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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney, Gloucestershire
An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
for Hills Minerals & Waste
by Steve Ford
Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd
Site Code OTF04/73
August 2004
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Summary
Site name: Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney, Gloucestershire
Grid reference: SU 0650 9560 Site activity: Desk-based assessment Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Steve Ford Site code: OTF04/73 Area of site: 30ha Summary of results: The site, by virtue of its size and the proximity of known archaeological remains, is considered to have moderate to high archaeological potential which should be further explored prior to mineral extraction. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Report edited/checked by: Jennifer Lowe 18.08.03 Steve Preston 18.08.03
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney, Gloucestershire An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
by Steve Ford
Report 04/73 Introduction
This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of a parcel of land located to the east of
Spine Road, South Cerney, Gloucestershire (SU06509560) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr John
Salmon, of Land & Mineral Management Limited, Roundhouse Cottages, Bridge Street, Frome, Somerset,
BA11 1BE on behalf of Hills Minerals & Waste Limited and comprises the first stage of a process to determine
the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected
by redevelopment of the area.
Site description, location and geology
A site visit on the 11th August 2004 revealed that the site is mostly occupied by several fields of grassland. The
south-western portion of the site has been previously quarried and restored. No archaeological deposits
surviving as earthworks were observed. The development area is centred on NGR SU 0650 9560, and the
underlying geology is first terrace gravel with a very small area of Jurassic kellaway clay to the north, and
(formerly, now quarried) an area of alluvium overlying gravel to the south (BGS 1982). It is at a height of
approximately 84m above Ordnance Datum and is approximately 30ha in size including 10ha of land which has
been previously quarried and restored (Fig. 2).
Planning background and development proposals
Planning permission has been granted to extract sand and gravel from the site.
Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning
process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of
significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information
from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can
be devised:
Paragraph 21 states:
‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to
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request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out...’
Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and
Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and
18.
Paragraph 8 states:
‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation...’
Paragraph 18 states:
‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’
However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be ‘preserved
by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction
or damage.
Paragraph 25 states:
‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’
Further guidance is provided by the Gloucestershire County Council Structure Plan (GCCSP 1999 and 2002).
Policy M.3 states:
‘In making provision for the supply of minerals, and taking into account national and regional guidance, the appropriate degree of protection must be afforded to: a) Internationally, nationally, regionally and locally important areas of landscape, nature conservation, archaeological interest; …’ (GCCSP 1999)
Policy NHE.6 states:
The distinctive historic environment of the County will be conserved and enhanced. Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, and their settings will be preserved. Historic settlements and landscape, historic parks and gardens, and sites of archaeological importance will be protected from the adverse effects of development. (GCCSP 1999).
The proposed wording of Policy MR.7 in the 3rd Alt. deposit draft (GCCSP 2002) reiterates the exact wording
of NHE.6 except for the addition of registered battlefield sites to the list in the final sentence.
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Methodology
The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of
sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’
covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Gloucestershire Sites and
Monuments Record, aerial photographic interpretative plots, geological maps and any relevant publications or
reports.
Archaeological background
General background The county of Gloucestershire and adjoining areas of Wiltshire, is generally regarded as archaeologically rich
and the site lies within a topographic zone (the valley floor of the Thames) which is regarded as of great
archaeological interest in both prehistoric and historic times. Arising from both the suitability of the underlying
geology for the formation of cropmarks, and the scale of archaeologically monitored mineral extraction, a great
density of archaeological deposits has been recorded, which provides a widespread view of settlement and land-
use, especially in Iron Age and Roman times (Benson and Miles 1974; Fulford 1992; Hingley and Miles 1984).
The perception of the Upper Thames gravels in these periods is that of a densely packed, highly organized,
subdivided landscape with sites spaced at roughly one every 0.5–1km in places. The environs of Ashton Keynes
and South Cerney has witnessed much mineral extraction and a large number of sites and finds have been
recorded with further sites recorded from the air. Relatively little fieldwork, though, has taken place for the
immediate environs of the proposal site.
Gloucestershire Sites and Monuments Record
The Sites and Monuments Record was consulted on 3rd August 2004 with a search area of 500m radius centred
on the site. This revealed 10 entries for the environs of the site which are summarized in Appendix 1 and
displayed on Figure 1 and Figure 7. One entry, that for a linear cropmark of uncertain origin and date is
recorded as lying just inside or on the boundary of the north-eastern corner of the site.
