Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Instituto de Biologia

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia

Pleistocene-Holocene extinctions: distinguishing between anthropic and

climatic causes

Bernardo Barros de Alvarenga Araujo

Supervisor: Fernando A. dos Santos Fernandez

Co-supervisor: José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho

Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil - 2013

 

"The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived,

though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may

yet again inspire the composer; but when the last individual of a race of

living beings breathes no more, another heaven and another earth must

pass before such a one can be again."

William Beebe, The Bird (1906).

 

III  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Although this is one of the most enjoyable sections to write in a dissertation –

mainly because it is a space to acknowledge the importance of many people I hold dear

and because it is (hopefully) a red marker free zone – I will try to make it as quick as

possible.

First, I would like to thank my family for the infinite care offered throughout…

well, through my whole life, but particularly in the years I’ve been in college. For eight

years now I’ve had two homes filled with people who gave me nothing but love and

incentive, and I couldn’t possibly begin to explain how much their support has meant

(and will continue to mean) to me.

In the respect of support, friends are also worth mentioning, especially the ones

at the Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Populações (Laboratory of Population

Ecology and Conservation; LECP) of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),

not only for the countless discussions and suggestions that were so valuable for the

development of the present dissertation, but also for composing a working environment

that is at the same time focused, greatly productive and so incredibly pleasant to inhabit.

I would also like to extend a good extent of my gratitude to my co-supervisor

José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho, and to my dear colleagues Matheus Souza Lima-Ribeiro

and Joaquín Hortal, for all the brainstorms and exchanges of ideas and data that fuelled

my research. A particular acknowledgment on that respect should also go to Luiz

Gustavo Rodrigues Oliveira-Santos for the enormous help provided with the conception

and development of the models used in this work (and I still haven’t forgotten about that

beer I owe you for all that).

 

IV  

A couple of agencies also deserve acknowledgement, namely the Conselho

Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq) for providing the scholarship that

aided me through the last two years, and the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia

(PPGE) of UFRJ (along with its faculty members) for the chance to execute this

somewhat audacious project.

For last, and most certainly not least, I would like to thank Fernando Fernandez

– supervisor, friend, and the very first person to open my eyes to the plight of so many

fantastical creatures that became my personal object of fascination for the best part of

four years. For me, this piece of (hard) work is as much yours as it is mine, and I

wouldn’t have it any other way. Wherever my writings (academic or otherwise) should

take me, the time spent under your tutelage will never be forgotten. And if I ever

manage to build that time machine, I’ll be sure to make it a two-seater.

 

V  

ABSTRACT

Through the last 50,000 years, the world lost about two thirds of its genera of large terrestrial

animals, in a sequence that affected every continent except Africa. Explanations for these Quaternary

extinctions, mostly based on regional studies, have been placed anywhere in a gradient ranging from

climatic to anthropogenic causes. However, there have been few global quantitative analyses of this

phenomenon, none of which takes full advantage of the vastly improved number and reliability of

paleontological dates in recent years. Herein, we used a global approach to compare the explanatory

power of the climatic and anthropogenic hypotheses. The world was divided in 19 regions where the

extinctions took place at distinct times. Late Quaternary climatic variance expressed by 18O fluctuations

and calibrated archeological dates of human first arrival to each region were used as predictive variables.

The response variable was the last calibrated dates of occurrence of each megafaunal genus in each

region. A comparison of the observed patterns with null models obtained by simulations showed that the

extinctions were closer in time than expected by chance to climatic changes, human arrival, both or

neither in 2, 82, 10 and 32 cases respectively (n = 126 last occurrence dates). Both cases where climate

was the better explanation and most unexplained cases occurred in Eurasia, where the extinction process

was longer and megafauna had a long interaction with early hominids. In a global perspective, however,

the results provide strong support to the hypothesis that anthropogenic impacts are the best explanation

for the extensive megafaunal extinctions that ravaged the planet in the Quaternary. Such realization

should prompt us to rescue the true baselines of the world’s megafauna and ecosystem structure, and to

reevaluate how we perceive and manage our remaining biodiversity and ecological processes.

KEY-WORDS: Quaternary extinction, megafauna, anthropogenic impacts, climatic variance,

global analysis.

 

VI  

RESUMO

Ao longo dos últimos 50.000 anos, o mundo perdeu por volta de dois terços dos seus gêneros de

grandes animais terrestres, em uma sequência que afetou todos os continentes exceto a África. As

explicações para estas extinções do Quaternário, em sua maioria baseadas em estudos regionais, têm sido

colocadas em qualquer ponto de um gradiente que vai de causas climáticas a antropogênicas. No entanto,

têm havido poucas análises quantitativas globais deste fenômeno, nenhuma das quais tira completo

proveito do vasto aperfeiçoamento no número e confiabilidade das datas paleontológicas nos anos

recentes. Aqui, nós usamos uma abordagem global para comparar o poder explicador das hipóteses

climática e antropogênica. O mundo foi dividido em 19 regiões onde as extinções aconteceram em

tempos diferentes. A variância climática do final do Quaternário expressa por flutuações em 18O e datas

arqueológicas calibradas de primeira chegada humana a cada região foram utilizadas como variáveis

preditoras. A variável resposta foi a última data calibrada de ocorrência de cada gênero de megafauna em

cada região. Uma comparação dos padrões observados com os modelos nulos obtidos por simulações

mostrou que as extinções eram mais próximas no tempo do que o esperado ao acaso de mudanças

climáticas, chegada humana, ambas ou nenhum dos dois em 2, 82, 10 e 32 casos respectivamente (n =

126 datas de última ocorrência). Ambos os casos nos quais o clima foi a melhor explicação e a maior

parte dos casos não explicados ocorreram na Eurásia, onde o processo de extinção foi mais longo e a

megafauna teve uma longa interação com hominídeos mais antigos. Numa perspectiva global, no entanto,

os resultados fornecem um forte apoio para a hipótese de que impactos antropogênicos são a melhor

explicação para as extensivas extinções da megafauna que assolaram o planeta no Quaternário. Essa

percepção deve nos impelir a recuperar as verdadeiras linhas de base da megafauna e estrutura dos

ecossistemas do mundo, e a reavaliar como nós percebemos e manejamos nossa biodiversidade e nossos

processos ecológicos remanescentes.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: extinções do Quaternário, megafauna, impactos antropogênicos,

variância climática, análise global.

 

VII  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements III

Abstract V

Resumo VI

List of Tables VIII

List of Figures IX

Introduction 1

Methods data 5

Methods analyses 10

Results 16

Discussion 25

References 32

Appendix I supplementary data a1

Appendix I supplementary data references a82

Appendix II supplementary figure a91

 

VIII  

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Mead-Meltzer Scale, as modified by Lindsey and Barnosky (2010) 7

Table 2 Scoring systems created to assess the reliability of U/Th and OSL dates 8

Table 3 Dates for extinct genera, human arrival, and summarized results from the null models 19

Table 4 Dates corrected by bootstrapping and comparisons between results 24

Table S1 Megafaunal dates from South America that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a2

Table S2 Megafaunal dates from Caribbean that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a5

Table S3 Megafaunal dates from North America that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a6

Table S4 Megafaunal dates from Eurasia that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a14

Table S5 Megafaunal dates from Japan that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a42

Table S6 Megafaunal dates from Madagascar that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a44

Table S7 Megafaunal dates from Tasmania that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a47

Table S8 Megafaunal dates from New Zealand that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a48

Table S9 Megafaunal dates from Australia that ranked 11+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a52

