Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses

Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses

Toward

Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management

Outline...Outline...• We live in an ocean and coastal world• Ocean and coastal challenges• Management Solutions

– Coastal zone– Ocean areas– Integrated coastal management

• Summary

We live ocean and coastal world…

What would you say are the most What would you say are the most important ocean and coastal important ocean and coastal management challenges we face as management challenges we face as we begin the 21st century? we begin the 21st century?

Critical Coastal IssuesCritical Coastal Issues

• Sprawl and its impacts• Nonpoint pollution• Species and habitat

protection/ restoration• Recovering fisheries• Public access• Mitigating natural and

technological hazards• Adapting to climate

change

• Developing non-renewable resources

• Balancing private property rights with public interest

• Revitalizing cities, while protecting character

• Social equity• Homeland security• Interactions among these

and other issues?

* Coping with increasing numbers of people disproportionately settling in coastal areas

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 1998 Revision.

World population: past estimates and high, medium, and low fertility variants, 1950-2050 (billions)

Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030

Sprawl in Charleston, South CarolinaSprawl in Charleston, South Carolina

* Controlling pollution runoff from the land

* Protecting and restoring marine and coastal habitats and biodiversity

California sea lion

Rockfish on Heceta Banks off Oregon

Salmon River estuary salt marsh restoration

* Recovering depleted stocks of marine fishes

Pacific ocean perch

Are “no-take” fishery areas necessary?

Status of assessed groundfish stocks (PFMC)

2002

* Providing the access to beaches and coastal waters that the public demands

Neskowin, Oregon

* Reducing our vulnerability to natural and human-caused hazards

New Carissa oil spill

“The Capes” landslide

U.S. hurricane damage and deaths in the twentieth century (Pielke 1997 as adapted from Hebert et al. 1993).

Property Property damage damage up… why?up… why?

Deaths Deaths down…down…why?why?

* Adapting to climate variability and long-term global change

Beach replenishment

Protect the coast? Gradual retreat? Abandon?

** Developing nonrenewable ocean resources while protecting renewable resources

** Balancing private property rights with public interests and rights

* Revitalizing the urban coast and promoting access and water-dependent shoreline uses

* Respecting and protecting community character, uniqueness, and culture as we grow

* Promoting social and intragenerational equity and justice in managing coastal lands and resources

* Homeland security and coasts - data, ports of entry, terrorist acts, etc.

Managing coastal and ocean areas, uses, and resources, complicated by…

• Complexity of the ocean & coastal ecosystems and resources

• Differences in ownership and control of coastal and ocean areas

• Sector-by-sector management approach using single-purpose regimes

• Built-in jurisdictional conflicts among and within sectors and governmental levels (national, state, local)

• Overall fragmentation of ocean and coastal governance

Ownership and Jurisdiction in Coastal and Ocean Zones

Deep Seabed Exclusive Contiguous Territorial Territorial Tidelands Wetlands Uplands& High Seas Economic Zone (1999) Sea (federal) Sea (state)

Zone (EEZ) (1988) (1953)(1983)

>200 nm 3-200 nm 12-24 nm 3-12 nm 0-3 nm MLW-MHW MHW-AVL >AVL

200 nm 24 nm 12 nm 3 nm 0 baseline

Territorial SeaNo Exclusive Federal Federal Federal State Mixed State Mostly MostlyOwnership Resource Resource Ownership Ownership & Private Private Private

Rights Rights Ownership Owned Qwned

Federal Federal Federal State Local Local LocalControl Control Control Federal State State State

Control Federal Federal Federal

Increasingly public, expansive, and regulated

Updated Spring 2001

How are we addressing these issues How are we addressing these issues today?today?

What more needs to be done in the What more needs to be done in the future?future?

U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and ProgramsPolicy and Programs

• Coastal Zone Management Act (1972 as amended)• Clean Water Act: §401 Cert., 403 NPDES, 404, 319

NPS, National Estuary Program• Marine and coastal protected area programs , e.g.

– National Marine Sanctuaries

– National Estuarine Research Reserves

– National seashores and recreation areas

– Fish and wildlife refuges

• Federal habitat restoration programs, e.g.– NOAA programs: NMFS, NOS damage restoration

– Corps dredged material habitat creation

* Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature

• Natural hazards mitigation and assistance– National Flood Insurance Program

– Federal Disaster Assistance Programs

– Federal shore protection programs

• Development incentives and disincentives– Infrastructure programs (transportation,waste

treatment)

– Coastal Barriers Resources Act (1980) - undeveloped barriers

*Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature

U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs (continued)Policy and Programs (continued)U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs (continued)Policy and Programs (continued)

Marine and Coastal Protected AreasMarine and Coastal Protected Areas

National Marine Sanctuaries (13 sites)

Marine and Coastal Protected AreasMarine and Coastal Protected Areas

U.S. Coastal Management Program:U.S. Coastal Management Program:Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)

• VoluntaryVoluntary partnershippartnership– All eligible states/territories participateAll eligible states/territories participate

• Incentive-basedIncentive-based– Federal assistance $Federal assistance $– Federal consistencyFederal consistency

• Section 303 policy goals:Section 303 policy goals: (1) preserve, protect, develop, restore(1) preserve, protect, develop, restore

