-operated cranes with cab on bridge,

a bridge brake is required as specified under paragraph (f)(4) of this section.

(ii) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a bridge brake of the holding type shall be required.

(iii) On all floor, remote and pulpit-operated crane bridge drives, a brake of noncoasting mechani-cal drive shall be provided.

1910.179(g) — Electric equipment

(1) General. (i) Wiring and equipment shall comply with

subpart S of this part. (ii) The control circuit voltage shall not ex-

ceed 600 volts for a.c. or d.c. current. (iii) The voltage at pendant push-buttons shall

not exceed 150 volts for a.c. and 300 volts for d.c. (iv) Where multiple conductor cable is used

with a suspended pushbutton station, the station must be supported in some satisfactory manner that will protect the electrical conductors against strain.

(v) Pendant control boxes shall be constructed to prevent electrical shock and shall be clearly marked for identification of functions.

(2) Equipment. (i) Electrical equipment shall be so located or

enclosed that live parts will not be exposed to acci-dental contact under normal operating conditions.

(ii) Electric equipment shall be protected from dirt, grease, oil, and moisture.

(iii) Guards for live parts shall be substantial and so located that they cannot be accidently deformed so as to make contact with the live parts.

(3) Controllers. (i) Cranes not equipped with spring-return

controllers or momentary contact pushbuttons shall be provided with a device which will disconnect all motors from the line on failure of power and will not permit any motor to be restarted until the control-ler handle is brought to the “off” position, or a reset switch or button is operated.

1910.179(f) – Brakes (cont’d) (ii) Lever operated controllers shall be pro-vided with a notch or latch which in the “off” position prevents the handle from being inadvertently moved to the “on” position. An “off” detent or spring return arrangement is acceptable.

(iii) The controller operating handle shall be located within convenient reach of the operator.

(iv) As far as practicable, the movement of each controller handle shall be in the same general directions as the resultant movements of the load.

(v) The control for the bridge and trolley trav-el shall be so located that the operator can readily face the direction of travel.

(vi) For floor-operated cranes, the controller or controllers if rope operated, shall automatically return to the “off” position when released by the operator.

(vii) Pushbuttons in pendant stations shall re-turn to the “off” position when pressure is released by the crane operator.

(viii) Automatic cranes shall be so designed that all motions shall fail-safe if any malfunction of operation occurs.

(ix) Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if the control signal for any crane motion be-comes ineffective the crane motion shall stop.

(4) Resistors. (i) Enclosures for resistors shall have open-

ings to provide adequate ventilation, and shall be in-stalled to prevent the accumulation of combustible matter too near to hot parts.

(ii) Resistor units shall be supported so as to be as free as possible from vibration.

(iii) Provision shall be made to prevent bro-ken parts or molten metal falling upon the operator or from the crane.

(5) Switches. (i) The power supply to the runway conduc-

tors shall be controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located on a fixed structure, accessible from the floor, and arranged to be locked in the open position.

(ii) On cab-operated cranes a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type, with provision for lock-ing in the open position, shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. A means of opening this switch or circuit breaker shall be located within easy reach of the operator.

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(iii) On floor-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open position, shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. This discon-nect shall be mounted on the bridge or footwalk near the runway collectors. One of the following types of floor-operated disconnects shall be provided:

(a) Nonconductive rope attached to the main disconnect switch.

(b) An undervoltage trip for the main cir-cuit breaker operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant pushbutton in the pendant pushbutton station.

(c) A main line contactor operated by a switch or pushbutton in the pendant pushbutton station.

(iv) The hoisting motion of all electric travel-ing cranes shall be provided with an overtravel limit switch in the hoisting direction.

(v) All cranes using a lifting magnet shall have a magnet circuit switch of the enclosed type with pro-vision for locking in the open position. Means for discharging the inductive load of the magnet shall be provided.

(6) Runway conductors. Conductors of the open type mounted on the crane runway beams or overhead shall be so located or so guarded that per-sons entering or leaving the cab or crane footwalk normally could not come into contact with them.

(7) Extension lamps. If a service receptacle is provided in the cab or on the bridge of cab-operated cranes, it shall be a grounded three-prong type per-manent receptacle, not exceeding 300 volts.

1910.179(h) — Hoisting equipment

(1) Sheaves. (i) Sheave grooves shall be smooth and free

from surface defects which could cause rope damage. (ii) Sheaves carrying ropes which can be mo-

mentarily unloaded shall be provided with close-fit-ting guards or other suitable devices to guide the rope back into the groove when the load is applied again.

(iii) The sheaves in the bottom block shall be equipped with close-fitting guards that will prevent ropes from becoming fouled when the block is lying on the ground with ropes loose.

1910.179(g) – Electric Equipment (cont’d)

(iv) Pockets and flanges of sheaves used with hoist chains shall be of such dimensions that the chain does not catch or bind during operation.

(v) All running sheaves shall be equipped with means for lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed and/or shielded bearings meet this requirement.

(2) Ropes. (i) In using hoisting ropes, the crane man-

ufacturer’s recommendation shall be followed. The rated load divided by the number of parts of rope shall not exceed 20 percent of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

(ii) Socketing shall be done in the manner specified by the manufacturer of the assembly.

(iii) Rope shall be secured to the drum as follows: (a) No less than two wraps of rope shall

remain on the drum when the hook is in its extreme low position.

(b) Rope end shall be anchored by a clamp securely attached to the drum, or by a socket arrange-ment approved by the crane or rope manufacturer.

(iv) Eye splices. [Reserved] (v) Rope clips attached with U-bolts shall

have the U-bolts on the dead or short end of the rope. Spacing and number of all types of clips shall be in accordance with the clip manufacturer’s recommen-dation. Clips shall be drop-forged steel in all sizes manufactured commercially. When a newly installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all nuts on the clip bolts shall be retightened.

(vi) Swaged or compressed fittings shall be applied as recommended by the rope or crane manu-facturer.

(vii) Wherever exposed to temperatures, at which fiber cores would be damaged, rope having an independent wire rope or wire-strand core, or other temperature-damage resistant core shall be used.

(viii) Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade, and construction as the original rope furnished by the crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recom-mended by a wire rope manufacturer due to actual working condition requirements.

(3) Equalizers. If a load is supported by more than one part of rope, the tension in the parts shall be equalized.

(4) Hooks. Hooks shall meet the manufacturer’s recommendations and shall not be overloaded.

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1910.179(i) — Warning device

Except for floor-operated cranes a gong or other effec-tive warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped with a power traveling mechanism.

1910.179(j) — Inspection

(1) Inspection classification. (i) Initial inspection. Prior to initial use all

new and altered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with the provisions of this section.

(ii) Inspection procedure for cranes in regu-lar service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as “frequent” and “periodic” with respec-tive intervals between inspections as defined below:

(a) Frequent inspection – Daily to monthly intervals.

(b) Periodic inspection – 1 to 12-month intervals.

(2) Frequent inspection. The following items shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in paragraph (j)(1)(ii) of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular in-spections. All deficiencies such as listed shall be care-fully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

(i) All functional operating mechanisms for maladjustment interfering with proper operation. Daily.

(ii) Deterioration or leakage in lines, tanks, valves, drain pumps, and other parts of air or hydrau-lic systems. Daily.

(iii) Hooks with deformation or cracks. Visual inspection daily; monthly inspection with a certifica-tion record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and the serial number, or other identifier, of the hook inspected. For hooks with cracks or having more than 15 percent in excess of normal throat opening or more than 10 degrees twist from the plane of the unbent hook refer to paragraph (l)(3)(iii)(a) of this section.

(iv) Hoist chains, including end connections, for excessive wear, twist, distorted links interfering with proper function, or stretch beyond manufac-turer’s recommendations. Visual inspection daily; monthly inspection with a certification record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier of the chain which was inspected.

(v) [Reserved] (vi) All functional operating mechanisms for

excessive wear of components. (vii) Rope reeving for noncompliance with

manufacturer’s recommendations.(3) Periodic inspection. Complete inspections

of the crane shall be performed at intervals as gen-erally defined in paragraph (j)(1)(ii)(b) of this sec-tion, depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and in addition, the following items. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

(i) Deformed, cracked, or corroded members. (ii) Loose bolts or rivets. (iii) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums. (iv) Worn, cracked or distorted parts such

as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers, locking and clamping devices.

(v) Excessive wear on brake system parts, lin-ings, pawls, and ratchets.

(vi) Load, wind, and other indicators over their full range, for any significant inaccuracies.

(vii) Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other pow-erplants for improper performance or noncompliance with applicable safety requirements.

(viii) Excessive wear of chain drive sprockets and excessive chain stretch.

(ix) [Reserved] (x) Electrical apparatus, for signs of pitting

or any deterioration of controller contactors, limit switches and pushbutton stations.

(4) Cranes not in regular use. (i) A crane which has been idle for a period

of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section before placing in service.

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(ii) A crane which has been idle for a peri-od of over 6 months shall be given a complete inspec-tion conforming with requirements of paragraphs (j)(2) and (3) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section before placing in service.

(iii) Standby cranes shall be inspected at least semi-annually in accordance with requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this section and paragraph (m)(2) of this section.

1910.179(k) — Testing

(1) Operational tests. (i) Prior to initial use all new and altered

cranes shall be tested to insure compliance with this section including the following functions:

(a) Hoisting and lowering. (b) Trolley travel. (c) Bridge travel. (d) Limit switches, locking and safety

devices. (ii) The trip setting of hoist limit switches

shall be determined by tests with an empty hook trav-eling in increasing speeds up to the maximum speed. The actuating mechanism of the limit switch shall be located so that it will trip the switch, under all condi-tions, in sufficient time to prevent contact of the hook or hook block with any part of the trolley.

(2) Rated load test. Test loads shall not be more than 125 percent of the rated load unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. The test reports shall be placed on file where readily available to ap-pointed personnel.

1910.179 (l) — Maintenance

(1) Preventive maintenance. A preventive main-tenance program based on the crane manufacturer’s recommendations shall be established.

(2) Maintenance procedure. (i) Before adjustments and repairs are started

on a crane the following precautions shall be taken: (a) The crane to be repaired shall be run

to a location where it will cause the least interference with other cranes and operations in the area.

1910.179(j) – Inspection (cont’d) (b) All controllers shall be at the off position. (c) The main or emergency switch shall be

open and locked in the open position. (d) Warning or “out of order” signs shall

be placed on the crane, also on the floor beneath or on the hook where visible from the floor.

(e) Where other cranes are in operation on the same runway, rail stops or other suitable means shall be provided to prevent interference with the idle crane.

(ii) After adjustments and repairs have been made the crane shall not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated and maintenance equipment removed.

(3) Adjustments and repairs. (i) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the in-

spection requirements of paragraph (j) of this section shall be corrected before operation of the crane is re-sumed. Adjustments and repairs shall be done only by designated personnel.

