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Objectives are statements Objectives are statements of what we want students to of what we want students to learn as a result of the learn as a result of the instruction we provide instruction we provide them. Objectives answer them. Objectives answer the question “What do we the question “What do we intend for students to learn intend for students to learn as a result of instruction?” as a result of instruction?” Within the context of Within the context of accountability, a second accountability, a second question arises: “How do we question arises: “How do we know students learned what know students learned what we intended them to we intended them to learn?” learn?”
Objectives, then, provide Objectives, then, provide the basis for the design and the basis for the design and
implementation of implementation of instruction and assessment.instruction and assessment.
Remember This Triangle!!!
Assessments
Objectives
Instructional Activities/ Materials
Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment
OBJECTIVES
NationalStandards
Competencies
Goals
Standards
Content Standards
Expectations
Aims
Academic Standards
Indicators
State Academic Standards
• Written by state panels and reviewed by state Written by state panels and reviewed by state and national review panelsand national review panels
• Provide the basis for statewide assessmentsProvide the basis for statewide assessments
• ARE NOT sequenced for instructionARE NOT sequenced for instruction
• DO NOT prescribe instructional strategiesDO NOT prescribe instructional strategies
By using the By using the Taxonomy Table to classifyTaxonomy Table to classify
Objectives, Assessment, Objectives, Assessment, and and
Instructional Activities &Instructional Activities &MaterialsMaterials
It is easier to achieveIt is easier to achieve
Curriculum AlignmentCurriculum Alignment
Standards and
Indicators
Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment
Beginning with the revised social studies standards, all indicators (that is, the more specific standards) will include only those verbs included in the revised Taxonomy.
Standards & Indicators
Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment
PACT Assessments
Beginning with social studies, PACT Beginning with social studies, PACT items will be written based on the items will be written based on the placement of the indicators in the placement of the indicators in the Taxonomy Table.Taxonomy Table.
Standards & Indicators
Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment
PACTAssessments
Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment
Instructional Activities/ Materials
ClassroomAssessments
Objectives
Assessment HintsAssessment Hints Incorporate some multiple-choice items in Incorporate some multiple-choice items in
classroom assessments.classroom assessments. Include introductory material so students Include introductory material so students
learn to analyze material in terms of more learn to analyze material in terms of more and less important and relevant before and less important and relevant before answering the question.answering the question.
Find ways of assessing application of Find ways of assessing application of procedural knowledge without “showing procedural knowledge without “showing your work.”your work.”
Instructional HintsInstructional Hints When teaching Remembering Factual When teaching Remembering Factual
Knowledge, focus attention on important Knowledge, focus attention on important knowledge, use mnemonic devices, and knowledge, use mnemonic devices, and teach memory strategies.teach memory strategies.
When teaching Understanding Conceptual When teaching Understanding Conceptual Knowledge, emphasize defining features, Knowledge, emphasize defining features, use examples and non-examples, and use examples and non-examples, and teach concepts in relation to other teach concepts in relation to other concepts.concepts.
When teaching Applying Procedural When teaching Applying Procedural Knowledge, focus on sequential nature of Knowledge, focus on sequential nature of procedure, visually display all steps, and procedure, visually display all steps, and use worked out examples of application. use worked out examples of application.
If teachers have aligned If teachers have aligned instructional activities & instructional activities & materials as well as their materials as well as their
classroom assessments with classroom assessments with state standards & indicators, state standards & indicators,
their teaching is more likely to be their teaching is more likely to be aligned with the items on PACT aligned with the items on PACT
and HSAP.and HSAP.
Why Alignment is Why Alignment is ImportantImportant
Increases validity of assessmentIncreases validity of assessment Increases opportunity to learnIncreases opportunity to learn Permits better instructional Permits better instructional
decisions to be madedecisions to be made Provides accurate estimates of Provides accurate estimates of
teaching effectiveness teaching effectiveness