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Effects of Open Access and the power of scientific communities

Tom Olijhoek

Open Knowledge Foundation

Wageningen UR Library

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Overview

Definition and Needs

Comparing Open Access

and Toll Access

publishing

The cost of Open Access

Effects of Open Access

How to get Open Access

Tools for use with Open

Access

What is Open Access?

Open Access is completely free and unrestricted access to Publications and Data

A detailed Definition was published by the Budapest Open Access Initiative in 2001 (BOAI Definition) and an Update

was published this year (2012)

@ccess, the open access initiative at the Open Knowledge Foundation uses this Definition

In addition we strongly recommend using Creative Commons

licenses, CC-BY for publications and CC0 for Data

Who Needs Access You Need Access!

All People NOT only scientists need access to research but can’t get it

because of restrictive publishingwith Open Access 40% of new readers are

from outside academia

Marcha_por_la_Educación_en_Santiagohttp://www.flickr.com/people/54829270@N00

whoneedsaccess.org

Who WANTS Access?

SURVEY RESULTS MALARIAWORLD

95% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed to the ‘statement that Scientific articles on

malaria should be available for free to all in need of it’

Only 2% never experience access problems

In Africa, South America, and Asia, 41, 79, and 92% of the respondents , respectively,

claimed never to use HINARI or did not even know about its existence

Testimonials MalariaWorld

“more than three-quarters of researchers based in the developing world consider lack of access both to be unethical and costing lives” ( MW Survey)

Research resources for diseases of the poor must be made available without cost to the poor and those who are committed to helping them.Our management discourages us from supporting new open access journals due to their low, or unassigned, impact factor.

When did scientists start agreeing with this slave-type of agreement with publishing houses? How could this nonsense have started? We inherited this sick system, but that does not mean we should allow it to continue

at my university the department only pay publication fees for persons with a permanent position. The rest of us have to find the money somehow - or bribe a prof

Open-source is not without downsides. I favor a mixed model in developed countries with open access for developing countries.

COST-BENEFIT USER RIGHTS

TRANSFER of COPYRIGHTS (since 1998!)

RIGHT TO READ BUT NOT TO USE

PAY PER VIEW

Restrictive Publishing

http://www.slideshare.net/brembs/limited-access-is-a-symptom-not-the-disease

Open Access publishing will be much cheaper than Toll Access publishing

Open Access Toll Access

1,350 $ / article

4 x less than Toll AccessEventually cost may go down to

250 $ / article

Open access publishing will then eventually be 20 x

cheaper than Toll Access

5,333 $ / article

TOTAL 16 billionThese are cost for funding agencies

On TOTAL Budget 300 billion

Research funding now needs 5 % for publishing

Sources: http://www.stm-assoc.org/2009_10_13_MWC_STM_Report.pdfSVPOW :http://svpow.com/2012/07/18/what-does-it-cost-to-publish-a-paywalled-paper-with-anyone/

Cost of Open Access articlesMounce plot

http://rossmounce.co.uk/2012/09/04/the-gold-oa-plot-v0-2

/

Cost of Open Access

SOMEHOW SOMEWHERE SOMEONE IS GOING TO PAY

WHO PAYS?

Less than 1% of current science funding will easily cover the cost of open access publishing

Funders and libraries are now paying 5 % or $ 15 billion on a total funding of $ 300 billion

IS OPEN ACCESS SUSTAINABLE?

Several studies show: OA benefits outweigh the costs by a factor of 5 or more

Houghton (2009-2010)Swan (2010)Brembs (2011)CED DCC final Report 2012

The effects of Open Access

Science & Education

Open science

Open education

Politics

Open governmen

t

Informed citizens

Economics

development

innovation

The Effects of Open Access“When the National Library of Medicine made its content open access in the last decade

, usage went up more than a hundredfold. Peter Suber

Open Access improves the quality of science

OA enables new ways of measuring Impact

Articles can be reviewed by many

Downloads & social media buzz reflect impact

Include impact in other areas than science

Michael Nielsen Reinventing Discovery

The Impact Factor is a main obstruction to Open Access

The current publishing model exploits scientists' addiction to Impact Factor. There is methadone OA, and then there's getting clean. #sonyc Ethan Perlstein.scientists are hesitant to publish in open access journals because employers are always looking at impact factor

Sick of Impact FactorsI am sick of impact factors and so is science.The impact factor might have started out as a good idea, but its time has come and goneStephen Currey

How to get rid of the Impact Factorhttp://www.slideshare.net/brembs/reputation-authority-and-incentives-or-how-to-get-rid-of-the-impact-factor-presentationBjörn Brembs & Peter Binfield

Main problems with the Impact Factor

as an indicator for quality

Björn Brembs http://www.slideshare.net/brembs/limited-access-is-a-symptom-not-the-disease

Negotiable

Irreproducible

Mathematically

unsound

PLoS Medicine, IF 2-11 (8.4)(The PLoS Medicine Editors (2006) The Impact Factor Game. PLoS Med 3(6): e291. http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030291)

Rossner M, van Epps H, Hill E (2007): Show me the data. The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 179, No. 6, 1091-1092 http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/179/6/1091

Weak correlation of individual article citation rate with journal IF

‘New’ Definition of Scientific Impact

 

Quality of editorial board

• Citation index• Reputation• Collaboration• Reference density• More indicators

Quality of peer-review• “Transparency” indicators

• Criteria used by reviewers• Duration of review process• Post-publication comments• Openness about