(ii) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct functioning of components. The following are examples:

(a) All functional operating mechanisms. (b) Limit switches. (c) Control systems. (d) Brakes. (e) Power plants. (iii) Repairs or replacements shall be provided

promptly as needed for safe operation. The following are examples:

(a) Crane hooks showing defects de-scribed in paragraph (j)(2)(iii) of this section shall be discarded. Repairs by welding or reshaping are not generally recommended. If such repairs are attempted they shall only be done under competent supervision and the hook shall be tested to the load requirements of paragraph (k)(2) of this section before further use.

(b) Load attachment chains and rope slings showing defects described in paragraph (j)(2) (iv) and (v) of this section respectively.

(c) All critical parts which are cracked, broken, bent, or excessively worn.

(d) Pendant control stations shall be kept clean and function labels kept legible.

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1910.179(m) — Rope inspection

(1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes shall be made at least once a month and a cer-tification record which includes the date of inspec-tion, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier for the ropes which were inspected shall be kept on file where readily available to appointed personnel. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, shall be care-fully observed and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety haz-ard. Some of the conditions that could result in an ap-preciable loss of strength are the following:

(i) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal or exter-nal corrosion, or wear of outside wires.

(ii) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution or concentration of such broken wires.

(iii) Worn outside wires. (iv) Corroded or broken wires at end

connections. (v) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improp-

erly applied end connections. (vi) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or un-

stranding.(2) Other ropes. All rope which has been idle for

a period of a month or more due to shutdown or stor-age of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is used. This inspec-tion shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A certifi-cation record shall be available for inspection which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and an identifier for the rope which was inspected.

1910.179(n) — Handling the load

(1) Size of load. The crane shall not be loaded be-yond its rated load except for test purposes as pro-vided in paragraph (k) of this section.

(2) Attaching the load. (i) The hoist chain or hoist rope shall be free

from kinks or twists and shall not be wrapped around the load.

(ii) The load shall be attached to the load block hook by means of slings or other approved devices.

(iii) Care shall be taken to make certain that the sling clears all obstacles.

(3) Moving the load. (i) The load shall be well secured and properly

balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

(ii) Before starting to hoist the following con-ditions shall be noted:

(a) Hoist rope shall not be kinked. (b) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted

around each other. (c) The hook shall be brought over the

load in such a manner as to prevent swinging. (iii) During hoisting care shall be taken that: (a) There is no sudden acceleration or de-

celeration of the moving load. (b) The load does not contact any obstruc-

tions. (iv) Cranes shall not be used for side pulls

except when specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that the stability of the crane is not thereby endangered and that various parts of the crane will not be overstressed.

(v) While any employee is on the load or hook, there shall be no hoisting, lowering, or traveling.

(vi) The employer shall require that the opera-tor avoid carrying loads over people.

(vii) The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled. The brakes shall be tested by raising the load a few inches and applying the brakes.

(viii) The load shall not be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on the hoisting drum.

(ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the opera-tion and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.

(x) The employer shall ensure that the opera-tor does not leave his position at the controls while the load is suspended.

(xi) When starting the bridge and when the load or hook approaches near or over personnel, the warning signal shall be sounded.

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(4) Hoist limit switch. (i) At the beginning of each operator’s shift,

the upper limit switch of each hoist shall be tried out under no load. Extreme care shall be exercised; the block shall be “inched” into the limit or run in at slow speed. If the switch does not operate properly, the ap-pointed person shall be immediately notified.

(ii) The hoist limit switch which controls the upper limit of travel of the load block shall never be used as an operating control.

1910.179(o) — Other requirements, general

(1) Ladders. (i) The employer shall ensure that hands are

free from encumbrances while personnel are using ladders.

(ii) Articles which are too large to be carried in pockets or belts shall be lifted and lowered by hand line.

(2) Cabs. (i) Necessary clothing and personal belong-

ings shall be stored in such a manner as not to inter-fere with access or operation.

(ii) Tools, oil cans, waste, extra fuses, and oth-er necessary articles shall be stored in the tool box, and shall not be permitted to lie loose in or about the cab.

(3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall ensure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided.

1910.179(n) – Handling the Load (cont’d)

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1926.1400 — Scope (a) This standard applies to power-operated equip-

ment, when used in construction, that can hoist, lower and horizontally move a suspended load. Such equipment includes, but is not limited to: articulating cranes (such as knuckle-boom cranes); crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; locomotive cranes; mobile cranes (such as wheelmounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes); multi-purpose machines when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes (such as carry-deck cranes); dedicated pile drivers; service/ mechanic trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower cranes (such as a fixed jib, i.e., “hammerhead boom”), luffing boom and self-erecting); pedestal cranes; portal cranes; overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; sideboom cranes; derricks; and variations of such equipment. However, items listed in paragraph (c) of this section are excluded from the scope of this standard.

(b) Attachments. This standard applies to equipment included in paragraph (a) of this section when used with attachments. Such attachments, whether crane-attached or suspended include, but are not limited to: hooks, magnets, grapples, clamshell buckets, orange peel buckets, concrete buckets, drag lines, personnel platforms, augers or drills and pile driving equipment.

(c) Exclusions. This subpart does not cover: (1) Machinery included in paragraph (a) of this

section while it has been converted or adapted for a non-hoisting/lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to, power shovels, excava-tors and concrete pumps.

(2) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders. This machin-ery is also excluded when used with chains, slings or other rigging to lift suspended loads.

(3) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear wrecks and haul vehicles.

OSHA 1926 Subpart CCCranes and Derricks

(4) Digger derricks when used for augering holes for poles carrying electric and telecommunication lines, placing and removing the poles, and for handling as-sociated materials to be installed on or removed from the poles. Digger derricks used in work subject to 29 CFR part 1926, subpart V, must comply with 29 CFR 1910.269. Digger derricks used in construction work for telecommunication service (as defined at 29 CFR 1910.268(s)(40)) must comply with 29 CFR 1910.268.

(5) Machinery originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating work platforms.

(6) Telescopic/hydraulic gantry systems. (7) Stacker cranes. (8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except

when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.

(9) Mechanic’s truck with a hoisting device when used in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.

(10) Machinery that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.

(11) Dedicated drilling rigs. (12) Gin poles when used for the erection of

communication towers. (13) Tree trimming and tree removal work. (14) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations

with a vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame. (15) Roustabouts. (16) Helicopter cranes. (17) Material Delivery (i) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that

deliver material to a construction site when used to transfer materials from the truck crane to the ground, without arranging the materials in a particular sequence for hoisting.

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37 © 2014 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission. 37R102111 2011 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission.

(ii) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver material to a construction site when the crane is used to transfer building supply sheet goods or build-ing supply packaged materials from the truck crane onto a structure, using a fork/cradle at the end of the boom, but only when the truck crane is equipped with a properly functioning automatic overload prevention device. Such sheet goods or packaged materials include, but are not limited to: sheets of sheet rock, sheets of plywood, bags of cement, sheets or packages of roofing shingles, and rolls of roofing felt.

(iii) This exclusion does not apply when: (A) The articulating/knuckle-boom

crane is used to hold, support or stabilize the material to facilitate a construction activity, such as holding material in place while it is attached to the structure;

(B) The material being handled by the articulating/knuckle-boom crane is a prefabricated component. Such prefabricated components include, but are not limited to: precast concrete members or panels, roof trusses (wooden, cold-formed metal, steel, or other material), prefabricated building sections such as, but not limited to: floor panels, wall panels, roof panels, roof structures, or similar items;

(C) The material being handled by the crane is a structural steel member (for example, steel joists, beams, columns, steel decking (bundled or unbundled) or a component of a systems-engineered metal building (as defined in 29 CFR 1926 subpart R).

(D) The activity is not specifically ex-cluded under §1400(c)(17)(i) and (ii).

(d) All sections of this subpart CC apply to the equipment covered by this standard unless specified otherwise.

(e) The duties of controlling entities under this sub-part include, but are not limited to, the duties specified in § 1926.1402(c), § 1926.1402(e) and § 1926.1424(b).

(f) Where provisions of this standard direct an op-erator, crewmember, or other employee to take certain actions, the employer must establish, effectively com-municate to the relevant persons, and enforce, work rules to ensure compliance with such provisions.

(g) For work covered by subpart V of this part, compliance with 29 CFR § 1910.269(p) is deemed compliance with §§ 1926.1407 through 1926.1411.

1926.1400 – Scope (cont’d)

(h) Section 1926.1402 does not apply to cranes de-signed for use on railroad tracks, when used on railroad tracks that are part of the general railroad system of transportation that is regulated pursuant to the Federal Railroad Administration under 49 CFR part 213, and that comply with applicable Federal Railroad Admin-istration requirements. See § 1926.1402(f).

1926.1400 – Scope (cont’d)

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1926.1431 — Hoisting personnel

The requirements of this section are supplemental to the other requirements in this subpart and apply when one or more employees are hoisted. (a) The use of equipment to hoist employees is pro-hibited except where the employer demonstrates that the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the work area, such as a person-nel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform, or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of the project’s structural design or worksite conditions. This paragraph does not apply to work covered by subpart R (Steel Erection) of this part. (b) Use of personnel platform. (1) When using equipment to hoist employees, the employees must be in a personnel platform that meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Exceptions: A personnel platform is not re-quired for hoisting employees: (i) Into and out of drill shafts that are up to and including 8 feet in diameter (see paragraph (o) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees). (ii) In pile driving operations (see paragraph (p) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees). (iii) Solely for transfer to or from a marine worksite in a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device (see paragraph (r) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees). (iv) In storage-tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations (see paragraph (s) of this sec-tion for requirements for hoisting these employees). (c) Equipment set-up. (1) The equipment must be uniformly level, within one percent of level grade, and located on footing that a qualified person has determined to be sufficiently firm and stable. (2) Equipment with outriggers or stabilizers must have them all extended and locked. The amount of extension must be the same for all outriggers and stabi-lizers and in accordance with manufacturer procedures and load charts.

OSHA 1926.1431Hoisting Personnel

(d) Equipment criteria. (1) Capacity: use of suspended personnel plat-forms. The total load (with the platform loaded, includ-ing the hook, load line and rigging) must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the equipment, except during proof testing. (2) Capacity: use of boom-attached personnel platforms. The total weight of the loaded personnel platform must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capac-ity for the radius and configuration of the equipment (except during proof testing). (3) Capacity: hoisting personnel without a per-sonnel platform. When hoisting personnel without a personnel platform pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section, the total load (including the hook, load line, rigging and any other equipment that imposes a load) must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the equipment, except during proof testing. (4) When the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary working position, the load and boom hoist brakes, swing brakes, and operator actuated secondary braking and locking features (such as pawls or dogs) or automatic secondary brakes must be engaged. (5) Devices. (i) Equipment (except for derricks and articulating cranes) with a variable angle boom must be equipped with all of the following: (A) A boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator, and (B) A boom hoist limiting device. (ii) Articulating cranes must be equipped with a properly functioning automatic overload protection device. (iii) Equipment with a luffing jib must be equipped with: (A) A jib angle indicator, readily visible to the operator, and. (B) A jib hoist limiting device. (iv) Equipment with telescoping booms must be equipped with a device to indicate the boom’s extended length clearly to the operator, or must have measuring marks on the boom.