Table S10 Human dates from South America that ranked 13+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a60

Table S11 Human dates from North America that ranked 13+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a66

Table S12 Human dates from Eurasia that ranked 13+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a70

Table S13 Human dates from Japan that ranked 13+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a78

Table S14 Human dates from Tasmania that ranked 13+ on the Mead-Meltzer Scale a79

Table S15 Well ranked Rattus exulans dates from New Zealand as proxies for human arrival a80

 

IX  

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Regions considered on the analyses 11

Figure 2 Sampled dates of Mylodon from Cueva del Milodon, replacement for 1k iterations 15

Figure 3 Null model results - effects of climatic variance over extinct megafauna genera 17

Figure 4 Null model results - effects of human arrival over extinct megafauna genera 18

Figure 5 Null model results - Geographical distribution of all extinction causes 18

Figure S1 Effects of climatic variance and human arrival time-lapse over No. of extinct genera a91

INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning of the 19th century, when science became aware of a sudden and

geologically recent disappearance of many large-bodied animals, the Pleistocene-Holocene

extinctions became a heated topic of academic debate (Grayson 2008). Starting around 50,000

years ago, the world (with the exception of Africa) lost most representatives of the megafauna

(broadly defined as animals above 44kg; Martin 1984). Some landmasses, like Australia and

the Americas, experienced the extinction of more than three quarters of their large animal

genera (Koch & Barnosky 2006).

Understanding the causes of the megafauna extinctions across the Pleistocene-

Holocene boundary remains a great unresolved scientific question. For a long time, two main

hypotheses to explain these extinctions divided the academic community interested on the

debate. The first predicts that the extinctions were caused by environmental changes triggered

by climatic shifts that followed the last glacial maximum. The other hypothesis focus on

human diaspora across the globe, arguing that anthropogenic impact – mostly overhunting –

would have caused the extinctions following the colonization of each landmass by

anatomically modern humans.

The first hypothesis originated from Agassiz’s ideas about glaciation, a disclosure that

took place still on the 19th century (Grayson 1984). Yet, Darwin himself, during his voyage

aboard the Beagle, showed that Pleistocene extinct fauna fossils also occurred on geological

stratifications more recent than the glaciation periods’ (Grayson 1984). Other scientists of that

time, like Alfred Russel Wallace, had already argued that no environmental disturbances other

than of the ones brought by the arrival of men on each continent, could have prompted such

extinctions (Martin 1967). However, that second hypothesis was only formalized by Paul S.

Martin on 1967, when he demonstrated the synchrony between human arrival and megafaunal

1

decline on North America and, later, on many regions of the globe. Martin claimed that a

strong hunting pressure over animals that were evolutionarily unprepared to deal with it

would have led to a fast wave of large mammal extinctions. This hypothesis would come to

be known as Pleistocene overkill, and it was improved over the following years, further

refining the extinction model based on anthropogenic factors (Martin 1984). Over the next

decades different theories were also raised by different authors, invoking pathogens (MacPhee

& Marx 1997), extraterrestrial impacts (Firestone et al. 2007) or instabilities caused by

intrinsic characteristics of the dynamics of the “extinct communities” (Forster 2004) as

possible causes for the extinctions. Such theories, however, failed to explain the geographical

and taxonomical width of the event, earning little attention among the scientific community.

For a long time after the publication of Martin’s works, the extinctions debate

remained polarized. On one side were the advocates of the climatic hypothesis, who initially

argued in favor of the direct effects of the glaciation over the megafauna (Grayson 1984).

After some time, however, they started to be criticized because of the lack of synchrony

between the last glacial maximum and the extinctions on several continents (Koch &

Barnosky 2006). As a result, through recent years, the environmental view of the extinctions

has been supported by climatic and floral data that suggest environmental changes particular

to each time and place where a group of species has gone extinct (Koch & Barnosky 2006).

On the other side were the advocates of the overkill, defending their view from critiques about

the apparent scarcity of direct evidences of human predation over megafauna species and of

coexistence between men and some of the extinct genera (Grayson & Meltzer 2003), arguing

that these apparent lacks are mere sampling artifacts. Over the last few years, in light of many

recent findings and improved datasets, proponents of anthropic driven extinctions abandoned

the idea of very fast decimation waves (blitzkrieg), suggesting a slower paced process

(Johnson 2006; Barnosky & Lindsey 2010).

2

In recent years, many researchers came to defend a synergy among climatic and

anthropogenic factors as a more plausible scenario for the extinctions (e.g. Barnosky 2004,

Nogués-Bravo et al. 2008, Lorenzen 2011, Prescott et al. 2012, Lima-Ribeiro & Diniz-Filho

2013), although they may diverge in respect to the balance of climate and humans as

extinction drivers (Prescott et al. 2012, Lima-Ribeiro et al. 2012). Nonetheless, many articles

are still written in favor of either side of this dichotomy. Most of the studies on the

Quaternary extinctions, however, are focused on a single continent (Alroy 2001, Diniz-Filho

2004, Jonhson 2006) and few global analyses exist in the literature (for exceptions, see Lyons

et al. 2004, Gillespie 2008, Prescott 2012). Furthermore, few of the global studies offer actual

quantitative analyses of one or both hypotheses, and the ones that do are based on crude data

(Prescott et al. 2012).

However one chooses to approach the question of past extinctions, fossil dating (i.e.

the establishment of the calendar “dates” when fossilized beings were alive) is a crucial

methodology, for it allows the establishment of synchrony between a given extinction event

and its potential causes. In the last years, a growing number of dates have been published and

revised in different parts of the world (FAUNMAP Working Group 1994, Roberts et al. 2001,

Orlova et al. 2004, Barnosky & Lindsey 2010, Crowley 2010, Lorenzen 2011, Iwase et al.

2012, Rawlence et al. 2012). Moreover, more accurate climatic models have been developed

for the last 125,000 years, a period that encompasses the end of the Pleistocene and the

beginning of the Holocene (Andersen et al. 2004). These advances made a once unfeasible

comparative global analysis of climatic changes, dates of human arrival on each landmass and

extinction of each megafauna taxa a concrete possibility, and a promising path for resolving

the extinctions debate.

This dissertation aims to answer whether the Pleistocene-Holocene extinction of the

megafauna was caused by climatic changes, anthropogenic impacts or a combination of both.

3

These extinctions were a worldwide event and a satisfactory explanation for them begs for a

global approach. Thus, a comprehensive number of all published dates of human arrival and

last appearance of megafaunal genera on each landmass, together with climatic data across the

late Pleistocene, were compiled in order to compare the power of both hypotheses to explain

the extinction dates. This is one of the first works to use a strict quantitative global approach

to this end, making use of as many recently published dates as possible.

4

METHODS

Data

The predictions of each hypothesis were compared in order to evaluate them. The

environmental hypothesis predicts that extinctions would have occurred during or following

intense climatic changes through the Pleistocene-Holocene. The human impact hypothesis, on

the other hand, predicts that extinctions would have followed human colonization of each

landmass across the globe.

First, dates corresponding to the aforementioned events were collected from scientific

literature. The last appearance dates of megafauna (MLADs) species and first appearance

dates of anatomically modern humans (HFADs) on several landmasses were gathered from all

published sources that could be assessed (see Appendix 1). These landmasses include South

America, North America, Caribbean islands, Northern Eurasia, Australia, Tasmania,

Madagascar, New Zealand and Japan. Climatic changes throughout the last millennia of the

Pleistocene and Holocene were assessed through the North Greenland Ice Core Project

(NGRIP) data on oxygen isotopic composition on ice cores (Andersen et al. 2004). This

database comprises δ18O data (a proxy of the planet’s temperature conditions) from the last

122,000 years, with mean 18O values for every 50 years.