Prehistoric
A single prehistoric entry is recorded, that for a hand axe of Palaeolithic date [Fig. 1: 6]. The specific area is not
noted for its abundance of Palaeolithic finds and the location of this find and the proposal site on one of the
lower terraces of the Thames suggests that at best, any Palaeolithic material present will not be in situ where
4
discarded (Wymer 1999). Nevertheless this handaxe is of relative importance being precisely provenanced
within a specific gravel deposit (Saville 1984).
Post-medieval
Three, possibly four entries belong this period. Three entries relate to the now disused Midland and South
Western Junction Railway which linked the Midlands with Southampton. It was opened to passenger services in
1891 but struggled financially, was taken over by the Great Western Railway and was eventually disused in
1961. The route of the railway forms the northern boundary of the site [7] and two bridges over the railway are
extant [1 and 5], one of which is a listed building.
One entry relates to a cropmark complex visible on aerial photographs and which was also visible
following topsoil stripping prior to gravel extraction [3]. The cropmark evidence was considered to represent
field ditches and enclosures of post-medieval date whereas the additional information following topsoil stripping
suggested a complex with characteristics more typical of Iron Age or Roman occupation. No fieldwork was
carried out to confirm or refute these opinions though the compiler of the SMR entry prefers the post-medieval
interpretation.
Undated
The majority of the entries relate to deposits observed as cropmarks from the air as shown on Figure 7. These
comprise a length of trackway just to the west of the site [2], enclosures and linear features just to the north-east
with a short length of ditch on the boundary of, or just within the site [4], and a larger complex of ditches and
enclosures further to the north [3]. An evaluation just to the north of the site revealed a series of gullies, ditches
and pits, none of which were dated but thought to represent the presence of prehistoric or Roman occupation in
this area [9].
Negative evidence
A watching brief was carried out during remodelling of the margins of the extracted gravel pit without locating
any finds or deposits of archaeological interest [8].
Scheduled Ancient Monuments
There are no scheduled ancient monuments on or adjacent to the site.
5
Cartographic and documentary sources
A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Gloucestershire Record
Office in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether
this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).
The earliest maps available of the area are small scale county maps produced during the 16th to 19th
centuries. One of these, that of Christopher Saxton in 1675 is reproduced as Figure 3. This and other maps by
Speed, (1610), Morden (1695) and Kitchin (1786) sometimes indicate the presence of South Cerney but provide
no detail for the site itself. Greenwood (1831) provides more detail including the road pattern (Fig. 4) and using
the latter as a guide, this appears to indicate the presence of structures on or very close to the site. These are
likely to represent Crosslane Cottages. One part of this complex is shown within the site but no corresponding
structures are present on later maps for this area.
A detailed map of the site is that of the South Cerney Inclosure map of 1820 (Fig. 5). This map shows the
two roads forming the south and west boundaries and indicates a field pattern that is almost identical to the
present day. No buildings are shown. Ownership is recorded for this map but not landuse.
A detailed map of the parish of South Cerney by R. Hall in 1831 is identical to the Inclosure map and is
presumably copied from it. The Tithe Map of 1863 does not show the site.
The Ordnance Survey First Edition map of 1884 and the subsequent Second Edition of 1900 (Fig. 6) show
no change in the field patterns. Apart from the loss of one field boundary and the building of farm buildings
opposite Crosslane Cottages (Fig. 1), the pattern was the same until gravel extraction took place on the southern
part of the site.
There are some general documentary sources for Cerney but none can be related specifically to the site
itself. The earliest reference was in Saxon times when land at Cerney (Cyrne) valued at 15 hides was granted by
King Athelred to Abingdon Abbey in AD 909 (Grundy 1935, 61–4). In Domesday Book (1086) South Cerney is
held by Walter fitzRoger and assessed at 14 hides, occupied by 34 villagers and a priest. Interestingly, the
ownership is in dispute, with the claims of St Mary’s (Abingdon) being denied by the shire (Williams and
Martin 2002, 467). In medieval times South Cerney was recorded as containing 3 manors (Fosbroke 1807,
471ff).
6
Geotechnical test pits
A two phase geotechnical survey was carried out by C & C Mineral Planning Services (1988) (Fig. 8). A full list
of the results is reproduced in Appendix 3, and their locations displayed on Figure 8.
