Occuptional Health & SAFETY

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2002 NPC - OHSAS 2day - 1National Productivity Council

OCCUPTIONAL HEALTH &

SAFETY MANAGEMENTSYSTEM

18001-2007


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INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSSafety management systems are intended to

provide organisations with the elements of an

effective occupational health and safety

management system in order to achive health and

safety, and economic goal.The intention is that

these systems may be integrated with other

management requirements such as those for

quality and the environment.


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CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

BASED ON THE P-D-C-A CYCLEPlan/Do/Check/Act

Plan

1.health and safety hazards identification,risk

assessment and risk control;

2.legal and other requirements;

3.objectives;

4.health and safety management programmes.


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Safety management activities


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SAFETY IS ABOUT MANAGING RISKS.

SAFETY IS ABOUT CONTROLL ING ACCIDENTAL LOSS.



LOSS

Avoidable waste of any resou rce



ACCIDENT

UNDESIRED EVENT GIVING RISE TO DEATH, ILL HEALTH,

INJURY, DAMAGE OR OTHER LOSS



INCIDENT

EVENT THAT GAVE RISE TO AN ACCIDENT OR HAD THE

POTENTIAL

TO LEAD TO AN ACCIDENT


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National Productivity Council

RISK

COMB INATION OF THE LIKELIHOOD AND CONSEQUENCES

OF A SPECIFIED

HAZARDOUS EVENT OCCURRING


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SAFETY

FREEDOM FROM UNACCEPTABLE RISK


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OHS Risk Management

The essence of risk management is

to avoid high risks, manage

medium risks, and live with low

risks.


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CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT

OHSAS Standard

Plan

Do

Act

Check


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The first duty of Business is to survive, and

the guiding principle of Business economics

is not the maximisation of profit - it is the

avoidance of lossPETER DRUCKER

Loss can be avoided by reducing rework/accidents

This can be achieved by control of activities.Control of activities require systematic approach.

This can be achieved by assessing your hazards & risks

Having a structured safety and loss control Management system.


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Potential to cause harm INJURY.

DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT.

DAMAGE TO ASSETS.

ILL HEALTH.

A source or si tuat ion with a potent ial for harm in terms o f human

injury o r i l l -health, damage to prop erty, environment o r a

com binat ion to these.

RISK

HAZARD

Likelihood and

Consequence of a hazardous event occurring.

The combination of the likelihood and consequence of a specified hazardous

event occurring.

Risk can also be expressed as probability and extent of damage or loss.


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OHS Risk Management

The essence of risk management isto avoid high risks, manage

medium risks, and live with low

risks.


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Risk Assessment

Ask The question

What can go wrong?How serious could it be?

How likely is it to happen?

What should we do about it?


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RISK

LIKELIHOOD = f requencyof event occurring e.g.number of events per year, number of events per 1000

working hours etc.

CONSEQUENCE can be expressed in many ways, e.g.number of deaths, number of injuries, monetary loss,

repair cost etc.


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Risk Cri ter ia

Defining the pain thresholdfor

Major Loss...Serious Loss...

Minor Loss

...affecting the OHS situation

}

Significant


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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

RISK EVALUATION

PREPARE OHS PROGRAMME

TERMINATE

Avoid or eliminate

the hazard

TREAT

OHS

Management

System

IMPLEMENT OHS PROGRAMME

MONITOR [Measure, evaluate, commend or correct]

Management of risks

TOLERATE

Acceptable level

of risk

TRANSFER

Insurance


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Terminate

Risk control technique

Used in isolation of other TsRefusal to expose organization to a risk in the

first place

Complete elimination of a risk that is already

present


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Treat

Includes both loss prevention and loss

reductionTermination may not be practical or

possible

Risk still exists!

Most OHS activities involve Treatment


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Tolerate

To an acceptable level of risk

Includes all forms of paying for losses withinternal funds: current expenses, reserves,

borrowing, etc.

Only economical in the presence of a good

OHS management system


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TransferInsurance:finance losses through insurance

leasing, shipping agreements also common

not foolproof; most expensive way to pay for risk

management-- premiums go up when losses occur

Non-insurance:

contractors / sub-contractorsProprietor often liable for losses, errors, and omissions


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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH


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Occupational Health hazards

Physical some examples

Noise - Turbines, machine noise, mines(leads to hearing loss, annoyance)( gradual, painless)

Vibration - affectswhole body or segmented(leads to higher O2consumption,

cardiac, respiratory effects, biochemical changes)

Temperature - high (associated with humidity and air changes) ( fatigue)

Radiation - Ionizing( atomic), X rays)

Non-Ionizing(electric/magnetic) Infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves,

lasers ( interferes with biological process)

Illumination- lighting level, intensity, glare

Decompression - pressure differentials, (saturation deep sea divers)

Ventilation , Humidity


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Occupational H ealth hazards

NOISE some examples

AUDITORY

AUDITORY FATIGUE

RUPTURE OF THE DRUM

TTS ( temporary threshold shift), eg ringing in the ears PTS ( permanent hearing loss)