To allow comparisons between the hypotheses’ predictions, data reliability was

assessed through a scoring system. Paleontological and archaeological dates are a frequent

matter of debate due to their sensitivity to methodological errors (Walker 2005). Sample

contamination, poor materials, stratigraphic misinterpretations, inadequate dating methods

and other problems can seriously jeopardize a date’s accuracy. To identify reliable data, many

authors have used different quantitative scales based mainly on sample material, stratigraphic

5

associations and the type of equipment and logistics used in a given method (Mead & Meltzer

1984, Burney 2004, Barnosky & Lindsey 2010, Iwase 2012). Dates from articles and books

that passed through such scrutiny were collected without further appraisal. In most cases,

however, displayed dates lacked any sort of accuracy determination, making data filtering a

necessity. For radiocarbon based dates, this filtering was achieved using the Mead-Meltzer

Scale (Mead & Meltzer 1984) modified by Lindsey and Barnosky (2010; Table 1), applying

strict criteria: for paleontological and archaeological dates to be accepted, they had to reach at

least ranks 11 (out of a maximum rank of 12) and 13 (out of a maximum rank of 17)

respectively (following Barnosky & Lindsey 2010). Still, most datings performed in Oceania

over the extinctions period are based on different methods, mainly U/Th (Uranium-Thorium

dating), OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating) and ESR (Electron Spin Resonance

dating). As there are no scoring systems capable of evaluating the accuracy of these types of

dating methods, ranked scales along the lines of the Mead-Meltzer Scale were designed to

assess the reliability of U/Th and OSL dates (Table 2). The new scales do not include ranks

associated with archaeological remains, because human dates were always based on

radiocarbon methods. ESR dating involves a more complex set of techniques, making its

dates harder to fit into a simple scoring system. So, only sources that utilized CSUS-ESR, a

much more accurate variant of the ESR method, were considered in the following analyses

(Grün et al. 2008, 2010).

6

Table 1 – Mead-Meltzer Scale, as modified by Lindsey and Barnosky (2010). Scores from each category

(Material, Stratigraphic association of specimen of interest with dated material, Association of dated

material with archaeological evidence and Dating method) were summed to establish the date’s overall

rank. Paleontological dates that ranked 11 or 12 (because the Association with archaeological evidence

category did not apply to them) and archaeological dates that ranked 13 to 17 were considered

reliable and used in the following analyses.

14C SCORE

Material

Collagen 5

Dung 5

Hide 5

Hair 5

Apatite 3

Whole bone 1

Charcoal 6

Wood (logs, twigs, leaves) 5

Peat 3

Organic mud (gyttja) 3

Soil 3

Shell 2

Terrestrial carbonate (marl) 1

Stratigraphic association of specimen of interest with dated material

Date on the specimen itself 5

Date from same stratum as the specimen 3

Date on material above the specimen 2

Date on material below the specimen 2

7

‘‘Associated’’ date 1

Association of dated material with archaeological evidence

Date from human remains 5

Living floor/assemblage 4

Clear hearth 3

Single artifact 3

Probable hearth 2

Clear butchering 2

Equivocal evidence 1

Dating method

AMS 2

Standard or unknown 1

Table 2 – Scoring systems created to assess the reliability of U/Th and OSL dates. The establishment of each

date’s overall rank followed the Mead-Meltzer system (see Table 1).

U/TH SCORE

Material

Unaltered coral 6

Speleothem 6

Volcanic rocks 6

Ferruginous concretions 4

Tufa 4

Mollusc shells 4

Phosphates 4

Diagenetically altered corals 2

8

Bone 1

Evaporites 1

Caliche 1

Stromatolites 1

Peat and wood 1

Stratigraphic association of specimen of interest with dated material

Date from same stratum as the specimen or on the specimen itself 4

Date on material above the specimen 2

Date on material below the specimen 2

‘‘Associated’’ date 1

Dating method

MC-ICP-MS / TIMS 2

alpha particles / ICP-MS 1

OSL SCORE

Material

Quartz 2

Feldspar 1

Stratigraphic association of specimen of interest with dated material

Date on sediment adjacent or attached to the specimen 5

Date from same stratum as the specimen 3

Date on material above the specimen 2

Date on material below the specimen 2

‘‘Associated’’ date 1

Dating method (measurement)

IRSL (feldspar only) / LED 3

9

Halogen lamp 2

Argon-Ion 1

Dating method (analysis)

Single aliquot 2

Multiple aliquot 1

 

 

After the data filtering, date calibration was performed. Radiocarbon datings are based

on the 14C/12C ratio of tested samples, and, as base concentrations of both isotopes fluctuate

through time in the atmosphere, calibration is necessary to transform ‘radiocarbon years’ on

actual ‘years before present’. Dates were calibrated using the software Calib 6.0, using the

IntCal09 curve for every sample. Even though this calibration curve was originally designed

for the northern hemisphere, it is the only one that encompasses the whole span of the

extinction event.

Analyses

Calibrated dates and climatic data were then used to develop mathematical models to

assess each hypothesis individually and combined. Before any analysis could be performed,

as both megafauna extinctions and human colonization times vary considerably within large

landmasses, MLADs and HFADs on continents had to be divided geographically. The

divisions were based mainly on great geographical barriers and temporal gaps on human

arrival. A total of 19 regions, including islands and portions of continents, were used to pair

up human arrival and genera disappearances (Figure 1). In the following models, each extinct

genus in a given region was treated as an individual sampling unit. Genera were considered

10

rather than species to avoid taxonomical confusion, once fossil samples are not always

identified to the specific level, and when they are, the identifications are often controversial.

This procedure allows genera with well ranked dates (see above) in more than one region to

appear multiple times, which makes biological sense as the extinction of species of a genus in

different regions can be independent events, regardless of their cause.

Figure 1 – Regions considered on the analysis: Australia, Caribbean, Japan, Madagascar, New Zealand,

Tasmania, Wrangel, Bering (northwesternmost North America and northeasternmost Eurasia), Central North

America, Eastern North America, Western North America, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, West Siberia,

Central Russia, Northern South America, Central South America, Patagonia and Andean region (the Andes

and South America’s western coast).

With the sampling units established, a generalized mixed model was used to test the

effects of the human arrival time-lapse and 18O variation (fixed effects) on the number of

extinct megafaunal genera through the late Quaternary in the 19 aforementioned regions

around the world. For such test, the last 60 thousand years of data were divided into 20

categories of 3 thousand years each. The dependent variable, the megafauna, was quantified

as the number of extinct genera on each time category. Human arrival time-lapse (first

independent variable) was quantified as the amount of years from each time category to the

11

category where human colonization took place on each region. Climatic variation (the second

independent variable) was quantified simply as 18O variance within each time category. The

model was fit using a Poisson distribution because the number of extinct genera is a typical

discrete count variable. The regions’ identities were included in the model as random effects

(allowing random intercept estimation) and temporal autocorrelation was controlled between

successive time windows within each province using a first-order autoregressive correlation

structure. The model was validated through the checking of both normality and absence of

temporal autocorrelation of the residuals. The analysis was performed in R using the

glmmPQL() function from the MASS package.