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(v) Anti two-block. A device which automatically prevents damage and load failure from contact between the load block, overhaul ball, or similar component, and the boom tip (or fixed upper block or similar component) must be used. The device(s) must prevent such damage/failure at all points where two-blocking could occur. Exception: this device is not required when hoisting personnel in pile driving operations. Instead, paragraph (p)(2) of this section specifies how to prevent two-blocking during such operations. (vi) Controlled load lowering. The load line hoist drum must have a system, other than the load line hoist brake, which regulates the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism. This system or device must be used when hoisting personnel.(NOTE: Free fall of the load line hoist is prohibited (see § 1926.1426(d); the use of equipment in which the boom hoist mechanism can free fall is also prohibited (see § 1926.1426(a)(1).) (vii) Proper operation required. Personnel hoisting operations must not begin unless the devices listed in this section are in proper working order. If a device stops working properly during such operations, the operator must safely stop operations. Personnel hoisting operations must not resume until the device is again working properly. Alternative measures are not permitted. (See § 1926.1417 for tag-out and related requirements.) (6) Direct attachment of a personnel platform to a luffing jib is prohibited. (e) Personnel platform criteria. (1) A qualified person familiar with structural design must design the personnel platform and attach-ment/suspension system used for hoisting personnel. (2) The system used to connect the personnel platform to the equipment must allow the platform to remain within 10 degrees of level, regardless of boom angle. (3) The suspension system must be designed to minimize tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform. (4) The personnel platform itself (excluding the guardrail system and personal fall arrest system an-chorages), must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.

1926.1431 – Hoisting Personnel (cont’d) 1926.1431 – Hoisting Personnel (cont’d)

(5) All welding of the personnel platform and its components must be performed by a certified welder familiar with the weld grades, types and material speci-fied in the platform design. (6) The personnel platform must be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of sub-part M of this part, and must be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction material or expanded metal having openings no greater than ½ inch (1.27cm). Points to which personal fall arrest systems are attached must meet the anchorage requirements in subpart M of this part. (7) A grab rail must be installed inside the entire perimeter of the personnel platform except for access gates/doors. (8) Access gates/doors. If installed, access gates/doors of all types (including swinging, sliding, folding, or other types) must: (i) Not swing outward. If due to the size of the personnel platform, such as a 1-person platform, it is infeasible for the door to swing inward and allow safe entry for the platform occupant, then the access gate/door may swing outward. (ii) Be equipped with a device that prevents ac-cidental opening. (9) Headroom must be sufficient to allow employ-ees to stand upright in the platform. (10) In addition to the use of hard hats, employ-ees must be protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when employees are exposed to falling objects. The platform overhead protection must not obscure the view of the operator or plat-form occupants (such as wire mesh that has up to ½ inch openings), unless full protection is necessary. (11) All edges exposed to employee contact must be smooth enough to prevent injury. (12) The weight of the platform and its rated capac-ity must be conspicuously posted on the platform with a plate or other permanent marking. (f) Personnel platform loading. (1) The personnel platform must not be loaded in excess of its rated capacity. (2) Use. (i) Personnel platforms must be used only for employees, their tools, and the materials neces-sary to do their work. Platforms must not be used to hoist materials or tools when not hoisting personnel.

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(ii) Exception: materials and tools to be used during the lift, if secured and distributed in accordance with paragraph (f)(3) of this section may be in the platform for trial lifts. (3) Materials and tools must be: (i) Secured to prevent displacement. (ii) Evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while it is suspended. (4) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform must not exceed the maximum number the platform was designed to hold or the num-ber required to perform the work, whichever is less. (g) Attachment and rigging. (1) Hooks and other detachable devices. (i) Hooks used in the connection between the hoist line and the personnel platform (including hooks on overhaul ball assemblies, lower load blocks, bridle legs, or other attachment assemblies or components) must be: (A) Of a type that can be closed and locked, eliminating the throat opening. (B) Closed and locked when attached. (ii) Shackles used in place of hooks must be of the alloy anchor type, with either: (A) A bolt, nut and retaining pin, in place; or (B) Of the screw type, with the screw pin se-cured from accidental removal. (iii) Where other detachable devices are used, they must be of the type that can be closed and locked to the same extent as the devices addressed in paragraphs (g)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. Such devices must be closed and locked when attached. (2) Rope bridle. When a rope bridle is used to sus-pend the personnel platform, each bridle leg must be connected to a master link or shackle (see paragraph (g)(1) of this section) in a manner that ensures that the load is evenly divided among the bridle legs. (3) Rigging hardware (including wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging hardware) and hooks must be capable of support-ing, without failure, at least five times the maxi-mum intended load applied or transmitted to that component. Where rotation resistant rope is used, the slings must be capable of supporting without failure at least ten times the maximum intended load. (4) Eyes in wire rope slings must be fabricated with thimbles.

(5) Bridles and associated rigging for suspend-ing the personnel platform must be used only for the platform and the necessary employees, their tools and materials necessary to do their work. The bridles and associated rigging must not have been used for any purpose other than hoisting personnel. (h) Trial lift and inspection. (1) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel plat-form loaded at least to the anticipated lift weight must be made from ground level, or any other location where employees will enter the platform, to each location at which the platform is to be hoisted and positioned. Where there is more than one location to be reached from a single set-up position, either individual trial lifts for each location, or a single trial lift, in which the platform is moved sequentially to each location, must be performed; the method selected must be the same as the method that will be used to hoist the personnel. (2) The trial lift must be performed immediately prior to each shift in which personnel will be hoisted. In addition, the trial lift must be repeated prior to hoisting employees in each of the following circumstances: (i) The equipment is moved and set up in a new location or returned to a previously used location. (ii) The lift route is changed, unless the competent person determines that the new route presents no new factors affecting safety. (3) The competent person must determine that: (i) Safety devices and operational aids required by this section are activated and functioning properly. Other safety devices and operational aids must meet the requirements of § 1926.1415 and § 1926.1416. (ii) Nothing interferes with the equipment or the personnel platform in the course of the trial lift. (iii) The lift will not exceed 50 percent of the equipment’s rated capacity at any time during the lift. (iv) The load radius to be used during the lift has been accurately determined. (4) Immediately after the trial lift, the competent person must: (i) Conduct a visual inspection of the equipment, base support or ground, and personnel platform, to determine whether the trial lift has exposed any defect to produce any adverse effect. (ii) Confirm that, upon the completion of the trial lift process, the test weight has been removed. (5) Immediately prior to each lift:

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(i) The platform must be hoisted a few inches with the personnel and materials/tools on board and inspected by a competent person to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. (ii) The following conditions must be determined by a competent person to exist before the lift of person-nel proceeds: (A) Hoist ropes must be free of deficiencies in accordance with § 1926.1413(a). (B) Multiple part lines must not be twisted around each other. (C) The primary attachment must be centered over the platform. (D) If the load rope is slack, the hoisting system must be inspected to ensure that all ropes are properly seated on drums and in sheaves. (6) Any condition found during the trial lift and subsequent inspection(s) that fails to meet a require-ment of this standard or otherwise creates a safety hazard must be corrected before hoisting personnel. (See § 1926.1417 for tag-out and related requirements.) (i) [Reserved.] (j) Proof testing. (1) At each jobsite, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform, and after any repair or modifi-cation, the platform and rigging must be proof tested to 125 percent of the platform’s rated capacity. The proof test may be done concurrently with the trial lift. (2) The platform must be lowered by con-trolled load lowering, braked, and held in a sus-pended position for a minimum of five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the platform. (3) After proof testing, a competent person must inspect the platform and rigging to determine if the test has been passed. If any deficiencies are found that pose a safety hazard, the platform and rigging must not be used to hoist personnel unless the deficiencies are corrected, the test is repeated, and a competent person determines that the test has been passed. (See § 1926.1417 for tag-out and related requirements.) (4) Personnel hoisting must not be conducted until the competent person determines that the platform and rigging have successfully passed the proof test. (k) Work practices. (1) Hoisting of the personnel platform must be per-formed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner, with no sudden movements of the equipment or the platform.

(2) Platform occupants must: (i) Keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising, lowering, and horizontal movement. This provision does not apply to an occupant of the platform when necessary to position the platform or while performing the duties of a signal person. (ii) Not stand, sit on, or work from the top or intermediate rail or toeboard, or use any other means/device to raise their working height. (iii) Not pull the platform out of plumb in relation to the hoisting equipment. (3) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted per-sonnel platform that is not landed, the platform must be secured to the structure where the work is to be performed, unless the employer can demonstrate that securing to the structure would create a greater hazard. (4) If the platform is tied to the structure, the op-erator must not move the platform until the operator receives confirmation that it is freely suspended. (5) Tag lines must be used when necessary to con-trol the platform. (6) Platforms without controls. Where the platform is not equipped with controls, the equipment operator must remain at the equipment controls, on site, and in view of the equipment, at all times while the platform is occupied. (7) Platforms with controls. Where the platform is equipped with controls, all of the following must be met at all times while the platform is occupied: (i) The occupant using the controls in the platform must be a qualified person with respect to their use, including the safe limitations of the equip-ment and hazards associated with its operation. (ii) The equipment operator must be at a set of equipment controls that include boom and swing func-tions of the equipment, and must be on site and in view of the equipment. (iii) The platform operating manual must be in the platform or on the equipment. (8) Environmental conditions. (i) Wind. When wind speed (sustained or gusts) exceeds 20 mph at the personnel platform, a qualified person must determine if, in light of the wind condi-tions, it is not safe to lift personnel. If it is not, the lifting operation must not begin (or, if already in progress, must be terminated).

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(ii) Other weather and environmental condi-tions. A qualified person must determine if, in light of indications of dangerous weather conditions, or other impending or existing danger, it is not safe to lift per-sonnel. If it is not, the lifting operation must not begin (or, if already in progress, must be terminated). (9) Employees being hoisted must remain in direct communication with the signal person (where used), or the operator. (10) Fall protection. (i) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform must be provided and use a per-sonal fall arrest system. The system must be attached to a structural member within the personnel platform. When working over or near water, the requirements of § 1926.106 apply. (ii) The fall arrest system, including the attach-ment point (anchorage) used to comply with paragraph (i) of this section, must meet the requirements in § 1926.502. (11) Other load lines. (i) No lifts must be made on any other of the equipment’s load lines while personnel are being hoisted, except in pile driving operations. (ii) Factory-produced boom-mounted person-nel platforms that incorporate a winch as original equipment. Loads are permitted to be hoisted by such a winch while employees occupy the person-nel platform only where the load on the winch line does not exceed 500 pounds and does not ex-ceed the rated capacity of the winch and platform. (12) Traveling – equipment other than derricks. (i) Hoisting of employees while the equipment is traveling is prohibited, except for: (A) Equipment that travels on fixed rails; or (B) Where the employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to perform the work. (C) This exception does not apply to rubber-tired equipment. (ii) Where employees are hoisted while the equip-ment is traveling, all of the following criteria must be met: (A) Equipment travel must be restricted to a fixed track or runway.

