O carbono como moeda de troca – Experiências e mecanismos

para remunerar os agricultores

Telmo J. C. Amado & Charles W. Rice

CONSORTIUM FOR AGRICULTURAL SOILS MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

Global Warming Connections

Soil

Organic

Carbon

Microbial

Activity

Nutrient

Cycling

Soil

Structure

Soil

Biodiversity

WaterErosion

&

Availability

Gaseous

Emissions

Plant Growth

Yield

Environmental

Services

Sustainability

Rice, 2016

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Cro

plan

d m

anag

emen

t

Wat

er m

anag

emen

t

Ric

e m

anag

emen

t

Set

asid

e, L

UC

&

agro

fore

stry

Gra

zing

land

man

agem

ent

Res

tore

cul

tivat

ed

orga

nic

soils

Res

tore

deg

rade

d

land

s

Bio

ener

gy (

soils

com

pone

nt)

Liv

esto

ck

Man

ure

man

agem

ent

Mitigation measure

Glo

bal

bio

ph

ysi

cal

mit

igat

ion

po

ten

tial

(M

t C

O2-eq

. y

r-1)

N2O

CH4

CO2

Global mitigation potential in agriculture

Smith et al. (2008)

Glo

bal

bio

ph

ysic

al m

itig

atio

n p

ote

nti

al (

Mt

CO

2se

q.

yr-1

)G

lob

al b

iop

hys

ical

mit

igat

ion

po

ten

tial

(M

t C

O2

seq

. yr

-1)

N2O

CH4

CO2

Carbon trading

• Market based mechanism

• Cap and trade

• More certain about volume of carbon reduction

• Those firms that are good at reducing CO2 will have permits to sell – these become an asset on the balance sheet

CONSORTIUM FOR AGRICULTURAL

SOILS MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

10/24/2016 11

What is needed

• Sellers of C credits: Land managers

• Aggregator

• Buyers

• Monitoring/Verification

Putting a price on carbon

Importance of

Verification and commitment

Scarcity

Price expectations

Clean Development Mechanism

Rewarding efficiency and action

Estimates of various Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services Value

(trillion $US)

Soil formation 17.1

Recreation 3.0

Nutrient cycling 2.3

Water regulation and supply 2.3

Climate regulation (temperature and

precipitation)

1.8

Habitat 1.4

Flood and storm protection 1.1

Food and raw materials production 0.8

Genetic resources 0.8

Atmospheric gas balance 0.7

Pollination 0.4

All other services 1.6

Total value of ecosystem services 33.3 Constanza et al., 1997

Nature

Effect of C price on implementation

Smith et al. (2007)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Res

tore

cultiv

ated

org

anic

soils

Cro

pla

nd

man

agem

ent

Gra

zing lan

d

man

agem

ent

Res

tore

deg

raded

lands

Ric

e m

anag

emen

t

Liv

esto

ck

Set

asid

e, L

UC

&

agro

fore

stry

Man

ure

man

agem

ent

Measure

Mt

CO

2-e

q.

yr-1

up to 20 USD t CO2-eq.-1

up to 50 USD t CO2-eq.-1

up to 100 USD t CO2-eq.-1

Geo-reference microsites

• Microsites reduces spatial variability

• Simple and inexpensive

• Used to improve models

• Used to adopt new technology

• Soil C changes detected in 3 yr• 0.71 Mg C ha-1 – semiarid• 1.25 Mg C ha-1 – subhumid Ellert et al. (2001)

Sampling location: initial subsequent electromagnetic marker

4 m

7 m

MEETING NORTH AMERICA’S EVOLVING ENERGY NEEDS

ALBERTA AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Second Round Results

• 2008 reduction obligation - approximately 11 million tonnes of GHGs

– Based on emission projections

– Facility improvements addressed approximate 2 million tonnes• 2.75 million tonnes (31% ) of offsets used

– Tillage, renewables plus a broader range of projects including

acid gas, EOR using CO2

•Agricultural sink protocol (reduced/no-till)– Based on decades of science – Reflects years of carbon policy integration

Alberta Carbon Offset• Alberta, Canada legislation to reduce Greenhouse Gas

(GHG) emissions through the regulation of large emitters (industrial facilities that emit more 100,000 tonnesCO2e/yr).

• Agriculture and forestry are the only two industries that can remove carbon from the atmosphere.

• Approved offset protocols

• Beef and pork systems

• Biofuel

• Energy efficiency

• Tillage (reduced or No-till)

• $15 per ton of C

• $6/ha/y

1.2 - Agro Eco System 18

O que precisamos para prover serviçosambientais nos nossos agroecosistemas?