After the initial analysis, null models were designed to further investigate the

chronological association of periods of intense climatic change and of HFADs with the

MLADs. For the first hypothesis, a thousand dates were randomly drawn from the 122

thousand years of climatic data available for each extinct genus on each region. Each true last

appearance date, as well as its thousand random associated dates, had the 18O variance of their

dating error timespan plus another thousand years into the past calculated. This step assumes

that the effects of climatic changes on regional megafauna extinctions would be apparent

within 1,000 years interval; this is regarded as a conservative approach to accommodate a

delay in response by the extinct genera. That measure of climatic instability was chosen as an

environmental variable rather than extreme values because there is a single apex to the last

glaciation (or two, if the Younger Dryas is considered), thus climatic variance would be a

better candidate than climatic extremes for providing a global explanation for the extinction

event. These lists of 1001 variances for each sampling unit were then used to create one-tailed

probability distributions, and p-values were extracted based on the position of the true last

appearance date in relation to the intensity of climate changes, among all possible (random)

dates.

12

A similar method was employed to assess the second hypothesis. Again, a thousand

dates were randomly drawn from a 122,000 years timespan into the past for each MLAD on

each region, but this time the chronological distance between each date (random and true) and

the corresponding regional HFAD was measured. These chronological distance lists were then

ranked and p-values were extracted, in a way that they expressed the proportion of random

dates (number of dates divided by a thousand) that were closer to human arrival than the true

MLAD.

Both models were generated in R, and their results tabulated and compared. On every

occasion where the test of significance of a given model provided a p-value of up to 0.06 (to

better encompass the temporal lag between human colonization and megafaunal demise) –

that is, when extinctions were more closely related to climatic changes or to human arrival

than expected by chance – the cause it expressed was considered responsible for that genus

extinction. When both hypotheses showed significant p-values, the result was considered

“entangled”, meaning that the models could not discern between causes for that particular

extinction event.

Due to the natural paucity of the fossil record and its consequent vulnerability to

sampling biases (Signor & Lipps 1982), a second round of analyses was carried out to assess

the influence of poorly represented taxa over the overall results of the two previous models. It

is highly unlikely that any single dated fossil will represent the actual extinction date of a

given taxon (i.e. the moment when its last individual perished), but well sampled taxa have a

good chance of having a MLAD closely related to their true time of demise (Barnosky &

Lindsey 2010). The same is not true for poorly represented taxa. With the help of

bootstrapping simulations (Gotelli & Ellison 2004), however, one can evaluate and even

attempt to correct some of this distortion, using dates of genera that are very well represented

on single fossiliferous sites to estimate the bias for poorly represented genera from the same

13

region (Barnosky & Lindsey 2010). Ideally, such corrections should have been exercised over

this work’s complete dataset, but that was impossible because many regions failed to present

even a single well represented genus. So, only data from South America was corrected in this

manner, sampling dates of Mylodon from Cueva del Milodon (Patagonia) with replacement

for 1000 iterations (Figure 2), and the previous models were run for a second time, using the

new corrected dates. This continent was chosen because Mylodon at Cueva del Milodon was

the second best sampled genus in a single site in the whole dataset, and the extinction

timespan in South America was small enough to allow dates from a single region to be used

to correct for all four of them. The best sampled site in all dataset was located in Wrangel, an

island inhabited by a single genus of megafauna (Mammuthus), and thus unfit to serve the

correction’s purpose. Finally, the results of this new round of null models were compared

with the initial ones, and the effects of sampling bias appraised.

It is important to note that the antiquity of human arrival on every region would also

be subject to such biases. However, archeological findings tend to outnumber single genera

records over most of the globe. That way, Homo sapiens was considered a well sampled

species throughout the world, and no bootstrapping corrections were run over anthropological

dates.

14

 

Figure 2 - Sampled dates of Mylodon from Cueva del Milodon (Patagonia) with replacement for 1000 iterations.

15

RESULTS

All dates gathered from literature that were ranked satisfactorily according to the

modified versions of the Mead-Meltzer scale (Tables 1 and 2, see Methods), along with their

results from calibration procedures, are compiled in Appendix 1. Two thousand and eighty

eight dates for a total of 67 genera of extinct megafauna (58 mammals, 8 birds and 1 reptile)

fulfilled the filtering requirements and were used in the analysis and null models, totalizing

126 sampling units across the 19 regions due to repeated genera. Similarly, 762 human dates

fulfilled the same requirements, and were considered in the following analysis and models.

As many regions have genera that survived several millennia after most of their

concurrent taxa, to avoid effects of time-lag between the onset of a given variable (human

arrival or climatic instability) and total megafaunal demise within a region, 25% of the most

recent extinction dates from every region were removed from the constructed mixed models.

The analysis with the remaining 97 genera found both effects of the human arrival time-lapse

(t = -4.69, p < 0.001) and climatic variation (t = 2.42, p < 0.02) on the number of extinct

genera through time (model; Number of extinct genus = -0.45 - 0.12*Time-lapse from human

arrival + 0.29*Climatic variation). However, the main effect of climatic variation was to

magnify the effects of the human arrival (Appendix 2, Figure S1). At times far (> 10 thousand

years) from the dates of human arrival, increases in climate variation did not increase the

number of extinct genera (Appendix 2, Figure S1). On the other hand, at times close (<5

thousand years) to human arrival, increases in climate variation yielded even higher numbers

of extinct genera. The random effect suggested low variance among regions in the intercepts

of their respective regressions (sd = 10-4), and the autoregressive structure estimated a

correlation of only 0.17 between successive time windows within each region, suggesting that

these results are robust.

16

The results for each analyzed genus for the two null models are summarized in Table

3. For the climatic hypothesis, 12 (around 9.5%) out of the 126 genera were found to become

extinct during a period of intense climatic instability (Figure 3). The anthropogenic models,

on the other hand, showed that 92 (around 73%) out of the 126 genera became extinct on their

respective regions nearer human arrival than expected by chance (Figure 4). In ten of the

cases above the effects of both factors were entangled. Thus, in the models 2 genera were

considered extinct by climatic factors alone, 82 due to human impact alone, 10 by a synergy

of both factors, and for the remaining 32 cases no evidence could be found of the effect of

either variable (Figure 5).

Figure 3 – Geographical distribution of the results of the null model investigating the effects of climatic

instability over 126 genera (including repeated ones) of extinct megafauna. p values denote the proportion of

random δ18O variances that were greater than the one that encompassed the true MLAD, in a way that values <

0.06 express extinctions during a period of greater climatic instability than expected by chance.

17

Figure 4 – Geographical distribution of the results of the null model investigating the effects of human arrival

over 126 genera (including repeated ones) of extinct megafauna. p values denote the proportion of random

genera extinction dates that were closer to human arrival than the true MLAD, in a way that values < 0.06

express extinctions nearer to human arrival than expected by chance.

Figure 5 – Geographical distribution of the results regarding which process best explained the extinctions:

climatic change, anthropogenic impact, the entangled effects of both, or none of them.

18

Tab

le 3

- D

ates

for

eac

h ex

tinc

t gen

us (

MF

), h

uman

arr

ival

(H

S),

and

sum

mar

ized

res

ults

fro

m th

e nu

ll m

odel

s.

RE

GIO

NG

EN

ER

AM

F14C

MF14

C

erro

rM

F14C

(2σ)

MF14

C

erro

r (2σ)

OSL

OSL

er

ror

U-T

hU

-Th

erro

rC

SUS-

ESR

CSU

S-E

SR e

rror

HS14

CH

S14C

(2σ)

p C

limat

ep

Hum

anE

XT

INC

TIO

N

CA

USE

Aus

tral

iaD

ipro

todo

n44

000

6000

4547

048

079

0.44

90.