(B) Where a runway is used, it must be a firm, level surface designed, prepared and desig-nated as a path of travel for the weight and con-figuration of the equipment being used to lift and travel with the personnel platform. An existing sur-face may be used as long as it meets these criteria. (C) Equipment travel must be limited to boom length. (D) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel, except where it is safer to do otherwise. (E) A complete trial run must be performed to test the route of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform. This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial lift required by paragraph (h) of this section which tests the lift route. (13) Traveling – derricks. Derricks are prohibited from traveling while personnel are hoisted. (l) [Reserved.] (m) Pre-lift meeting. A pre-lift meeting must be: (1) Held to review the applicable requirements of this section and the procedures that will be followed. (2) Attended by the equipment operator, signal person (if used for the lift), employees to be hoisted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed. (3) Held prior to the trial lift at each new work lo-cation, and must be repeated for any employees newly assigned to the operation. (n) Hoisting personnel near power lines. Hoisting personnel within 20 feet of a power line that is up to 350 kV, and hoisting personnel within 50 feet of a power line that is over 350 kV, is prohibited, except for work covered by subpart V of this part (Power Transmission and Distribution). (o) Hoisting personnel in drill shafts. When hoist-ing employees into and out of drill shafts that are up to and including 8 feet in diameter, all of the following requirements must be met: (1) The employee must be in either a personnel platform or on a boatswain’s chair. (2) If using a personnel platform, paragraphs (a) through (n) of this section apply. (3) If using a boatswain’s chair: (i) The following paragraphs of this section apply: (a), (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswain’s chair.”

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(ii) A signal person must be stationed at the shaft opening. (iii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent. (iv) The employee must use personal fall protec-tion equipment, including a full body harness, attached independent of the crane/derrick. (v) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in § 1926.502. (vi) The boatswain’s chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be ca-pable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load. (vii) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time. (p) Hoisting personnel for pile driving opera-tions. When hoisting an employee in pile driving operations, the following requirements must be met: (1) The employee must be in a personnel platform or boatswain’s chair. (2) For lattice boom cranes: Clearly mark the cable (so that it can easily be seen by the operator) at a point that will give the operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, or use a spotter who is in direct communication with the operator to inform the operator when this point is reached. For telescopic boom cranes: Clearly mark the cable (so that it can be easily seen by the operator) at a point that will give the operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, and use a spotter who is in direct communication with the operator to inform the operator when this point is reached. (3) If using a personnel platform, paragraphs (b) through (n) of this section apply. (4) If using a boatswain’s chair: (i) The following paragraphs of this section apply: (a), (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (j), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), and (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswains chair.” (ii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent. (iii) The employee must use personal fall protec-tion equipment, including a full body harness, inde-pendently attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball. (iv) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in § 1926.502.

(v) The boatswain’s chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be ca-pable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load. (vi) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time. (q) [Reserved.] (r) Hoisting personnel for marine transfer. When hoisting employees solely for transfer to or from a marine worksite, the following requirements must be met: (1) The employee must be in either a personnel platform or a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device. (2) If using a personnel platform, paragraphs (a) through (n) of this section apply. (3) If using a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device: (i) The following paragraphs of this section ap-ply: (a), (c)(2), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1) through (5), (e)(12), (f)(1), (g), (h), (j), (k)(1), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(10)(ii), (k)(11)(i), (k)(12), (m), and (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “marine-hoisted personnel transfer device.” (ii) The transfer device must be used only for transferring workers. (iii) The number of workers occupying the trans-fer device must not exceed the maximum number it was designed to hold. (iv) Each employee must wear a U.S. Coast Guard personal flotation device approved for industrial use. (s) Hoisting personnel for storage-tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations. When hoisting an employee in storage tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations, the following require-ments must be met: (1) The employee must be in a personnel platform except when the employer can demonstrate that use of a personnel platform is infeasible; in such a case, a boatswain’s chair must be used. (2) If using a personnel platform, paragraphs (a) through (n) of this section apply. (3) If using a boatswain’s chair:

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1926.1431 – Hoisting Personnel (cont’d)

(i) The following paragraphs of this section ap-ply: (a), (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswains chair.” (ii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent. (iii) The employee must use personal fall protec-tion equipment, including a full body harness, attached independent of the crane/derrick. When there is no adequate structure for attachment of personal fall ar-rest equipment as required in § 1926.502(d)(15), the attachment must be to the lower load block or overhaul ball. (iv) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in § 1926.502. (v) The boatswain’s chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be ca-pable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load. (vi) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time.

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1926.1438 — Overhead & gantry cranes (a) Permanently installed overhead and gantry

cranes. The requirements of § 1910.179, except for § 1910.179(b)(1), and not the requirements of this sub-part CC, apply to the following equipment when used in construction and permanently installed in a facility: overhead and gantry cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and other having the same fundamental characteristics.

(b) Overhead and gantry cranes that are not per-manently installed in a facility.

(1) This paragraph applies to the following equip-ment when used in construction and not permanently installed in a facility: overhead and gantry cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment having the same fundamental char-acteristics, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels or other means.

(2) The following requirements apply to equip-ment identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section:

OSHA 1926.1438Overhead & Gantry Cranes

(i) Sections 1926.1400 through 1926. 1414; §§ 1926.1417 through 1926.1425; § 1926.1426(d), §§ 1926.1427 through 1926.1434; § 1926.1437, § 1926.1439, and § 1926.1441.

(ii) The following portions of § 1910.179: (A) Paragraphs (b)(5),(6),(7); (e)(1),

(3),(5),(6); (f)(1),(4); (g); (h)(1),(3); (k); and (n) of § 1910.179.

(B) The definitions in § 1910.179(a) except for “hoist” and “load.” For those words, the definitions in § 1926.1401 apply.

(C) Section 1910.179(b)(2), but only where the equipment identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section (§ 1926.1438) was manufactured before September 19, 2001.

(iii) For equipmentmanufactured on or after September 19, 2001, the following sections of ASME B30.2-2005 (incorporated by reference, see § 1926.6) apply: 2-1.3.1; 2-1.4.1; 2-1.7.2; 2-1.8.2; 2-1.9.1; 2-1.9.2; 2-1.11; 2-1.12.2; 2-1.13.7; 2-1.14.2, 2-1.14.3; 2-1.14.5; 2-1.15; 2-2.2.2; 2-3.2.1.1. In addition, 2-3.5 applies, except in 2-3.5.1(b), “29 CFR 1910.147” is substituted for ANSI Z244.1.”


1910.184(a) – Scope

This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

1910.184(b) – Definitions

“Angle of loading” is the inclination of a leg or branch of a sling measured from the horizontal or vertical plane; provided that an angle of loading of five degrees or less from the vertical may be considered a vertical angle of loading.

“Basket hitch” is a sling configuration whereby the sling is passed under the load and has both ends, end attachments, eyes or handles on the hook or a single master link.

“Braided wire rope” in a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.

“Bridle wire rope sling” is a sling composed of multiple wire rope legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.

“Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint” is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of rope wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the rope inside the six wraps.

“Cable laid rope” is a wire rope composed of six wire ropes wrapped around a fiber or wire rope core.

“Cable laid rope sling-mechanical joint” is a wire rope sling made from a cable laid rope with eyes fabricated by pressing or swaging one ore more metal sleeves over the rope junction.

“Choker hitch” is a sling configuration with one end of the sling passing under the load and through an end attachment handle or eve on the other end of the sling.

“Coating” is an elastomer or other suitable material applied to a sling or to a sling component to impart desirable properties.

“Cross rod” is a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric.

“Designated” means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.

“Equivalent entity” is a person or organization (including an employer) which, by possession of equipment, technical knowledge and skills, can perform with equal competence the same repairs and tests as the person or organization with which it is equated.

“Fabric (metal mesh)” is the flexible portion of a metal mesh sling consisting of a series of transverse coils and cross rods.

“Female handle (choker)” is a handle with a handle eye and a slot of such dimension as to permit passage of a male handle thereby allowing the use of a metal mesh sling in a choker hitch.

“Handle” is a terminal fitting to which metal mesh fabric is attached.

“Handle eye” is an opening in a handle of a metal mesh sling shaped to accept a hook, shackle or other lifting device.

“Hitch” is a sling configuration whereby the sling is fastened to an object or load, either directly to it or around it.

“Link” is a single ring of a chain.“Male Handle (triangle)” is a handle with a handle

eye.“Master coupling link” is an alloy steel welded

coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links.

“Master link” or “gathering ring” is a forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling.

“Mechanical coupling link” is a nonwelded, mechanical closed steel link used to attach master links, hooks, etc., to alloy steel chain.

“Proof load” is the load applied in performance of a proof test.

“Proof test” is a nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling.

“Rated capacity” or “working load limit” is the maximum working load permitted by the provisions of this section.

OSHA 1910.184Slings

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“Reach” is the effective length of an alloy steel chain sling measured from the top bearing surface of the upper terminal component to the bottom bearing surface of the lower terminal component.

“Selvage edge” is the finished edge of synthetic webbing designed to prevent unraveling.

“Sling” is an assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment.

“Sling manufacturer” is a person or organization that assembles sling components into their final form for sale to users.

“Spiral” is a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.

“Strand laid endless sling-mechanical joint” is a wire rope sling made endless from one length of rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

“Strand laid grommet-hand tucked” is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of strand wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the strand inside the six wraps.

“Strand laid rope” is a wire rope made with stands (usually six or eight) wrapped around fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC).

“Vertical hitch” is a method of supporting a load by a single, vertical part of leg of the sling.

1910.184(c) – Safe operating practices

Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed:

(1) Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.

(2) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.

(3) Sling legs shall not be kinked.(4) Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their

rated capacities.(5) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the

loads balanced to prevent slippage.(6) Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.(7) Slings shall be padded or protected from the

sharp edges of their loads.(8) Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all

obstructions.(9) All employees shall be kept clear of loads

about to be lifted and of suspended loads.

(10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load.

(11) Shock loading is prohibited.(12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a load

when the load is resting on the sling.

1910.184(d) – Inspections

Each day before being used, the sling and all fasten-ings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately re-moved from service.

1910.184(e) – Alloy steel chain slings

(1) Sling identification. Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and reach.

(2) Attachments.(i) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear shaped

links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component.

(ii) Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used.

(3) Inspections.(i) In addition to the inspection required by

paragraph (d) of this section, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of (A) frequency of sling use; (B) severity of service conditions; (C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months.

1910.184(b) – Definitions (cont’d) 1910.184(c) – Safe operating practices (cont’d)

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Minimum allowable chain size and maximumallowable wear at any point of link.