The first phase of work comprised excavation of test pits with the second being a borehole survey. A total
of twenty-four test pits were excavated on the site, and three beyond the perimeters of the site boundary. The
stratigraphy encountered in the majority of these comprised topsoil approximately 0.20–0.25m thick, which, in
most cases, overlay subsoil which varied in thickness from 0.10–0.80m. The natural gravels were encountered in
almost all the test pits, except for three located close to the north-western edge of the site, and one at the south-
east edge of the site, where a blue clay was encountered.
The subsequent borehole survey produced similar results with between 0.20–0.40m of topsoil overlying a
clayey subsoil (not encountered in every borehole) which in turn overly natural gravels.
Listed buildings
There are no buildings, listed or otherwise on the site.
Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields
There are no registered parks, gardens or battlefields on the site.
Aerial Photographs
The catalogues of aerial photographs in the collections maintained by Royal Commission on the Historic
Monuments of England (RCHM(E)) housed in the National Monuments Record at Swindon and Cambridge
University Unit for Landscape Modelling were consulted during August 2004.
The English Heritage collection contained 27 vertical prints from 13 sorties for the study area taken
between 1946 and 1990. The collection also contained 10 oblique prints taken between 1975 and 1997.
The Cambridge University collection had no coverage of the site area.
None of these photographs have been examined directly for this study as the site lies within an area which has
recently been the subject of detailed transcription of all known photographs by the National Monuments Record
(English Heritage) (a plot of which is reproduced here as Figure 7).
7
Historic hedgerows
Although some of the hedgerows present on the site appear to have been in place at least as early as the
enclosure map (1820), none of them meets the archaeological or historical criteria for definition as historically
‘important’ under Part Two of Schedule 1 of The Hedgerows Regulations 1997.
Discussion
In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account,
including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance and future land-use. The
south western portion of the site has been previously quarried and restored and no longer has any
archaeological potential. The remainder of this discussion considers the other, unquarried areas.
The above detail indicates that the proposal site lies within an area of archaeological interest. There are a
number of archaeological sites nearby but as yet no known deposits on the site itself though a cropmark
representing a ditch of uncertain date and function lies on the site margins. It is tempting, (but perhaps overly
speculative) to suggest that with the combination of aerial photography, evaluations, watching briefs and
excavations, that the major Iron Age and Roman settlement foci in the area have been located. However, it is
increasingly clear from recent work that in these periods the landscape was remarkably ‘full’ of low density
activity. As such the proposal site might be expected to contain contemporary elements of lesser importance
such as landscape features (boundary features, field systems), or smaller occupation or burial foci of earlier
prehistoric date which are much less susceptible to discovery from the air.
This assessment, coupled with the size of the site, indicate that the chance of encountering archaeological
deposits on the unquarried areas is moderate. The survival of archaeological deposits, if present, will be typical
of dry land sites in agricultural (ploughed) settings which are encountered widely across most of southern
Britain. What is less easy to estimate is the scale and nature of such deposits, though it seems doubtful that any
deposits, if present, will meet any of the criteria for scheduling as ancient monuments.
The potential impacts of development on buried archaeological deposits in this instance are, for the most
part, clearcut, as extraction of minerals will lead to total destruction. More subtle effects such as dewatering of
previously waterlogged deposits (where organic remains are preserved) in adjacent areas and the need for
ancillary facilities may lead to further damage of greater or lesser extent. ‘Damage’ may also extend even to
remains which are themselves physically preserved intact, through ‘loss of legibility’; i.e., the loss of
interpretability resulting from damage to surrounding deposits.
8
It might be considered from the above discussion that there is sufficient information available to draw up
an appropriate mitigation strategy without a need for further fieldwork derived information, such as from field
evaluation. However, the course of action is already effectively guided by the existence of the extant planning
consent for mineral extraction. The principal objective for pre-determination evaluation, is the identification of
sites worthy of preservation in-situ (ie of schedulable importance) and enforcement of this through the planning
process. In this case the enforcement of preservation in-situ is no longer an option and preservation by record (or
preservation in-situ by agreement) is the course of action to be followed. The value of field evaluation in this
instance now lies in its ability to identify the scale of any deposits present and an excessive financial risk that
these might present to the client should a wealth of deposits be revealed. Arguably, the details presented in this
document have indicated the likely extent of this risk.