054

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Gen

yorn

is47

000

2000

4547

048

079

0.24

90.

015

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Mac

ropu

s52

000

8000

4547

048

079

0.58

40.

049

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Met

hast

enur

us89

000

6000

4547

048

079

0.55

71.

000

none

Aus

tral

iaP

hasc

olon

us47

000

2000

4547

048

079

0.22

90.

011

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Pro

copt

odon

4010

011

0044

013

1556

4547

048

079

0.45

50.

055

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Pro

tem

nodo

n44

900

1300

4547

048

079

0.24

90.

037

hum

anA

ustr

alia

Sim

osth

enur

us40

100

1100

4401

315

5645

470

4807

90.

416

0.05

7hu

man

Aus

tral

iaS

then

urus

4400

050

0045

470

4807

90.

431

0.05

2hu

man

Aus

tral

iaT

hyla

cole

o40

100

1100

4401

315

5645

470

4807

90.

437

0.04

5hu

man

Aus

tral

iaZ

ygom

atur

us44

900

1300

4547

048

079

0.27

40.

048

hum

anB

erin

gB

ison

1037

016

012

062

554

1322

515

986

0.43

50.

035

hum

anB

erin

gC

oelo

dont

a14

260

150

1738

043

2.5

1322

515

986

0.63

10.

009

hum

anB

erin

gE

quus

1229

044

014

721

1431

1322

515

986

0.07

80.

015

hum

anB

erin

gM

amm

uthu

s96

5060

1098

821

2.5

1322

515

986

0.08

70.

044

hum

anB

erin

gP

anth

era

1252

550

1466

043

013

225

1598

60.

024

0.01

2en

tang

led

Car

ibbe

anM

egal

ocnu

s41

9040

4713

130

5500

5500

0.96

90.

013

hum

anC

arib

bean

Par

ocnu

s49

6028

056

3666

355

0055

000.

999

0.00

1hu

man

Cen

tral

Rus

sia

Bis

on88

6040

9970

195.

543

300

4704

90.

499

0.33

0no

neC

entr

al R

ussi

aC

oelo

dont

a13

165

180

1593

675

543

300

4704

90.

568

0.31

7no

neC

entr

al R

ussi

aM

amm

uthu

s96

7060

1100

021

5.5

4330

047

049

0.07

40.

335

none

Cen

tral

Rus

sia

Meg

aloc

eros

1005

545

1157

523

643

300

4704

90.

262

0.31

0no

neC

entr

al R

ussi

aP

anth

era

1245

060

1458

043

043

300

4704

90.

018

0.31

3cl

imat

eJa

pan

Bis

on17

900

9021

318

299

3142

035

843

0.61

70.

151

none

Japa

nC

ervu

s13

970

9017

106

310

3142

035

843

0.57

00.

169

none

Japa

nM

amm

uthu

s19

530

8023

198

508

3142

035

843

0.58

00.

127

none

Japa

nP

alae

olox

odon

2360

013

028

323

357

3142

035

843

0.12

50.

092

none

19

Japa

nS

inom

egac

eros

4056

015

0044

326

2251

3142

035

843

0.32

40.

116

none

Mad

agas

car

Aep

yorn

is10

0015

096

429

123

0023

000.

897

0.00

8hu

man

Mad

agas

car

Arc

haeo

indr

is22

9155

2302

154

2300

2300

0.96

40.

000

hum

anM

adag

asca

rG

eoch

elon

e75

037

065

265

523

0023

000.

000

0.01

3en

tang

led

Mad

agas

car

Hip

popo

tam

us99

3613

313

723

0023

000.

964

0.01

2hu

man

Mad

agas

car

Meg

alad

apis

630

5060

663

2300

2300

0.93

80.

017

hum

anM

adag

asca

rM

ulle

rorn

is12

8060

1183

114

2300

2300

0.88

30.

006

hum

anN

A C

entr

alA

rcto

dus

1092

150

1279

015

511

480

1362

70.

476

0.00

6hu

man

NA

Cen

tral

Bis

on89

5035

010

185

921

1148

013

627

0.05

80.

031

enta

ngle

dN

A C

entr

alB

ooth

eriu

m10

980

8012

876

210

1148

013

627

0.44

50.

005

hum

anN

A C

entr

alC

amel

ops

1118

045

1306

117

511

480

1362

70.

395

0.00

9hu

man

NA

Cen

tral

Equ

us93

1031

010

456

857

1148

013

627

0.03

60.

015

enta

ngle

dN

A C

entr

alM

amm

uthu

s10

200

350

1173

896

011

480

1362

70.

280

0.01

2hu

man

NA

Cen

tral

Not

hrot

heri

ops

1067

014

012

510

371

1148

013

627

0.38

50.

009

hum

anN

A E

ast

Arc

todu

s11

480

6013

331

135

1269

015

181

0.34

90.

013

hum

anN

A E

ast

Bis

on99

9020

011

595

785

1269

015

181

0.21

20.

037

hum

anN

A E

ast

Cas

toro

ides

1032

025

011

948

676

1269

015

181

0.37

90.

026

hum

anN

A E

ast

Cer

valc

es11

030

150

1291

628

912

690

1518

10.

469

0.01

3hu

man

NA

Eas

tM

amm

ut89

1015

099

5941

212

690

1518

10.

498

0.04

6hu

man

NA

Eas

tM

amm

uthu

s82

6030

092

6884

512

690

1518

10.

640

0.04

9hu

man

NA

Eas

tM

egal

onyx

1143

060

1328

913

512

690

1518

10.

355

0.01

7hu

man

NA

Eas

tM

yloh

yus

1186

040

1366

918

012

690

1518

10.

145

0.01

0hu

man

NA

Eas

tP

alae

olam

a12

390

5014

515

420

1269

015

181

0.01

50.

005

enta

ngle

dN

A E

ast

Pla

tygo

nus

1079

015

012

749

335

1269

015

181

0.40

50.

024

hum

anN

A E

ast

Sm

ilod

on94

1015

510

696

433

1269

015

181

0.05

50.

039

enta

ngle

dN

A E

ast

Tap

irus

1250

010

2015

059

2651

1269

015

181

0.30

90.

002

hum

anN

A W

est

Arc

todu

s10

870

7512

764

171

1229

314

413

0.43

40.

019

hum

anN

A W

est

Bis

on11

930

210

1390

861

112

293

1441

30.

049

0.00

2en

tang

led

NA

Wes

tB

ooth

eriu

m11

690

190

1355

436

912

293

1441

30.

124

0.00

9hu

man

NA

Wes

tC

amel

ops

9955

165

1148

060

912

293

1441

30.

166

0.03

0hu

man

NA

Wes

tE

quus

1113

040

1298

417

512

293

1441

30.

412

0.01

1hu

man

NA

Wes

tE

ucer

athe

rium

1163

015

013

507

293

1229

314

413

0.24

50.

008

hum

anN

A W

est

Glo

ssot

heri

um11

030

800

1283

722

6212

293

1441

30.

081

0.01

7hu

man

20

NA

Wes

tM

amm

ut10

800

250

1264

359

712

293

1441

30.

410

0.02

1hu

man

NA

Wes

tM

amm

uthu

s88

1510

098

6930

712

293

1441

30.

491

0.03

8hu

man

NA

Wes

tN

othr

othe

riop

s10

400

275

1200

174

012

293

1441

30.

419

0.01

7hu

man

NA

Wes

tO

ream

nos

1014

051

011

629

1333

1229

314

413

0.16

70.