Chain size,inches

1/43/81/25/83/47/81

1 1/81 1/41 3/81 1/21 3/4

min allowablechain size, inches

13/6419/6425/6431/6419/3245/6413/1629/32

11 3/321 3/16

1 13/32

max allowablechain wear, inches

3/645/647/649/645/3211/643/167/321/4

9/325/16

1 1/32

(ii) The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination.

(iii) The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a competent per-son designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, defor-mation and increase in length. Where such defects or deterioration are present, the sling shall be immedi-ately removed from service.

(4) Proof testing. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested by he sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, in accordance with paragraph 5.2 of the American Society of Testing and Materials Specification A391-65, which is incorporat-ed by reference in Sec. 1910.6 (ANSI G61.1 – 1968). The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and shall make it available for examination.

(5) Sling use. Alloy steel chain slings shall not be used with loads in excess of the [manufacturer’s rated capacities]. Slings ... shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(6) Safe operating temperatures. Alloy steel chain slings shall be permanently removed from ser-vice if they are heated above 1000 deg. F. When ex-posed to service temperatures in excess of 600 deg. F, maximum working load limits ... shall be reduced in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer’s recommendations.

(7) Repairing and reconditioning alloy steel chain slings.

(i) Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When welding or heat testing is performed, slings shall not be used unless repaired, reconditioned and proof test-ed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steel repair links shall not be used to repair broken lengths of chain.

(8) Effects of wear. If the chain size at any point of any link is less than that stated in [table below], the sling shall be removed from service.

(9) Deformed attachments.(i) Alloy steel chain slings with cracked or de-

formed master links, coupling links or other compo-nents shall be removed from service.

(ii) Slings shall be removed from service if hooks are cracked, have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.

1910.184(f) — Wire rope slings (1) Sling use. Wire rope slings shall not be used

with loads in excess of the [manufacturer’s rated ca-pacities]. Slings ... shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(2) Minimum sling lengths.(i) Cable laid and 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 slings

shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings.

(ii) Braided slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 40 times the component rope di-ameter between the loops or end fittings.

(iii) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grom-mets and endless slings shall have a minimum cir-cumferential length of 96 times their body diameter.

1910.184(e) — Alloy steel chain slings (cont’d)

1910.184(e) — Alloy steel chain slings (cont’d)

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(3) Safe operating temperatures. Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be permanently removed from service if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F. When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade are used at temperatures above 400 deg. F or below minus 60 deg. F, recommenda-tions of the sling manufacturer regarding use at that temperature shall be followed.

(4) End attachments.(i) Welding of end attachments, except covers

to thimbles, shall be performed prior to the assembly of the sling.

(ii) All welded end attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test, and make it available for examination.

(5) Removal from service. Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.

(ii) Wear or scraping of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires.

(iii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure.

(iv) Evidence of heat damage.(v) End attachments that are cracked, de-

formed or worn.(vi) Hooks that have been opened more than

15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.

(vii) Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

1910.184(g) — Metal mesh slings

(1) Sling marking. Each metal mesh sling shall have permanently affixed to it a durable marking that states the rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch loadings.

(2) Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity at least equal to the metal fabric and exhibit no defor-mation after proof testing.

(3) Attachments of handles to fabric. The fabric and handles shall be joined so that:

(i) The rated capacity of the sling is not reduced.(ii) The load is evenly distributed across the

width of the fabric.(iii) Sharp edges will not damage the fabric.

(4) Sling coatings. Coatings which diminish the rated capacity of a sling shall not be applied.

(5) Sling testing. All new and repaired metal mesh slings, including handles, shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at a minimum of 1 1/2 times their rated capacity. Elastomer impregnated slings shall be proof tested before coating.

(6) Proper use of metal mesh slings. Metal mesh slings shall not be used to lift loads in excess of their rated capacities as prescribed [by the manufacturer]. Slings not included in this table shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(7) Safe operating temperatures. Metal mesh slings which are not impregnated with elastomers may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 deg. F to plus 550 deg. F without decreasing the working load limit. Metal mesh slings impregnated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene may be used only in a tempera-ture range from zero degrees to plus 200 deg. F. For op-erations outside these temperature ranges or for metal mesh slings impregnated with other materials, the sling manufacturer’s recommendations shall be followed.

(8) Repairs.(i) Metal mesh slings which are repaired shall

not be used unless repaired by a metal mesh sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Once repaired, each sling shall be perma-nently marked or tagged, or a written record main-tained, to indicate the date and nature of the repairs and the person or organization that performed the re-pairs. Records of repairs shall be made available for examination.

(9) Removal from service. Metal mesh slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

(i) A broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge.

(ii) Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent due to abrasion or 15 percent due to corrosion.

(iii) Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the fabric.

(iv) Distortion of the female handle so that the depth of the slot is increased more than 10 percent.

1910.184(f) — Wire rope slings (cont’d) 1910.184(g) — Metal mesh slings (cont’d)

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(v) Distortion of either handle so that the width of the eye is decreased more than 10 per cent.

(vi) A 15 percent reduction of the original cross sectional area of metal at any point around the handle eye.

(vii) Distortion of either handle out of its plane.

1910.184(h) — Natural and synthetic fi-ber rope slings

(1) Sling use.(i) Fiber rope slings made from conventional

three strand construction fiber rope shall not be used with loads in excess of the [manufacturer’s rated capacities].

(ii) Fiber rope slings shall have a diameter of curvature meeting at least the minimums specified in Figures N-184-4 and N-185-5 [not shown; see “Con-tact Surface Requirements for Slings” at right].

(iii) Slings ... shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(2) Safe operating temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen slings, may be used in a temperature range from mi-nus 20 deg. F to plus 180 deg. F without decreasing the working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the sling manufacturer’s recommendations shall be followed.

(3) Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shall not be used unless they have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements and in ac-cordance with any additional recommendations of the manufacturer:

(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks, and short splices shall con-sist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the splice center line.

(ii) In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall consist of at least four full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least eight full tucks, four on each side of the center line.

1910.184(g) — Metal mesh slings (cont’d)

(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and short splices. For fiber rope under one inch in diameter, the tail shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber rope one inch in diameter and larger, the tail shall project at least six inches beyond the last full tuck. Where a projecting tail interferes with the use of the sling, the tail shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diam-eters beyond the last full tuck).

(iv) Fiber rope slings shall have a minimum clear length of rope between eye splices equal to 10 times the rope diameter.

(v) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.(vi) Clamps not designed specifically for fiber

ropes shall not be used for splicing.(vii) For all eye splices, the eye shall be of

such size to provide an included angle of not greater than 60 degrees at the splice when the eye is placed over the load or support.

(4) End attachments. Fiber rope slings shall not be used if end attachments in contact with the rope have sharp edges or projections.

(5) Removal from service. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

(i) Abnormal wear.(ii) Powdered fiber between strands.(iii) Broken or cut fibers.(iv) Variations in the size or roundness of

strands.(v) Discoloration or rotting.(vi) Distortion of hardware in the sling.

(6) Repairs. Only fiber rope slings made from new rope shall be used. Use of repaired or reconditioned fiber rope slings is prohibited.

1910.184(h) — Natural and synthetic fi-ber rope slings (cont’d)

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1910.184(i) — Synthetic web slings

(1) Sling identification. Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the rated capacities for each type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.

(2) Webbing. Synthetic webbing shall be of uni-form thickness and width and selvage edges shall not be split from the webbing’s width.

(3) Fittings. Fittings shall be:(i) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to

that of the sling; and(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any

way damage the webbing.(4) Attachment of end fittings to webbing and

formation of eyes. Stitching shall be the only method used to attach end fittings to webbing and to form eyes. The thread shall be in an even pattern and con-tain a sufficient number of stitches to develop the full breaking strength of the sling.

(5) Sling use. Synthetic web slings ... shall not be used with loads in excess of the [manufacturer’s rated capacities]. Slings ... shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(6) Environmental conditions. When synthetic web slings are used, the following precautions shall be taken:

(i) Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present.

(ii) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.

(iii) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liq-uids of caustics are present.

(7) Safe operating temperatures. Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall not be used at tem-peratures in excess of 180 deg. F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F.

(8) Repairs.(i) Synthetic web slings which are repaired

shall not be used unless repaired by a sling manufac-turer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to twice the rated capacity prior to its return to service. The em-ployer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination.

1910.184(i) — Synthetic web slings (cont’d)

(iii) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary manner shall not be used.

(9) Removal from service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling

surface;(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or(v) Distortion of fittings.

Applicable Standards From

ASME B30.11(2010)

Monorails and Underhung Cranes

ASME B30.16(2012)

Overhead Hoists (Underhung)

NOTE: In general, the standards located in B30.11 apply to all types of overhead cranes.

Copied by permission. Rev. 12.05.13To order complete ASME standards, call Crane Institute of America at (800) 832-2726 or visit craneinstitute.com

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Chapter 11-0 Scope, Definitions, and References

SECTION 11-0.1: SCOPE OF B30.11

Volume B30.11 includes provisions that apply to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of underhung cranes and monorail systems, track sections, and load-carrying members, such as end trucks or carriers (commonly called trolleys) that travel either on the external or internal lower flange of a track section. The track sections include single monorail track, crane bridge girders and jib booms, all curves, switches, transfer devices, and lift and drop sections. Provisions apply to both power-driven and hand operated equipment in which the carriers are independently controlled. Items within this scope may be referred to as “equipment.”

Provisions for similar equipment used for a special pur-pose, such as, but not limited to, nonvertical lifting service, lifting a guided load, conveyor systems, including power and free conveyors, and lifting or transporting personnel are not included in this Volume.

ASME B30.11 (2010) - Monorails and Underhung CranesWhere applicable the following ASME Standards apply to other types of overhead cranes and monorails

Chapter 11-1 Construction and Installation

SECTION 11-1.1 MARKINGS

11-1.1.1 Cranes The rated load of the crane shall be marked on the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on the hoist or its load block so that the rated load marking shall be leg-ible from the ground or floor. The combined load on all hoists on the crane shall not exceed the rated load of the crane.

11-1.1.2 Monorails The rated load of the monorail should be marked on the monorail. If the rated load is marked, it shall be leg-ible from the ground or floor. The combined load on all hoists on the monorail shall not exceed the rated load of the monorail.

11-1.1.3 Hoists The rated load of each hoist on a monorail shall be marked in accordance with ASME B30.16.

11-1.1.4 Trolleys The rated load, the equipment manufacturer’s name, and the model number or serial number shall be marked on each trolley.

53 2011 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission. R122311

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Crane

Floor-Operated Crane(Hand-Held Push Button)

Wall SupportedJib Crane

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11-1.1.6 Controls (a) Each control actuator shall be legible marked to indicate the function and direction of movement. (b) In locations or areas where multiple systems are used by nondedicated operators, the arrangement of con-trol markings for function and directions should be the same for all crane and monorail systems in that location or area.