Soil

Organic

Matter

Water

Holding

Capacity

Crop

Yield

Soil

Biodiversity

Root

growth

Nutrient

Reserves

Soil

Structure

Plant

Biomass

Soil

Quality

Lal, Kimble, and Follett 1997Rice, 2016

SojaBlack oat Maiz Radish

oil

Wheat

Nutrient

cycling

Nutrient

cycling

Crop rotation to increase nutrient cycling

Mineral

Fertilization

Carbon sequestration rate (C rate) expressed in equivalent mass (Mg C/ha/y) to a 30 cm depth for Manhattan, KS USAConversion from tilled to no-till

Rotation

Continuous Soybean 0.066

Continuous Sorghum 0.292

Continuous Wheat 0.487

Soybean - Wheat 0.510

Soybean - Sorghum 0.311

29 Fabrizzi & Rice, 2006

-0.10

0.20

0.40

R0 R1 R2

Till No-Till

Loss

Sequestration

(Mg ha-1

year-1

)

0.02

0.19

0.32

R0 R1 R2

0-0.30 m

Wheat/Soybean

Winter cover/soybean

Intensive cover crop/rotation22 years

Fundacep, Nicoloso, 2009

Soil Carbon Stock

CT NT

2006/07

Yield C grain CO2 Flux CO2 flux-C grain

------------ g m-2 ----------------------------

321.3 150,95 -158.05 -7.10

Soybean

Verma et al. (2005) +/- 45 g C m-2

NT soybean neutral balance

Conclusion: Carbon sequestration? Not with soybean

Soybean Ecosystem C Balance

Escobar, 2007 Não publicado

Biophysical GHG Mitigation Potential

Soil C N2O& CH4

Emissions

Upstream

& Process

Net

Impact

---- t CO2e/ha/yr ------

No-till*1.09

(-0.26–2.60)

-0.18

(-0.91–0.72)

0.14

(0.07–0.18) 1.04

Winter cover crops*0.83

(0.37–3.24)

0.25

(0.00–1.05)

0.61

(0.41–0.81)1.69

Diversify Annual Crop

Rotations*

0.58

(-2.50–3.01)

0.07

(-0.04–0.65)0.00 0.65

Rice, 2016

Para termos sequestro de Carbono é preciso

melhorar a qualidade do Sistema plantio direto

So

il C

co

nte

nt

Cultivation

New

Management

New

Technology

Rice, 2016

Novos materiais para cobertura do solo

Citado por Tivet et al.,

Físicos Químicos

Biológicos

Perfil de solo favorável ao enraizamento profundo

Saturação por Cálcio para a Camada de 0,25-0,40m

Saturação por Calcio na Saturação por Bases(%) na Camada de 0,25-0,40m

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Pro

du

ivid

ad

e(M

g.h

a-1

)

10600

10800

11000

11200

11400

11600

Y=0,4332x^2 + 40,2897x + 9876,6361

R2=0,95 p=0,00261,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

2,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

Testemunha

6,5 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

5,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

3,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

4,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

Figura 8. Relação entre Rendimento e a Saturação por Calcio para a Camada de 0,25-

0,40m para diferentes doses de gesso.Dalla Nora & Amado, Agronomy Journal 2013

Saturação por Alumínio na camada de 0,25-0,40m

Saturação por Alumínio(m%) na Camada de 0,25-0,40m

4 6 8 10 12 14

Pro

du

ivid

ad

e(M

g.h

a-1

)

10600

10800

11000

11200

11400

11600

Y=-12,8854x^2 + 141,1408x + 10941,3492

R2=0,70 p=0,08

1,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

2,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

Testemunha

6,5 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

5,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

3,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

4,0 Mg.ha-1 Gesso

Figura 7. Relação entre Rendimento e a Saturação por Alumínio(m%) na Camada de0,25-0,40m para diferentes doses de gesso.

Dalla Nora & Amado, Agronomy Journal 2013

Exclusão da Precipitação

0 t ha 3 t ha 5 t ha

Dalla Nora et al. 20150 3

Hidróxido de Cálcio

Fonte: Rosso et al., 2016Hansel não publicado

T1

53Fertilização Profunda 20 cm

Comprimento de raíz, cm dm-3

0 50 100 150 200 250

Pro

fundid

ade,

cm

0

5

10

15

20

25

FOX + Fertilização Profunda 20 cm

FOX + Fertilização 10 cm

Lanço

Sulcador 10 cm

Disco Ondulado

Tese doutorado Hansel, 2016

Tratamentos

FOX + Fertilização Prof. Lanço Sulcador (10 cm) Disco ondulado

Pro

duti

vid

ade,

kg h

a-1

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Sem Restrição de chuva

Com Restrição de chuva

Aa Aa

AaAa

Aa

Bb

BbBb

Casas de restrição de chuvas

*Letras maiúsculas diferem entre tratamentos. Letras minúsculas diferem o regime pluviométrico dentro de cada tratamento.

- 355 kg (8%)

- 807 kg (19,4%) - 1119 kg

(28%)

- 1201 kg (27,9%)

Escarificador +FertilizaçãoProfunda

Sulcador(10 cm)

Lanço Disco Ondulado Hansel, 2016

Não publicado

“Coquetel” of cover crops = different root systems 07 de julho de 2016

Source: Cemattec

Fonte: Cematter

14 de junho de 2016

Fonte: Cemater

Fonte: Cemater

Cover crops +chiselling

Radish Oil

Source: Cematter

Controlled Traffic

Teixeira et al., 2016

Trafego Controlado

Marcos Souiljee + Paulo Pires (Prestador Serv.) + UFSM

Muito obrigado!!!

Contatos:

E-mail: proftelmoamado@gmail.com

Telefone: (55) 99745131