026

hum

anN

A W

est

Pla

tygo

nus

1134

050

1322

110

812

293

1441

30.

415

0.00

8hu

man

NA

Wes

tS

mil

odon

1113

027

513

071

530

1229

314

413

0.37

20.

009

hum

anN

ew Z

eala

ndD

inor

nis

658

3061

558

702

627

0.94

20.

000

hum

anN

ew Z

eala

ndE

meu

s10

470

130

1224

439

970

262

70.

431

0.10

1no

neN

ew Z

eala

ndE

urya

pter

yx10

7060

986

184

702

627

0.90

70.

001

hum

anN

ew Z

eala

ndM

egal

apte

ryx

646

9562

311

970

262

70.

945

0.00

0hu

man

New

Zea

land

Pac

hyor

nis

564

2658

457

702

627

0.95

20.

000

hum

anN

orth

ern

Eur

ope

Bis

on27

140

360

3157

860

2.5

4290

046

766

0.26

10.

185

none

Nor

ther

n E

urop

eC

oelo

dont

a30

220

460

3491

713

19.5

4290

046

766

0.44

50.

123

none

Nor

ther

n E

urop

eE

quus

3600

045

041

072

870

4290

046

766

0.42

40.

074

none

Nor

ther

n E

urop

eM

amm

uthu

s97

6040

1118

955

4290

046

766

0.09

10.

328

none

Nor

ther

n E

urop

eM

egal

ocer

os10

257

7512

051

335

4290

046

766

0.43

20.

319

none

Nor

ther

n E

urop

eP

anth

era

1224

866

1435

148

042

900

4676

60.

022

0.30

2cl

imat

eN

orth

ern

Eur

ope

Urs

us22

107

130

2668

267

742

900

4676

60.

217

0.20

9no

neS

A A

ndes

Cuv

iero

nius

1199

020

014

068

716

1278

015

289

0.04

70.

018

enta

ngle

dS

A A

ndes

Equ

us10

950

3512

803

148

1278

015

289

0.44

70.

022

hum

anS

A A

ndes

Glo

ssot

heri

um12

350

7014

474

447

1278

015

289

0.01

20.

006

enta

ngle

dS

A A

ndes

Hap

lom

asto

don

1667

080

1985

131

312

780

1528

90.

600

0.05

3hu

man

SA

And

esH

ippi

dion

2107

010

025

182

405

1278

015

289

0.52

90.

102

none

SA

And

esM

ylod

on13

500

6516

636

263

1278

015

289

0.51

90.

020

hum

anS

A A

ndes

Pal

eola

ma

1031

030

1217

919

712

780

1528

90.

346

0.02

1hu

man

SA

And

esS

celi

doth

eriu

m89

1020

010

014

481

1278

015

289

0.48

60.

061

none

SA

Cen

tral

Doe

dicu

rus

7010

100

7837

174

1101

012

890

0.77

40.

045

hum

anS

A C

entr

alE

quus

1029

013

011

984

572

1101

012

890

0.42

30.

012

hum

anS

A C

entr

alG

loss

othe

rium

1050

090

1235

725

011

010

1289

00.

356

0.00

4hu

man

SA

Cen

tral

Hip

pidi

on89

9090

1006

930

311

010

1289

00.

488

0.02

4hu

man

SA

Cen

tral

Meg

athe

rium

7750

250

8644

605

1101

012

890

0.84

00.

038

hum

anS

A C

entr

alS

celi

doth

eriu

m75

5060

8324

125

1101

012

890

0.80

30.

041

hum

anS

A C

entr

alT

oxod

on11

090

4012

946

172

1101

012

890

0.42

30.

002

hum

an

21

SA

Nor

thC

aton

yx99

6040

1143

017

812

440

1462

10.

196

0.03

3hu

man

SA

Nor

thE

quus

1618

070

1919

827

112

440

1462

10.

479

0.05

1hu

man

SA

Nor

thE

rem

othe

rium

1134

050

1322

110

812

440

1462

10.

408

0.01

5hu

man

SA

Nor

thG

lypt

odon

2550

060

030

202

1011

1244

014

621

0.39

10.

158

none

SA

Nor

thH

aplo

mas

todo

n15

290

7018

424

304

1244

014

621

0.65

90.

032

hum

anS

A N

orth

Hol

mes

ina

4100

013

0044

624

1992

1244

014

621

0.39

10.

369

none

SA

Nor

thN

othr

othe

rium

1220

012

014

317

545

1244

014

621

0.02

80.

001

enta

ngle

dS

A N

orth

Sm

ilod

on91

3015

010

247

456

1244

014

621

0.17

50.

045

hum

anS

A N

orth

Ste

gom

asto

don

1298

085

1572

161

312

440

1462

10.

555

0.01

1hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaA

rcto

ther

ium

1034

575

1217

934

611

570

1343

80.

400

0.01

7hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaH

ippi

dion

1031

016

011

992

585

1157

013

438

0.40

20.

015

hum

anS

A P

atag

onia

Mac

rauc

heni

a11

665

5013

528

166

1157

013

438

0.20

90.

003

hum

anS

A P

atag

onia

Myl

odon

1029

565

1210

728

311

570

1343

80.

378

0.02

3hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaS

mil

odon

1126

545

1318

911

411

570

1343

80.

420

0.00

1hu

man

Sou

ther

n E

urop

eE

quus

2868

039

033

225

1250

4140

044

882

0.17

60.

143

none

Sou

ther

n E

urop

eM

amm

uthu

s13

390

300

1607

191

641

400

4488

20.

619

0.28

7no

neS

outh

ern

Eur

ope

Meg

aloc

eros

2100

040

2508

535

541

400

4488

20.

577

0.18

8no

neS

outh

ern

Eur

ope

Pan

ther

a13

770

120

1689

926

6.5

4140

044

882

0.54

10.

268

none

Sou

ther

n E

urop

eU

rsus

2744

013

031

587

309

4140

044

882

0.13

60.

153

none

Tas

man

iaM

acro

pus

3423

046

040

031

1297

3479

039

883

0.45

80.

003

hum

anT

asm

ania

Met

asth

enur

us56

000

4000

3479

039

883

0.43

40.

239

none

Tas

man

iaP

alor

ches

tes

3592

029

041

276

703

3479

039

883

0.30

90.

016

hum

anT

asm

ania

Pro

tem

nodo

n30

400

270

3534

580

434

790

3988

30.

307

0.05

6hu

man

Tas

man

iaS

imos

then

urus

4450

010

0047

822

1957

3479

039

883

0.22

90.

099

none

Tas

man

iaT

hyla

cole

o56

000

4000

3479

039

883

0.43

70.

255

none

Tas

man

iaZ

ygom

atur

us33

510

210

3817

970

134

790

3988

30.

068

0.01

8hu

man

Wes

t Sib

eria

Bis

on24

600

300

2941

778

714

500

1758

70.

696

0.11

1no

neW

est S

iber

iaC

oelo

dont

a10

770

250

1260

061

514

500

1758

70.

422

0.04

7hu

man

Wes

t Sib

eria

Mam

mut

hus

1000

070

1150

626

114

500

1758

70.

202

0.05

3hu

man

Wes

t Sib

eria

Meg

aloc

eros

6816

3576

4254

.514

500

1758

70.

716

0.08

5no

neW

est S

iber

iaP

anth

era

1350

065

1663

626

2.5

1450

017

587

0.51

30.