(2) encourage state management(2) encourage state management

(3) special area management plans (3) special area management plans

(4) public & federal agency participation (4) public & federal agency participation

&

State Coastal Management Program State Coastal Management Program Approval Status as of January 2002Approval Status as of January 2002

State Coastal Management Program State Coastal Management Program Approval Status as of January 2002Approval Status as of January 2002

1

34

N/A

Operating the coastal programOperating the coastal programManagement processes and toolsManagement processes and tools

PROCESSES

• Land use and special area planning

• Public Involvement

• Education

• Dispute Resolution

TOOLS

• Resource inventory and assessment

• Zoning & development permits

• Exclusion areas or building setback zones

• Marine protected areas

• Acquisition, easements, and development rights

• Regulation of activities in special areas

• Mitigation of damage

• Nonregulatory restoration

Oregon’s Major Wetland andOregon’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat SystemsDeepwater Habitat Systems

Source: USGS 1996

Components of Oregon’sCoastal Management Program

• LCDC Statewide Planning Goals• Local city & county comprehensive plans• Specified state statutes & authorities• Oregon Ocean Plan & Territorial Sea Plan (OPAC)• State agency coordination agreements• Federal consistency provisions

Goal 16: Estuarine Resources

To maintain environmental and development diversity within each estuary, management units must be designated consistent with the overall estuary classification

To maintain environmental and development diversity within each estuary, management units must be designated consistent with the overall estuary classification

DevelopmentDevelopment

ConservatiConservation on

NaturalNatural

Oregon Estuary Planning OutcomesManagement Unit Designation Summary

Oregon Estuary Planning OutcomesManagement Unit Designation Summary

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

Acr

es

Intertidal (wetland) Subtidal (deep water)

Aggregated Estuarine Habitat Types

Development

Conservation

Natural

11%11%

81%81%

8%8%

64% 64%

34%34%

2%2%

Historic Wetland Losses in theHistoric Wetland Losses in theSan Francisco Bay RegionSan Francisco Bay Region

San Francisco Bay Coastal ProgramSan Francisco Bay Coastal ProgramTrends in Permitted Wetland LossTrends in Permitted Wetland Loss

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Acr

es p

er y

ear

1940-65 1966-86 1987-91

Wetlands Lost per year

2,300 ac.

20 ac.4 ac.

Louisiana’s Major Wetland andLouisiana’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat SystemsDeepwater Habitat Systems

Source: USGS 1996

Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal Wetland ImpactsWetland Impacts

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Wetland Loss (acres per year)

* Approximately 90% loss reduction

(Louisiana Department of Natural Resources data)

Ocean Resources Management in the Ocean Resources Management in the U.S. Today: U.S. Today: Principal RegimesPrincipal Regimes

• State-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction OffshoreState-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction Offshore• Living Resources ManagementLiving Resources Management• Nonliving Resources ManagementNonliving Resources Management• Waste Disposal and ManagementWaste Disposal and Management• Prevention and Clean-up of Oil SpillsPrevention and Clean-up of Oil Spills• Multiple Use Ocean Management InitiativesMultiple Use Ocean Management Initiatives

Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, single-Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, single-purposepurpose

Established by Presidential Executive Order, 1983

2.3 million square miles of “new” U.S. territory

2.3 million square miles of “new” U.S. territory

Jurisdictional Boundaries

Problems with the present US ocean Problems with the present US ocean governance regime...governance regime...

• OCS oil and gas development standstill• Fisheries overcapitalization and overfishing in the wake

of “Americanization”• Paralysis in US aquaculture development• Species and habitat protection conflicts• Continued degradation of nearshore water quality• Global climate change impacts• Power-sharing disagreements - no means for dispute

resolution• Lack of intra- and intergovernmental coordination

SolutionsSolutions: Toward a more Integrated : Toward a more Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)

“…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.”

Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998GOALS• Develop institutions designed to overcome

fragmentation• Recognize distinctive interrelated nature of the coast

and nearshore ocean area • Promote policy harmonization & consistency of

decisions

Solutions?Solutions?Integrated Coastal and Ocean Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)Management (ICM)

“…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.”

Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998

GOALS• Overcome fragmentation• Promote consistency in decision making• Recognize distinctive, interrelated nature of the coast

and nearshore ocean area

Pew Oceans CommissionPew Oceans Commission

• Final report released June 4, 2004

• Recommendations– Governance for Sustainable Seas

– Restoring America’s Fisheries

– Preserving Our CoastsCleaning Coastal Waters

– Guiding Sustainable Marine Aquaculture

– Science, Education, and Funding

http://www.pewoceans.org/

Goals of Oceans Act of 2000

• Establish a commission to make recommendations for coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote:– Protection against hazards

– Responsible stewardship

– Environmental protection and pollution prevention

 

Goals of Oceans Act of 2000Goals of Oceans Act of 2000

– Commerce, conflict reduction and sustainable use

– Research including

climate change – Advancement of education and training– Technological innovation– Public and private sector cooperation

– Preservation of leadership role

– Foreign cooperation

SummarySummary

• The world, the US, and other nations and states face many difficult ocean and coastal problems

• Existing management efforts are fragmented and poorly implemented and enforced

• A more integrated ocean and coastal management is needed nationally and globally to reverse trends in resource decline and quality