Chapter 11-2 Inspection and Testing

SECTION 11-2.1 INSPECTION

11·2.1.3 Functional Test Inspection (a) A functional test inspection is a visual and audi-ble operational examination of the equipment, and shall be conducted at the beginning of each shift, or before the equipment is first used during each shift, by the operator or a designated person. In special applications, when the handling of a suspended load is transferred from operator to operator at shift change, the functional test inspection shall be performed when that lift is completed. (b) As a minimum, the following items shall be inspect-ed during performance of the functional test inspection: (1) operational controls (2) upper limit device(s) in accordance with ASME B30.16 (3) chain or wire rope in accordance with ASME B30.16 (c) Adjustments, repairs, or replacements necessary to satisfy requirements shall be made in accordance with para. 11-4.2.4 prior to initial use if the functional test in-spection reveals that there are items and conditions that do not comply with the provisions. (d) Deficiencies discovered during this inspection shall be reported immediately to the supervisor or a designated person.


Chapter 11-3Operator Training and Operation

SECTION 11-3.1 OPERATOR TRAINING

11-3.1.2 Operator Training - General (a) Training shall include those items that apply to the equipment and the particular application of the crane or monorail system. Refer to para. 11-3.1.3 as a guide for sources of training material. (b) Training programs and their contents shall be based upon, but not limited to (1) physical characteristics of the workplace. (2) performance characteristics and complexity of the equipment. (3) types of load to be handled. (4) responsibilities of the crane or monorail sys-tem operator and other persons involved in the movement of the load. Refer to paras. 11-3.3.2 and 11-3.3.4. (c) Trainees shall operate equipment under the direct supervision of a designated person.

SECTION 11-3.2 TRAINING FOR PERSONS OTHER THAN CRANE AND MONORAIL SYSTEM OPERATORS

Other persons, such as, but not limited to, maintenance personnel, test personnel, and inspectors, when it is neces-sary to operate a crane or monorail system in the perfor-mance of their duties, shall be trained in accordance with the training requirements of this Volume for their duties.

SECTION 11-3.3 OPERATION

11-3.3.2 General Requirements to Be Followed During Equipment OperationAll personnel involved with the crane or monorail system operation shall comply with the following: (a) equipment lockout / tagout procedures, see Section 11-3.7. (b) warning or safety signs, labels, plates, or tags. (c) The crane or monorail system shall not be used to lift, lower, or travel while anyone is on the load or hook. (d) The hoist chain or rope shall be free from kinks or twists and shall not be wrapped around the load. (e) A hook latch shall be used when provided. (f) The hook latch (when provided) shall be closed and shall not be used to support any part of the load. (g) The load, sling, or lifting device shall be seated in the bowl of the hook. (h) The hoist chain(s) or rope(s) shall be seated in its chain sprockets or drum and sheave grooves. (i) Persons shall stay clear of a suspended load.

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(j) Caution shall be exercised when using a crane having a lifting magnet, due to hazards of falling metal. (k) Cranes and monorail systems shall be used to lift loads vertically without side pull except when specifically authorized by the manufacturer(s) or a qualified person for the equipment and a qualified person for the supporting structure who have determined that (1) the various parts of the equipment, support system, and supporting structure will not be overstressed (2) the stability of the equipment is not thereby endangered (3) such side pulls will not cause the hoist rope to be pulled out of the sheave or across drum grooves (4) such side pulls will not cause damage to the chain hoists (1) The crane or monorail system shall not be used to lift loads in excess of the rated load of the system except during properly authorized tests or planned engineered lifts in accordance with Section 11-3.4.NOTE: When multiple hoists, trolleys, bridges, or other devices are installed, the total load shall not exceed the capacity of the system.

(m) A load-limiting device shall not be used to measure the weight of the load. (n) The hoist rope or chain shall be protected from damaging weld spatter or contaminants. (o) The harness or belt, when provided, shall be used with the transmitter or the transmitter shall be placed in the location intended for its support. (p) The safety devices on the transmitter shall not be overridden. (q) Gloves that interfere with the operation of the controls shall not be worn. (r) The transmitter shall be stored in a designated and protected location. (s) The transmitter shall be shut off when a power failure occurs. (t) When two or more pieces of equipment are used to lift a single load, one designated person shall be in charge of the operation. This person shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning and rigging of the load and the movements to be made. (u) The operator shall check the hoist brake(s) at least once each shift if a load approaching the rated load is to be handled. This shall be done by lifting the load a few inches (em) and applying the brake(s). (v) The load shall not be lowered below the point where less than two wraps of rope shall remain on each anchorage of the hoisting drum, unless a lower limit device is provided, in which case, no less than one wrap shall remain.

(w) No one, other than the operator, shall enter a crane cab or pulpit, with the exception of persons such as oilers and supervisors whose duties require them to do so, and then only in the performance of their duties and with the knowledge of the operator or other appointed person. 11-3.3.3 Responsibilities of Management (Owners/Users)

Management (owners/users) shall (a) identify, document, and assign responsibilities of the equipment operator and other persons involved in the movement of the load(s) (see paras. 11-3.3.2 and 11-3.3. 4). (b) provide or verify that persons who will operate the equipment have been trained. (c) provide a written and practical examination that verifies that the person has acquired the knowledge and skill to operate the specific type of equipment that will be operated. The examinations shall be defined by the owner/user and in accordance with any local, state, and federal provisions that may apply. (d) issue a certificate, or formal record, that verifies that the person has been trained and has passed the exami-nation required in para. 11-3.3.3(c).

11·3.3.4 Responsibilities of Operators (a) Lifting and moving the load (1) three phases of lifting and moving the load shall be addressed (a) before the lift (b) during the lift (c) after the lift (2) Rigging the load, attaching the load to the hook and other tasks related to moving the load may be performed by persons other than the equipment operator. (3) Equipment operation may require the use of a signal person or other personnel who have responsibility for directing the lift and move functions and shall be as-signed prior to the lift. (b) Before the lift, operators shall (1) be familiar with the applicable provisions of the equipment safety standards and the instructions listed in manual(s) provided with the equipment (2) be familiar with controls, instructions, and warnings located on the lifting equipment (3) operate the equipment only when physically and otherwise fit (4) not energize the main switch (equipment dis-connect) if a warning sign, lock, or tag is on the device until the sign, lock, or tag is removed by the person who placed it on the device, or by an authorized person

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(2) be responsible for the lift when a signal person is not used. (3) obey any stop signal regardless of who gives it. (4) verify multiple part chains or lines are not twisting around each other when the lift is made. (5) take up slack load chain or rope carefully, lift the load a few inches (cm) to check the hoist operation and verify that the load is secured, balanced, and positioned on the hook and in the sling or lifting device. (6) minimize swinging the load or load hook. (7) maintain firm footing when operating lifting equipment. (8) avoid sudden acceleration and deceleration of the load. (9) use the crane or monorail system to lift verti-cally, without side pull, except when specifically autho-rized by a qualified person [see para. 11-3 .3.2(k)]. (10) verify that the load and rigging are free to move and will clear all obstructions. (11) check the hoist brake(s), if a load approach-ing the rated load is to be handled, by lifting the load a few inches (cm) and applying the brake(s). (12) stop the lifting of the load before the upper limit device is engaged. The hoist limit device that controls the upper limit of travel of the load block shall not be used as an operating control in normal operation unless addi-tional means are provided to prevent damage from over-travel. (13) avoid carrying loads over people. (14) concentrate on operating the crane and not al-low attention to be diverted while operating the equipment. (15) activate the warning device, when a device is furnished, intermittently during travel of the crane when approaching persons in the path of the load. (16) avoid exposure of the load chain or rope from damaging elements such as weld spatter or contaminants. (17) promptly report, to the person responsible for the equipment, any malfunction, unusual performance or sound, or damage of equipment. (18) contact stops, other cranes, or carriers with caution for the safety of persons on or below the equipment. (19) place all controllers or master switches in the off position when power is interrupted during operation. (20) check the controllers for correct direction of motion when power is restored after a power outage. (21) follow the directions of the designated per-son in charge of the operation when two or more pieces of equipment are used to lift a single load.

(5) not remove a warning sign, lock, or tag that is on any switch that controls power to the equipment, such as, but not limited to the equipment disconnect, motion disconnect, or runway disconnect, if the sign, lock, or tag was placed on the device by another person (6) place all controllers in the off position before closing the main line disconnect device (7) verify that no worker is on or adjacent to the equipment before closing the equipment’s main disconnect switch (8) perform a functional test inspection and test in accordance with para. 11-2.1.3 (9) not remove or obscure the warning or safety labels, plates, or tags furnished on the lifting equipment (10) be familiar with and understand hand signals (see Section 11-3.5 and Fig. 11-3.3.4-1) (11) verify that the hook, bridge, and carrier travel in the same direction as shown on the controls (12) verify that chains or wire ropes are not kinked or twisted or that multiple part chain or wire ropes are not twisted about each other (13) verify that the hoist chain or wire rope is not wrapped around the load (14) attach the load to the hook or have the load attached to the hook by means of slings or other lifting devices (15) verify that the load, sling, or lifting device is seated in the bowl of the hook (16) use a hook latch when provided (17) verify that the hook latch (when provided) is closed and not supporting any part of the load (18) verify that the hoist load chain or rope is seat-ed in the sprockets or drum grooves and in the sheave(s) sprockets or grooves if there is or has been a slack rope condition (19) board or leave the crane (cab) only at autho-rized locations and designated boarding entrances (20) verify that the transmitter selected is the cor-rect transmitter for the crane to be operated (21) verify that the hoist unit is centered over the load’s center of gravity, except when authorized by a quali-fied person [see para. 11-3.3.2(k)] (22) verify that the weight of the total load to be lifted does not exceed the rated load of the crane or mono-rail system, or the rigging [see para. 11-3.3.2(1)] (23) activate the warning device, when a device is furnished, before starting the bridge or carrier motion of the crane (e) During the lift, operator’s shall (1) respond to signals from the person directing the lift or a designated signal person.

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(22) not leave a suspended load unattended unless provisions have been made to provide auxiliary support-ing means under the suspended load, or guards or barriers are utilized on the floor to prevent people from entering the area affected by the suspended load. (23) not lower the load below the point where two wraps of rope remain on each anchorage of the hoisting drum unless a lower-limit device is provided, in which case, no less than one wrap shall remain. (24) stop the lowering of the load before the lower limit device is engaged, when furnished, and not use it as an operating control in normal operation. (25) properly secure an outdoor underhung crane when the wind indicating alarm is activated. (26) use the harness or belt, if provided, for use with the transmitter or place the transmitter in the location intended for its support. (27) not override safety devices on the transmitter. (28) not wear gloves that interfere with the opera-tion of the controls. (29) shut off the transmitter when a power failure occurs. (30) stop the crane or monorail system functions in a controlled manner when the operator has doubt as to the safety of the crane and monorail system’s operations. Lift operations shall resume only after safety concerns have been addressed. (f) After the lift, operators shall (1) lift the load block above the highest moveable obstruction under the equipment when the equipment is not in use (2) notify the next operator of adjustment, repair, or replacement that needs to be made (3) properly secure an outdoor underhung crane when the crane is shut down (4) open the equipment main line disconnect de-vice before leaving the crane cab (5) place the controllers in the off position before leaving the controls of the equipment (6) shut off the power to pendant-operated cranes before leaving area (7) shut off and store transmitter in a designated and protected location (8) do not use the crane or monorail system to re-move slings from under a landed load.