011

hum

anW

est S

iber

iaU

rsus

3187

019

036

179

618

1450

017

587

0.17

00.

214

none

Wra

ngel

Mam

mut

hus

3685

6040

3718

743

0043

000.

950

0.00

1hu

man

22

All dates corrected by bootstrapping for the South American continent are compiled in

Table 4. The results from the bootstrapped models deviated little from the general trend

expressed above. In the main models, out of 29 South American genera, the extinction of 22

was related to human impact, 3 were considered entangled and 4 were not related to any

variable. In the corrected models, the extinction of 22 genera was also related to

anthropogenic factors, but only 2 were considered entangled and 5 were not related to any

variable. Individually, only 6 genera changed groups between these analyses, shifting from

entangled to human impacts in 3 cases, from human to entangled in 2 and from human to

unexplained in the remaining case.

23

Tab

le 4

- D

ates

fro

m S

outh

Am

eric

a co

rrec

ted

by b

oots

trap

ping

and

com

pari

sons

bet

wee

n co

rrec

ted

and

unco

rrec

ted

resu

lts.

RE

GIO

NG

EN

ER

AM

F14C

MF14

C

erro

rM

F14C

(2σ)

MF14

C

erro

r (2σ)

HS14

CH

S14C

(2σ)

p C

limat

ep

Hum

anC

ON

SEN

SUS

Cor

rect

ed

MF14

C (2σ)

Cor

rect

ed

p C

limat

eC

orre

cted

p

Hum

an

Cor

rect

ed

EX

TIN

CT

ION

C

AU

SES

A A

ndes

Cuv

iero

nius

1199

020

014

068

716

1278

015

289

0.04

70.

018

enta

ngle

d12

327

0.52

20.

026

hum

anS

A A

ndes

Equ

us10

950

3512

803

148

1278

015

289

0.44

70.

022

hum

an10

366

0.48

0.03

9hu

man

SA

And

esG

loss

othe

rium

1235

070

1447

444

712

780

1528

90.

012

0.00

6en

tang

led

1203

70.

477

0.02

9hu

man

SA

And

esH

aplo

mas

todo

n16

670

8019

851

313

1278

015

289

0.60

00.

053

hum

an17

414

0.59

10.

02hu

man

SA

And

esH

ippi

dion

2107

010

025

182

405

1278

015

289

0.52

90.

102

none

2344

10.

729

0.08

4no

neS

A A

ndes

Myl

odon

1350

065

1663

626

312

780

1528

90.

519

0.02

0hu

man

1419

90.

014

0.01

3en

tang

led

SA

And

esP

aleo

lam

a10

310

3012

179

197

1278

015

289

0.34

60.

021

hum

an97

420.

493

0.05

6hu

man

SA

And

esS

celi

doth

eriu

m89

1020

010

014

481

1278

015

289

0.48

60.

061

none

7577

0.84

90.

062

none

SA

Cen

tral

Doe

dicu

rus

7010

100

7837

174

1101

012

890

0.77

40.

045

hum

an67

430.

991

0.05

6hu

man

SA

Cen

tral

Equ

us10

290

130

1198

457

211

010

1289

00.

423

0.01

2hu

man

9547

0.56

60.

026

hum

anS

A C

entr

alG

loss

othe

rium

1050

090

1235

725

011

010

1289

00.

356

0.00

4hu

man

1061

60.

118

0.01

9hu

man

SA

Cen

tral

Hip

pidi

on89

9090

1006

930

311

010

1289

00.

488

0.02

4hu

man

7632

0.83

10.

042

hum

anS

A C

entr

alM

egat

heri

um77

5025

086

4460

511

010

1289

00.

840

0.03

8hu

man

6903

0.94

90.

054

hum

anS

A C

entr

alS

celi

doth

eriu

m75

5060

8324

125

1101

012

890

0.80

30.

041

hum

an58

870.

981

0.06

7no

neS

A C

entr

alT

oxod

on11

090

4012

946

172

1101

012

890

0.42

30.

002

hum

an11

205

0.07

60.

019

hum

anS

A N

orth

Cat

onyx

9960

4011

430

178

1244

014

621

0.19

60.

033

hum

an10

132

0.49

60.

048

hum

anS

A N

orth

Equ

us16

180

7019

198

271

1244

014

621

0.47

90.

051

hum

an17

900

0.67

80.

036

hum

anS

A N

orth

Ere

mot

heri

um11

340

5013

221

108

1244

014

621

0.40

80.

015

hum

an10

784

0.09

90.

039

hum

anS

A N

orth

Gly

ptod

on25

500

600

3020

210

1112

440

1462

10.

391

0.15

8no

ne28

461

0.46

10.

164

none

SA

Nor

thH

aplo

mas

todo

n15

290

7018

424

304

1244

014

621

0.65

90.

032

hum

an15

987

0.59

40.

021

hum

anS

A N

orth

Hol

mes

ina

4100

013

0044

624

1992

1244

014

621

0.39

10.

369

none

4288

30.

470.

368

none

SA

Nor

thN

othr

othe

rium

1220

012

014

317

545

1244

014

621

0.02

80.

001

enta

ngle

d11

880

0.39

10.

014

hum

anS

A N

orth

Sm

ilod

on91

3015

010

247

456

1244

014

621

0.17

50.

045

hum

an85

060.

873

0.05

9hu

man

SA

Nor

thS

tego

mas

todo

n12

980

8515

721

613

1244

014

621

0.55

50.

011

hum

an14

423

0.03

80.

002

enta

ngle

dS

A P

atag

onia

Arc

toth

eriu

m10

345

7512

179

346

1157

013

438

0.40

00.

017

hum

an97

420.

518

0.03

8hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaH

ippi

dion

1031

016

011

992

585

1157

013

438

0.40

20.

015

hum

an10

251

0.14

0.02

6hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaM

acra

uche

nia

1166

550

1352

816

611

570

1343

80.

209

0.00

3hu

man

1109

10.

068

0.02

1hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaM

ylod

on10

295

6512

107

283

1157

013

438

0.37

80.

023

hum

an96

700.

554

0.04

1hu

man

SA

Pat

agon

iaS

mil

odon

1126

545

1318

911

411

570

1343

80.

420

0.00

1hu

man

1144

80.

179

0.01

4hu

man

24

DISCUSSION

The Pleistocene-Holocene extinctions encompassed a wide variety of animals on

taxonomical, behavioral and bionomical grounds. However, when they are observed as a

single global phenomenon, clear patterns emerge. First and foremost, most extinctions (73%)

took place around the time of human arrival in each place, as it can be seen by the close

temporal gap between most MLADs and HFADs across the globe. A similar correlation of

extinction dates with times of intense climatic variance did not occur, as only 9.5% of the

MLADs followed periods of great 18O fluctuation, a figure only slightly above the value

expected by chance. The mixed model results reinforced this conclusion, demonstrating a

very strong effect of human arrival time-lapse over the extinction dates (t = -4.69, p < 0.001).

Climatic variation also showed a significant influence over the extinctions (t = 2.42, p < 0.02),

but only through the intensification of anthropogenic impacts (Appendix 2, Figure S1). So,

our results indicate that human impact was not a mere proximate cause to the Late Quaternary

extinctions, but the main factor that led to the demise of the megafauna, even if assisted by

climate on some regions.