• submission and Rejection rates• potential conflicts of interest• Aims, scopes and expected

readership• Reviewer’s comments and editorial

correspondence ( published alongside papers

• More indicators

A-vector: a new tool for qualityAssessment of OA journals Tom Olijhoek SURF-NL

A-Vector: introducing a new form of journal level metrics

Open Access --- Better Science

Less fraud

Open data better control of scientific

quality

Open publications

Less biasCrowd control

Less duplication

Better use of resources

More collaboration

Shorter time between

research and practice

Less important where you

publish

All journal content

online and accessible

Reputation not because of

selectivity but because of

quality

Open access works against scientific fraud

OPEN ACCESS TO PUBLICATIONS AND DATA

MORE VISIBILITY OFPLAGIARISMFABRICATED DATA PUBLICATION BIAS

MORE DIFFICULT TOLEAVE OUT DATASELECT SPECIFIC RESULTS

Scientific fraud in Medical Research is unacceptable

Sources: Howard Brody | Ben Goldacre | Richard Smith | John Ioannidis

Open Education

OA enables higher education for all through the internet

• eLearning initiatives like Coursera, eDX, Udacity

Level of education will rise rapidly

• More education - more economic and social development

Development & Innovationincreases in the base of knowledge are by far the dominant explanation for increased American prosperity over the twentieth

century. Robert Solow

Open Access crucial for scientists in the global south conference The Hague 25 oct 2012as long as scientific output remains behind walls of paid

content, no possibility for a dialogue will exist

Open Access opens

Science for All

Science is the motor for economic

development

Research is the key to fighting disease

Participation of scientists from

Africa, Asia and Latin America is

necessary for success

How to Get Open Access

Scientists hold the power in their own hands

Attitude change is crucial

Coordination of scientist networked communities

Structured information and focused communities

We Need a Change in Attitude “When I light my candle from yours, I gain from you without subtracting from you. That’s what

sharing knowledge is like”. Peter Suber

Open Access

getting new ideas by sharing

Collaboration

Publish for impact

Focus on quality

Toll Access

fear of losing ideas

Competition

Publish or perish

Focus on quantity

Coordination

The open access

movement is fragmented

No consensus on

what open access is

No consensus on the best

form of open access

publishing

Need to build communities with common

ideas

Someone needs to coordinate these communities

WHO?

Open Knowledge Foundation??

@ccess OKFN?

OpenWetware?

We Need to organize information And make it USABLE

Prob l em s : f r agm e nta t i on and l ac k o f f oc usDANG ER: INFO RM ATIO N O VERLO AD

structure

repositories

libraries

OA journals

Databases

Indexing services

Discussion platforms

Scientist networks

Social media

Archives

Datahubs

HOW?

ACCESS ALONE IS NOT ENOUGH

COMMUNITIES

FOCUSSED ON TOPICS

MalariaWorld

PatientslikeMe

Ecancer.org

MyScienceWork

ResearchGate

African networks like ir-

africa.info

MalariaWorld is a model open access

community for malaria research

BE A SOURCEOF

INFORMATIONFOR ALL

Main Task

FOCUSSED COMMUNITIES In order to make optimal use of all

possibilities of Open Access

ORGANIZE DATA

Publication archive

POSSIBLE PARTNERS

Scientific libraries

Open access publishers

PubmedCentral

EU openair

World Bank

UN

Community tasks

Platform for collaboration

Discussion, forum, news, jobs, OA Journal

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE MEASURE OPENNESS

DATA MANAGING SOFTWARE

MEASURE QUALITY 

BIBSOUP

DATA-HUB

WIKI

OPEN ACCESS INDEX

ALTMETRICSREPUTATION

INDEXA-VECTOR

Community tools

BibSoup: Malaria Database 2010-2011 used by MalariaWorldExamples of use

 

Open Access and the role of scientific communities Tom Olijhoek & Mark McGillivray

unknowncc-by 2.0

cc-by 2.5

Graphical representation of types of licences in the malaria database. The largest part is “unknown”

Graphical representation of the 1000 most cited articles in the malaria database. The Header in the figure is the nr 1 citation

What tools can we use?

Malaria Open Access Index developed in collaboration with MalariaWorld

HOW OPEN IS MALARIA RESEARCH?

  J1 Percentage of a articles on malaria

in a journal that are Open Access

(Y-axis)

J2 Percentage of the grand total of OA malaria

articles that one journal publishesX-axis)

PLoSOne (brown) and Malaria Journal (blue)

have highest index

Open Access and the role of scientific communities Tom Olijhoek & Mark McGillivray

The nine bubbles along the top, from left to right(be careful to note the thin sliver of red that is bubble 6) * BMC Public Health * BMC Inf.Diseases * BMC Genomics * PLoS Medicine * PLoS Pathogens * Parasites and Vectors * PLoS Negl Trop Diseases * PLoS One * Malaria Journal And finally the small one on the bottom left: * Virology Journal

THE FUTURE IS NOW

Examples of Open Science

Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) is the concept of drug discovery where all data and ideas are shared in real time, and anyone may participate at any level. This prior disclosure means that will be no patents and that any technology is both academically and commercially exploitable by whoever wishes to do so.http://openwetware.org/wiki/Open_Source_Drug_Discovery

OpenWetWare is an effort to promote the sharing of information, know-how, and wisdom among researchers and groups who are working in biology & biological engineeringhttp://openwetware.org/wiki/Main_Page

THE FUTURE IS NOW

 Open Source Biomedical Research for the 21st CenturyAn open, collaborative research community will find new ways to do science, answering questions that current institutions find difficult or impossible.

Pilot research communities focus on tropical diseases:MalariaSchistosomiasisToxoplasmaTuberculosis

Diseases found exclusively in tropical regions predominantly afflict poor people in developing countries. The typical profit-driven pharmaceutical economic model fails with these diseases …………

http://www.thesynapticleap.org/