SECTION 11-3.4 PLANNED ENGINEERED LIFTS

Lifts in excess of the rated load may be required from time to time on a limited basis for specific purposes such as new construction or major repairs. Every planned engineered lift exceeding the rated load shall be treated as a special and separate event.Limitations and planned requirements shall be applicable as follows: (a) Planned engineered lifts shall be limited to pow-ered cranes. (b) When planned engineered lifts are made, the load shall not exceed 125% of the equipment load rating, ex-cept as provided in para. 11-3.4(d). (c) Planned engineered lifts shall be limited to two occurrences on any crane equipment within any continu-ous 12-mo period, except as provided in para. 11-3.4(d). If greater lift frequency is desired, consideration shall be given to rerating or replacing the equipment. (d) The equipment manufacturer or a qualified person shall be consulted if the planned engineered lift exceeds 125% of rated load or if the frequency of planned engi-neered lifts exceeds two during a continuous 12-month pe-riod. (e) Each planned engineered lift shall comply with the following requirements: (1) A written review of the equipment service his-tory shall be prepared, including reference to previous planned engineered lifts, structural repairs, and modifica-tions of original design. (2) The design of the structural, mechanical, elec-trical, pneumatic, and hydraulic components of the equip-ment shall be reviewed by means of applicable calculations for the load to be lifted and approved by the equipment manufacturer or a qualified person according to accepted crane and monorail system design standards. (3) The design of the equipment’s supporting structure shall be reviewed and approved by a qualified person for conformance to applicable design criteria. The supporting structure shall be inspected, and any deteriora-tion or damage shall be taken into consideration in design calculations for the load to be lifted. (4) The equipment shall be inspected in accor-dance with para. 11-2.1.5 just prior to making the lift. (5) The lift shall be made under controlled condi-tions under the direction of a designated person in accor-dance with a previously prepared lift plan. All persons in the area of the equipment shall be alerted that the lift is being made.

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(6) The operator shall test the equipment at the planned engineered load by lifting the load a few inches (em) and setting the brakes. The lift shall only be contin-ued if the brake stops and holds the load. Any failure to hold the load shall be corrected before proceeding with the lift. (7) The equipment shall be inspected in accor-dance with para. 11-2.1.5 after the lift is completed and prior to being ·used for the lifting of any other load. (8) A record of the planned engineered lift, includ-ing calculations, inspections, and all distances moved, shall be placed on file for availability to appointed personnel. (f) The load test specified in para. 11-2.2.2 is not ap-plicable to planned engineered lift provisions.

SECTION 11-3.5 SIGNALS

11-3.5.1 Standard SignalsSignals to the operator should be in accordance with the standards prescribed in Fig. 11-3.3.4-1, unless voice com-munication equipment (telephone, radio, or equivalent) is utilized. Signals should be discernible or audible at all times. Some special operations may require additions to, or modifications of, the basic signals.


SECTION 11-3.6 MISCELLANEOUS

11-3.6.1 Cabs (n) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with access or operation. (b) Tools, oil cans, and other necessary articles shall be stored in a toolbox and shall not lie loose in or about the cab. (c) Materials stored in cabs shall be limited to neces-sary items.

11-3.6.2 Fire ExtinguishersOperators shall be familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguisher(s) provided.

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ASME B30.16 (2012) - Overhead Hoists (Underhung)Where applicable the following ASME Standards apply to other types of overhead cranes and monorails

Chapter 16-0

Scope, Definitions, and References

Section 16-0.1: Scope of B30.16

Volume B30.16 includes provisions that apply to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, and main-tenance of hand chain operated chain hoists and electric and air powered chain and wire rope hoists used for, but not limited to, vertical lifting and lowering of freely suspended, unguided, loads which consist of equipment and materials.

Requirements for a hoist that is used for a special purpose, such as, but not limited to, tensioning a load, non-vertical lifting service, lifting a guided load, lifting personnel, or drawing both the load and the hoist up or down the load chain or rope when the hoist is attached to the load, are not included in this Volume.

Chapter 16-1

Marking, Construction, and Installation

SECTION 16-1.1: MARKING

16-1.1.1 Rated Load The rated load of the hoist shall be marked on the hoist or its load block and shall be legible from the ground or floor.

16-1.1.2 Controls (a) Each control actuator of an electric-powered or air-powered hoist shall be marked to indicate the direction of resultant motion. (b) In locations or areas where multiple electric-pow-ered or air-powered hoists are used, the arrangement of control actuator markings for directions of motion on pen-dant push-button stations and radio-controlled transmitters should be the same for all hoists in that location or area.

59 2011 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission. R122311

Hand Chain OperatedChain Hoist

Electric PoweredWire Rope Hoist

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Chapter 16-2

Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance

SECTION 16-2.1: INSPECTION

16-2.1.2 Preoperation Inspection (a) The preoperation inspection shall be performed before the first use of the hoist each shift by a designated person. (b) A qualified person shall determine whether condi-tions found during the inspection constitute a hazard and whether a more detailed inspection is required. (c) The following items shall be inspected: (1) operating mechanisms for proper operation, proper adjustment, and unusual sounds. (2) hoist limit device(s) of electric- or air-powered hoists without a load on the hook. The load block shall be inched into its limit device or run in at a slow speed on multispeed or variable-speed hoists. When travel-limiting clutches are used as limiting devices, follow the methods for inspecting the travel-limiting clutch in the manual pro-vided with the hoist. (3) hoist braking system for proper operation. (4) lines, valves, and other parts of air systems for leakage. (5) hooks, in accordance with ASME B30.10. (6) hook latches, if used, for proper operation. (7) hoist rope for gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard, such as the following:

(a) distortion of the rope such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displace-ment, or core protrusion. (b) general corrosion (c) broken or cut strands (d) number, distribution, and type of visible broken wires (8) load chain for gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard, such as the following: (a) Examine visually for gouges, nicks, weld spat-ter, corrosion, and distorted links (b) Test the hoist under load in lifting and lower-ing directions and observe the operation of the chain and sprockets. The chain should be feed smoothly into and away from the sprockets.

Chapter 16-3

Operator Training and Operation

SECTION 16-3.3: OPERATION

16-3.3.2 General Requirements to be Followed During Equipment Operation All personnel involved with the crane or monorail sys-tem operation shall comply with the following: (a) equipment lockout/tagout procedures, see Section 11-3.7. (b) warning or safety signs, labels, plates, or tags. (c) The crane or monorail system shall not be used to lift, lower, or travel while anyone is on the load or hook. (d) The hoist chain or rope shall be free from kinks or twists and shall not be wrapped around the load. (e) A hook latch shall be used when provided (f) The hook latch (when provided) shall be closed and shall not be used to support any part of the load. (g) The load, sling, or lifting device shall be seated in the bowl of the hook. (h) The hoist chain(s) or rope(s) shall be seated in its chain sprockets or drum and sheave grooves. (i) Persons shall stay clear of a suspended load. (j) Caution shall be exercised when using a crane hav-ing a lifting magnet, due to hazards of falling metal. (k) Cranes and monorail systems shall be used to lift loads vertically without side pull expect when specifically authorized by the manufacturer(s) or a qualified person for the equipment and a qualified person for the supporting structure who have determined that (1) the various parts of the equipment, support system, and supporting structure will not be overstressed

B30.10-1.10.5 (2009) Removal Criteria (of Hooks) Hooks shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person: (d) crack, nicks, or gouges (e) wear - any wear exceeding 10% (or as recommended by the manufacturer) of the original section dimension of the hook or its load pin. (f) deformation - any visibly apparent bend or twist from the plane of the unbent hook (g) throat opening - any distortion causing an increase in throat opening exceeding 5%, not to exceed ¼ inch (6 mm) (or as recommended by the manufacturer). (h) inability to lock - any self-locking hook that does not lock. (i) inoperative latch (if required) - any damaged latch or malfunctioning latch that does not close the hook’s throat.

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(2) the stability of the equipment is not thereby endanagered (3) such side pulls will not cause the hoist rope to be pulled out of the sheave or across drum grooves (4) such side pulls will not cause damage to the chain hoists (l) The crane or monorail system shall not be used to lift loads in excess of the rated load of the system except during properly authorized tests or planned engineered lifts in accordance with Section 11-3.4.NOTE: When multiple hoists, trolleys, bridges, or other devices are installed, the total load shall not exceed the capacity of the system.

(m) A load-limiting device shall not be used to mea-sure the weight of the load. (n) The hoist rope or chain shall be protected from damaging weld spatter or contaminants. (o) The harness or belt, when provided, shall be used with the transmitter or the transmitter shall be placed in the location intended for its support. (p) The safety devices on the transmitter shall not be overridden. (q) Gloves that interfere with the operation of the con-trols shall not be worn. (r) The transmitter shall be stored in a designated and protected location. (s) The transmitter shall be shut off when a power fail-ure occurs. (t) When two or more pieces of equipment are used to lift a single load, one designated person shall be in charge of the operation. This person shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper position-ing and rigging of the load and the movements to be made. (u) The operator shall check the hoist brake(s) at least once each shift if a load approaching the rated load is to be handled. This shall be done by lifting the load a few inches (cm) and applying the brake(s). (v) The load shall not be lowered below the point where less than two wraps of rope shall remain on each anchorage of the hoisting drum, unless a lower limit de-vice is provided, in which case, no less than one wrap shall remain. (w) No one, other than the operator, shall enter a crane cab or pulpit, with the exception of persons such as oilers and supervisors whose duties require them to do so, and then only in the performance of their duties and with the knowledge of the operator or other appointed person.