It is suggested therefore, that a watching brief (strip and record) should be carried out by a competent
archaeological contractor during the archaeologically supervised removal of overburden from the site and prior
to extraction. This should take place according to a written scheme of investigation drawn up in consultation
with, and agreed by the Gloucestershire County Archaeological Officer.
References Benson, D and Miles, D, 1974, The Upper Thames Valley: an archaeological survey of the river gravels,
Oxfordshire Archaeol Unit Survey 2, Oxford BGS, 1974, British Geological Survey, 1:50,000, Sheet 252 Solid and Drift Edition, Keyworth C&C Mineral Planning Services, 1988, ‘Site Geotechnical Report’, Reading Fosbrooke, T, D, 1807, History of Gloucestershire, Gloucester Fulford, M, 1992, ‘Iron Age to Roman: a period of radical change on the gravels’, in (eds) M Fulford and E
Nicols, Developing landscapes of lowland Britain: the archaeology of the British gravels: a review, Soc Antiq London Occas Pap 14, 23–38
GCCSP1999, Gloucestershire County Council Structure Plan, 2nd Review Adopted, November 1999, Gloucester
GCCSP 2002, Gloucestershire County Council Structure Plan, 3rd Alteration Deposit Draft, November 2002, Gloucester
Grundy, G, B, 1935, Saxon charters and field names of Gloucestershire, Bristol Hingley, R and Miles, D, 1984, Aspects of Iron Age settlement in the Upper Thames Valley, in B Cunliffe and
D Miles (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in central southern Britain, Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 2, 52–71
PPG 16, 1990, Archaeology and Planning, Department of the Environment Planning Policy and Guidance Note 16, HMSO
Saville, A (ed), 1984, Archaeology in Gloucestershire, Cheltenham Wymer, J J, 1999, The Lower Palaeolithic occupation of Britain, Salisbury Williams, A and Martin, G H, 2002, Domesday Book, A Complete Translation, London
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APPENDIX 1: Sites and Monuments Records within a 500 m search radius of the development site No SMR Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 1 2399 06360 96280 Railway bridge 19th Century Listed Grade II 2 3044 06050 95850 Double ditch Undated Cropmarks on aerial photographs 3 3045 06850 96650 Ditches and enclosures Undated Possibly of Roman or Iron Age date but
probably post-medieval. Now quarried 4 3130 07000 96500 Ditches and enclosures Undated Cropmarks on aerial photographs 5 3361 07280 95400 Railway bridge 19th/20th Century 6 3378 06100 96600 Hand Axe Palaeolithic 7 2681-1372 06600 96000 Railway 19th Century Disused in 1961 8 16249 06200 96660 - - Negative watching brief 9 21433 06880 96100 Gullies, ditches and pits Undated Cropmarks on aerial photographs 10 26813 06860 95940
06930 95870 06810 95770
Ditches Undated Cropmarks on aerial photographs
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APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted 1574 Christopher Saxton, Map of Wiltshire (Fig. 3) 1610 John Speed, Map of Gloucestershire 1695 Robert Morden, Map of Gloucestershire 1786 T. Kitchin, Map of Gloucestershire 1820 South Cerney Inclosure map (Fig. 5) 1831 Charles Greenwood, Map of Gloucestershire (Fig. 4) 1831 R Hall, Map of the parish of South Cerney 1863 South Cerney Tithe Map 1884 Ordnance Survey First Edition 25” sheet LIX.8 1900 Ordnance Survey Second Edition 25” sheet LIX.8 (Fig. 6)
Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 1. Location of site within South Cerney andGloucestershire showing SMR entries
Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Pathfinder 1134 SU 09/19 at1:25000 Ordnance Survey Licence 100025880
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SU05000 06000 07000 08000OTF04/73
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2
3
4
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8
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 2. Detailed location of site within SouthCerney.
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 3. Christopher Saxton’s map of Wiltshire. 1575
OTF04/73
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 4. Charles Greenwood’s Map ofGloucestershire 1831.
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 5. South Cerney Inclosure map 1820.
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 6. Ordnance Survey Second Edition 1900.
OTF04/73
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Oak Tree Fields, Spine Road, South Cerney,Gloucestershire, 2004
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
Figure 7. Extract from cropmark plot by RCHM(E)
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