NON AUDITORY ANNOYANCE

INTERFERENCE IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION LOW NIGHT VISION DIFFICULT COLOUR PERCEPTION

LESS NIGHT SLEEP

HIGH BP, HEART RATE, BREATHING, SWEAT RATE

HIGH INTESTINAL ACTIVITIES - ABDOMINAL PAIN, FREQUENT

LOOSE STOOLS ENLARGED PUPILS,VAGUE MUSCULAR ACHES


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Chemical some examples

METALS - Heavy: Lead , Mercury

Other : As, P, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni

Newer : Be, Se, Pl

GASES - Simple : H2S, SO2, N2Asphyxiant : CO, HCN

Chemical : Phosgene, Carbonyl,Irritant : Chlorine, Ammonia

COMPOUNDS - AcidsORGANIC -Acetic acid, Benzoic, Methonal

INORGANIC - HCL, H2SO4,,,HNO3

AlkalisORGANIC - Ethanaloamine

INORGANIC - Soda Bicarb, Naptha, Caustic

Others

Phenol, CCL4, Tricholoracetic acid


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Chemical ( Contd) some examples

DUSTS - Airbone, respirable ( silica, coal, cotton, asbestos)

FUMES - Vapour Condensation( nickel, beryllium, zinc,iron )

SMOKE - Incomplete combustion( wood, petroleum products, coal)

MISTS/ - Air suspended droplets( chromic acid,sulphuric acid)

AEROSOLS

GASES - In confined spaces ( hydrogen sulphide, chlorine, CO) VAPOURS - ( gasoline, thinners, solvents)

TOXICITY : Ability of material to produce harm to a living organism- remains constant

Exposure : - degree can be con trol led


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Biological

Virus,

Bacteria

Fungi

Parasites etc

Inhalation, injestion, injection, skin contact

Ergonomic

Lifting,: Back ache, strains

Repetitive motion: Keyboard, assemblies

pressure, monotony, fatigue


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Common Methods for Control of Various

Occupational Health Hazards

B Industrial Skin Diseases

a. Substitution of substancesb. Engineering controls

c. Standard practices

d. Personal protective equipment

e. Personnel placement

A Air Contaminants

a. Substitution or replacementb. Isolation of operation

c. Elimination

d. Change in process or

operation

e. Local exhaust

f. Ventilation

g. Wetting-down methods

h. Housekeepingi. Personal protective

equipment

j. Personal hygiene

k. Air monitoring

C Noise

a. Reduction at its sourceb. Reduction of noise

transmitted

c. Personal protective

equipment

d. Administrative

procedures

D Vibration

a. Source

reductionb. Isolation

c. Dampening

E Cold

a. Proper clothing

b. Good physicalcondition

c. Buddy system

F Heat

a. Ventilation

b. Equipment and process change

c. Work-saving devicesd. Heat shields and barriers

e. Selection and periodic examination of

workers

f. Work control such as schedules and rest

periods

g. Worker training

h. Replacement of body fluids

G Radiation

a. Education and training

b. Exposure monitoring

c. Heat shields and reflective

clothingd. Personal protective

equipment

e. Proper job procedures

f. Effective maintenance


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H Illumination

a. Measure light levels; meet lighting

standardsb. Use brighter, more reflective colors

c. Maintain lighting systems (fixtures,

bulbs,

d. Keep windows, bulbs, etc., clean

e. Place lights properly

Common Methods for Control of Various

Occupational Health Hazards

I Biological Hazards

a. Employee education

b. Monitoring

c. Personal hygiene

d. Insect control

e. Proper job procedures

f. Personal protective equipment

g. Proper sanitary facilities

h. Good housekeepingJ Ergonomics

a. Design and engineering

b. Education and training

c. Administrative controls (such as shiftscheduling)

d. Labour-saving devices

K Psychosocial Hazards

a. Management/Supervisor/Leadership trainingb. Coaching/Counseling/Employee Assistance

Programs

c. Positive behavior reinforcementL Control techniques which depend heavily upon supervisors include:

a. Good housekeeping

b. Personal hygiene

c. Employee training

d. Proper task procedures

e. Proper task instruction

f. Task observation

g. Rules compliance

h. Protective equipment compliance

i. Proper posting and labeling

j. Proper storage of hazardous materials

k. Group communications

l. Personal safety and health contacts


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Steps for Conduc t ing a Group

Risk Assessment

1. Define system / scope

2. Identify item(s)3. List concern(s)

4. State impact explanation and rating

5. State probability explanation and rating

6. Determine risk level7. Plan risk controls

8. Know the residual risks


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Continual

Improvement

Act Plan

DoCheck

Policy

OHS riskLegal requirements

OH&S Programme(s)

Structure & responsibility

Training,Communication

OH&S documentation

Document & data control

Operational controlEmergency preparedness &

response

Monitoring &measurement

Nonconformance corrective

and preventive action

Records

Auditing

ManagementReview.

OHSAS


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THANK YOU

Documents

Occuptional Health & SAFETY