16-3.3.4 Responsibilities of Operators (a) Lifting and moving the load. (1) three phases of lifting and moving the load shall be addressed (a) before the lift (b) during the lift (c) after the lift (2) Rigging the load, attaching the load to the hook and other tasks related to moving the load may be performed by persons other than the equipment operator. (3) Equipment operation may require the use of a signal person or other personnel who have responsibility for directing the lift and move functions and shall be as-signed prior to the lift. (b) Before the lift, operators shall (1) be familiar with the applicable provisions of the equipment safety standards and the instructions listed in manual(s) provided with the equipment. (2) be familiar with controls, instructions and warnings located on the lifting equipment. (3) operate the equipment only when physically and otherwise fit (4) not energize the main switch (equipment dis-connect) if a warning sign,lock, or tag is on the device until the sign, lock or tad is removed by the person who placed it on the device, or by an authorized person. (5) not remove a warning sign, lock or tag that is on any switch that control power to the equipment, such as, but not limited to the equipment disconnect, motion disconnect, or runway disconnect, if the sign, lock or tag was placed on the device by another person (6) place all controllers in the off position before closing the main line disconnect device (7) verify that no worker is on or adjacent to the equipment before closing the equipment’s main disconnect switch (8) perform a functional test inspection and test in accordance with para. 11-2.1.3 (9) not remove or obscure the warning or safety labels, plates, or tags furnished on the lifting equipment (10) be familiar with and understand hand signals (see Section 11-3.5) (11) verify that the hook, bridge, and carrier travel in the same direction as shown on the controls. (12)verify that chains or wire ropes are not kinked or twisted or that multiple part chain or wire ropes are not twisted about each other (13) verify that the hoist chain or wire rope is not wrapped around the load

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(14) attach the load to the hook or have the load attached to the hook by means of slings or other lifting devices (15) verify that the load, sling, or lifting device is seated in the bowl of the hook (16) use a hook latch when provided (17) verify that the hook latch (when provided) is closed and not supporting any part of the load (18) verify that the hoist load chain or rope is seat-ed in the sprockets or drum grooves and in the sheave(s) sprockets or grooves if there is or has been a slack rope condition (19) board or leave the crane (cab) only at autho-rized locations and designated boarding entrances (20) verify that the transmitter selected is the cor-rect transmitter for the crane to be operated (21) verify that the hoist unit is centered over the load’s center of gravity, except when authorized by a qual-ified person [see para. 11-3.3.2(k)] (22) verify that the weight of the total load to be lifted does not exceed the rated load of the crane or mono-rail system, or the rigging [see para. 11-3.3.2(l)] (23) activate the warning device, when a device is furnished, before starting the bridge or carrier motion of the crane (e) During the lift, operator’s shall (1) respond to signals from the person directing the lift or a designated signal person. (2) be responsible for the lift when a signal person is not used. (3) obey any stop signal regardless of who gives it. (4) verify multiple part chains or lines are not twisting around each other when the lift is made. (5) take up slack load chain or rope carefully, lift the load a few inches (cm) to check the hoist operation and verify that the load is secured, balanced, and positioned on the hook and in the sling or lifting device. (6) minimise swinging the load or load block. (7) maintain firm footing when operating lifting equipment. (8) avoid sudden acceleration and deceleration of the load. (9) use the crane or monorail system to lift verti-cally, without side pull, except when specifically autho-rized by a qualified person [see para. 11-3.3.2(k)] (10) verify that the load and rigging are free to move and will clear all obstructions

(11) check the hoist brake(s), if a load approach-ing the rated load is to be handled, by lifting the load a few inches (cm) and applying the brake(s). (12) stop the lifting of the load before the upper limit device is engaged. The hoist limit device that controls the upper limit travel of the load block shall not be used as an operating control in normal operation unless additional means are provided to prevent damage from overtravel. (13) avoid carrying loads over people. (14) concentrate on operating the crane and not al-low attention to be diverted while operating the equipment. (15) activate the warning device, when a device is furnished, intermittently during travel of the crane when approaching persons in the path of the load. (16) avoid exposure of the load chain or rope from damaging elements such as weld spatter or contaminants. (17) promptly report, to the person responsible for the equipment, any malfunction, unusual performance or sound, or damage of equipment. (18) contact stops, other cranes, or carriers with caution for the safety of persons on or below the equipment. (19) place all controllers or mater switches in the off position when power is interrupted during operation. (20) check the controllers for correct direction of motion when power is restored after a power outage. (21) follow the directions of the designated per-son in charge of the operation when two or more pieces of equipment are used to lift a single load. (22) not leave a suspended load unattended unless provisions have been made to provide auxiliary supporting means under the suspended load, or guards or barriers are utilized on the floor to prevent people from entering the area affected by the suspended load. (23) not lower the load below the point where two wraps of rope remain on each anchorage of the hoisting drum unless a lower-limit device is provide, in which case, no less than one wrap shall remain. (24) stop the lowering of the load before the lower limit device is engaged, when furnished, and not use it as an operating control in normal operation. (25) properly secure an outdoor underhung crane when the wind indicating alarm is activated. (26) use the harness belt, if provided, for use with the transmitter or place the transmitter in the location in-tended for its support. (27) not override safety devices on the transmitter. (28) not wear gloves that interfere with the opera-tion of the controls.

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(29) shut off the transmitter when a power failure occurs. (30) stop the crane or monorail system functions in a controlled manner when the operator has doubt as to the safety of the crane and monorail system’s operation. Lift operations shall resume only after safety concerns have been addressed. (f) After the lift, operator’s shall (1) lift the load block above the highest moveable obstruction under the equipment when the equipment is not in use (2) notify the next operator of adjustment, repair, or replacement that needs to be made (3) properly secure an outdoor underhung crane when the crane is shut down (4) open the equipment main line disconnect de-vice before leaving the crane cab (5) place the controllers in the off position before leaving the control of the equipment (6) shut off the power to pendant-operated cranes before leaving area (7) shut off and store transmitter in a designated and protected location (8) do not use the crane or monorail system to re-move slings from under a landed load.

SECTION 16-3.5: SIGNALS

16-3.5.1 Standard Signals Signals to the operator should be in accordance with the standards prescribed in Fig. 11-3.3.4-1, unless voice communication equipment (telephone, radio, or equiva-lent) is utilized. Signals should be discernible or audible at all times. Some special operations may require additions to, or modifications of, the basic signals.

3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4

Forged Eye Bolts • Shouldered Type

NominalSize

(inches)90 deg.(pounds)

NR NR 220 520 890 1310 1910 2630 4125 6040

Rigger’s Capacity Card © CIA, Inc.

Crane Institute of America, Inc.www.craneinstitute.com . 3880 St. Johns Parkway, Sanford, Florida 32771 . 800-832-2726

NR NR 180 440 740 1140 1630 2320 3690 5460

Shackles • Screw Pin/Bolt Type

NominalShackle

Size(inches)

WorkingLoadLimit

(pounds) 660 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,500 9,500 13,000

NominalShackle

Size(inches)

WorkingLoadLimit

(pounds)

60 deg.(pounds)

VerticalVertical Basket

or 2-Leg 60degree

45 degree

Wire Rope Slings • 6 X 19 or 6 X 37 • EIPS • IWRC • MS • Rated Capacity in Pounds

2200 2800 3800 4800 5800 8200 11200 14400 18200 22000 26000 32000 36000 42000

5800 7800 10200 12800 15600 22000 30000 40000 48000 60000 72000 84000 98000 114000

5000 6800 8800 11000 13600 19400 26000 34000 42000 52000 62000 74000 84000 98000

4000 5400 7200 9000 11000 15800 22000 28000 34000 42000 50000 60000 70000 80000

1 LEG BASKET AND 2 LEG BRIDLEChoker

2800 3800 5000 6400 7800 11200 15200 19600 24000 30000 36000 42000 48000 56000

2800 3800 5000 6400 7800 11200 15200 19600 24000 30000 36000 42000 48000 56000

30 degree

RopeDiameter(Inches)

• Rated capacities basket hitch based on D/d ratio of 25.• Rated capacities based on pin diameter no larger than natural eye width or less than the nominal sling diameter.• Horizontal sling angles less than 30 degrees shall not be used.

Alloy Steel Chain Slings • Grade 80 • Rated Capacity in Pounds

2 LEG 3 LEG AND 4 LEG60 deg 45 deg 30 deg

SINGLE LEG

90 deg60 deg 45 deg

mm

5.578

10131620222632

21003500

4500 7100 12000 18100 28300 34200 47700 72300

ChainSize

(Inches)

7/32 9/32 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/4

36006100

7800 12300 20800 31300 49000 59200 82600 125200

3000 4900 6400 10000 17000 25600 40000 48400 67400 102200

2100 3500 4500 7100 12000 18100 28300 34200 47700 72300

5500 9100 11700 18400 31200 47000 73500 88900 123900 187800

4400 7400 9500 15100 25500 38400 60000 72500 101200 153400

3200 5200 6800 10600 18000 27100 42400 51300 71500 108400

30 deg

• Chain slings made with grades of steel other than Grades 80 and 100 alloy steel are not recommended for overhead lifting.• Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading between the inclined leg and the horizontal plane of the load.• 4 leg sling rating is same as 3 leg sling rating because normal lifting practice may not distribute load uniformly on all four legs.

3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8

11 1/81 1/41 3/81 1/21 3/4

22 1/42 1/2

17,000 19,000 24,000 27,000 34,000 50,000 70,000 80,000 110,000

1/45/163/81/25/83/47/81

1 1/41 1/2

75 210 400 850 1410 2230 2960 3850 6200 9010

400 680 1000 1840 2940 4340 6000 7880 12600 18260

30 deg.(pounds)

0 deg.(pounds)

9.29.11

rigger’s capacity card - 2011.p65

2,000 lbs.

Calculating Sling Loading

Steps:Example (2 Legs):

Sling Load Angle Angle(degrees) Factor 65° 1.104 60° 1.155 55° 1.221 50° 1.305 45° 1.414 40° 1.555 35° 1.742 30° 2.000

Calculating Load Weight • Weights of Materials & Liquids - lb per cubic ft

• When sling angles are between those listed in chart, use the next lower sling angle and corresponding load angle factor.• When using 3 or 4 sling legs equal in length, divide the total load by 3.• When the load is not distributed uniformly (equally) on sling legs, the tension on each leg must be calculated individually.

Weights ofSteel and Aluminum

Plates – lb per square ft

1/8 5 1.75 1/4 10 3.50 1/2 20 7.00 3/4 30 10.50 1 40 14.00

plate size (inches) steel aluminum

Aluminum 165Asbestos 153Asphalt 81Brass 524Brick (Soft) 110Brick (Common) 125Brick (Pressed) 140Bronze 534Coal 56Concrete (Slag) 130Concrete (Reinforced) 150Copper 556Crushed Rock 95Diesel Fuel 52Earth, Dry (Loose) 75Earth, Dry (Packed) 95Earth, Wet 100Glass 160Granite 168Ice 56Iron 485Lead 710Lime: Gypsum (Loose) 64

Limestone (solid) 163Lumber:Douglas-fi r 34Lumber:Oak 62Lumber:Pine 30Lumber:Poplar 30Lumber:Spruce 28Lumber:Railroad Ties 50Marble 95Motor Oil 60Paper 58Petroleum: Crude 55Petroleum: Gasoline 45Portland Cement (Loose) 94Portland Cement (Set) 183River Sand 120Rubber 94Sand & Gravel (Wet) 120Sand & Gravel (Dry) 105Steel 490Tar 75Tin 460Water 63Zinc 437

1. Determine sling angles. (45°)

2. Select corresponding Load Angle Factor. (1.414)

3. Multiply load weight by Load Angle Factor to get total load on sling legs.

( 2000 lbs x 1.414 = 2828 lbs )

4. Divide total load by the number of sling legs.

( 2828 lbs ÷ 2 = 1414 lbs per sling leg )

5. Select slings from the single vertical leg column within the sling capacity table.

• Horizontal sling angles less than 30 degrees shall not be used.• For choker hitch, the angle of choke shall be 120 degrees or greater (see ASME B30.9)

Documents

OCOR Standards 050114