An interesting trend is that, within this global scenario, strong regional patterns can be

observed when the Eurasian continent (with the exception of Bering) is viewed separately

from the rest of the world. In the sampling units that occur within West Siberia, Central

Russia, Japan and Europe, only 3 out of the 28 present genera can be considered extinct by

humans and 2 can be considered extinct by climatic instability (the only ones in the entire

analysis), leaving 23 sampling units unexplained. This is in sharp contrast with the patterns

for the rest of the world, where a total of 89 among the 98 genera left (90.8%) were extinct

around the time of human arrival, and 79 of those extinctions can be attributed uniquely to

anthropogenic causes. This suggests that a synergy with climatic changes is likely to have

25

been important in Eurasia, unlike the other continents, as suggested by several authors (e.g.

Nogués-Bravo et al. 2008, Lorenzen et al. 2011). It also highlights the limitations of single-

continent studies to make inferences about the causes of the planetary process of Pleistocene-

Holocene extinctions.

Observing the abovementioned patterns, it becomes clear that extinctions over the

Americas, Australia and every island included in this analysis (except for Japan) were driven

mainly by anthropogenic factors, most likely overhunting (Martin 1984). The fact that Africa

escaped the main extinction pattern reinforces this interpretation, because this is the only

continent where man was native rather than a late arrival. Thus the African megafauna

coevolved with man, gradually developing instincts to deal with human predation (Klein

1984), while such instincts are conspicuously absent in faunas which were first exposed to

man when he was already an accomplished hunter (Diamond 1984). In Eurasia, the pattern of

anthropogenic extinction was not clear-cut, but even there climatic variance did not seem to

be the fundamental cause. In the case of the Americas, many of the extinctions closely

followed the Younger Dryas stadial, but since human expansion overlapped temporally with

this event at this continent, such coincidence was expected. There is no reason to suppose that

glacial peaks would account for the megafauna’s demise as the Pleistocene accommodated

over 30 glacial events before the Last Glacial Maximum, all of them with few or no

associated extinctions (Cione et al. 2003, Barnosky 2004). On continental Eurasia, extinctions

were more spaced in time than in any other continent, encompassing genera with MLADs

from 10 thousand to over 40 thousand years before present. Therefore, most of these

extinctions also could not be explained by cold temperature peaks of the Last Glacial

Maximum or any stadials. In fact, given this temporally protracted extinction window on

Eurasia, it is possible that climate played a very different role on the extinctions.

26

The colonization of the Eurasian continent was the only moment in human dispersal

across the globe when paleolithic men – until then, a fully tropical species – was forced to

move against increasingly colder environments as it made its way toward high latitudes

(Oppenheimer 2009). While the spread of anatomically modern men was a process that took

only a few thousand years over most continents (from around 8 thousand years in Sahul to

less than 2 thousand years in the Americas), it was much longer over Eurasia. The HFADs

from Central Russia and Europe are over 45 thousand years old, about 30 thousand years

apart from Bering’s, the region of highest latitude in the continent, and almost 20 thousand

years apart from the first human dates across the arctic (Pitulko et al. 2004). This pattern

shows that traversing the Eurasian latitudinal range was a long process. It is very likely that

human numbers grew very slowly in Eurasia due to the same conditions that made its

colonization difficult, retarding the demographic impacts of men over megafauna genera. This

process would result in a greater temporal gap between FHADs and MLADs across Eurasian

regions, resulting in a false negative signal in the null models. This possibility could also be

investigated by correlating human arrival with extinctions in Eurasia on a finer spatial scale,

but additional data would likely be necessary. Thus, such analysis was not conducted in this

dissertation.

Other possible explanation for the slower pace of Eurasian extinctions, and the fact

that this continent lost a smaller proportion of its large fauna than Australia and the Americas,

is the coexistence of megafauna with hominids for several thousand years prior to the arrival

of modern men. Although the diaspora of modern humans to Eurasia was relatively recent,

early Homo – H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis – had been present in that continent

for hundreds of thousands of years (Stringer & Andrews 2005). So, as in Africa, it is possible

that coevolution granted these animals a greater resilience to the hunting pressure exerted by

Homo sapiens (Antonio Gilman, personal communication).

27

Other works have approached the Eurasian extinctions from different angles. One that

deserves attention for comparative purposes is Lorenzen’s et al. (2011) work on species-

specific responses of a few large mammals to climate and human presence. They conclude

that the extinctions of these species on Eurasia and North America were either caused by

climatic changes or a synergy between climate and anthropogenic effects. These conclusions,

however, are based on the construction of past species distribution models and the use of

ancient DNA, methods that are either based on many assumptions or plagued by

methodological uncertainties (Hofreiter et al. 2001, Barry & Elith 2006). Furthermore,

environmental hypotheses propose that climatic driven habitat changes were the direct cause

of the extinctions and, at least for North America, it has been demonstrated that such changes

occurred after the megafauna declined (Gill et al. 2009; see Rule et al. 2012 for similar results

in Australia). The advantage of the present work is that it presents strong patterns under only

two assumptions; that the dates incorporated in the models are accurate and that humans

hunted the megafauna species.

Some authors have questioned that second assumption in the past, arguing that a mere

coincidence of HFADs and MLADs is not enough to establish causality, and that there is a

lack of direct evidence of human hunting some megafauna species (Grayson & Meltzer 2003).

However, it has been demonstrated that this lack is another artifact caused by the short

coexistence of Homo sapiens and the large animal fauna in any specific locality. The length of

the evolutionary history of each megafaunal genus dwarfs the period when it coexisted with

humans in any given place, which explains the rarity of sites with direct evidences of man-

megafauna interactions (Barnosky 2004). Furthermore, the key to understanding these

extinctions lies not in the intensity of the hunting but in the vulnerability of the hunted. Large

animals, especially mammals, have very low fecundity, which makes them particularly

vulnerable even to moderate harvesting of their populations (Johnson 2002). Many

28

simulations have shown that paleolithic men were capable of exerting hunting pressures

strong enough to drive large mammal species to extinction in few thousands or even hundred

years (Alroy 2001, Diniz-Filho 2004, Johnson 2006), even when conservative estimates of

yield and human density were considered.

Even when the abovementioned results show a clear pattern of anthropogenic

extinctions over most of the globe, a final consideration about a methodological limitation of

the models generated in this work is in order. In the null model that tested human effects over

the extinct animals, the absolute chronological distances between HFADs and MLADs were

considered, regardless if the extinction occurred before or after man’s arrival. Of the 92

genera of megafauna extinct by anthropogenic causes or considered entangled, 14 show a

MLAD prior to human appearance, but in only 8 of these cases the HFAD is outside the

date’s standard error. These deviations are likely a result of fossil sampling biases (Signor &

Lipps 1982; see methods). Bootstrapping corrections would actually place the extinction of 2

out of the 5 deviated genera that occur in South America (Stegomastodon on Northern South

America and Mylodon on the Andean region) at a date that follows human arrival. The 3 other

deviated South American genera (Haplomastodon and Equus on Northern South America and

Haplomastodon on the Andean region) continue to precede human colonization, however.

The remaining 3 deviated genera elsewhere (Coelodonta on Bering, Euryapteryx on New

Zealand and Palorchestes on Tasmania) have MLADs very close to its respective regions’

HFADs (see Table 3), and would be likely corrected if bootstrapping could be exerted over

them. In any case, excluding these deviated dates from the results would do little to change

the overall patterns demonstrated across this dissertation, since the global approach shows

that these cases are but a noise within a much stronger signal.

When we place the extinction dates in chronological order (with the possible exception

of Eurasia, as mentioned before), we can see that they tell the story of human colonization of

29

each continent. The same happens with the islands that were never connected to any

continental mass during glacial periods (notably the Caribbean islands, Madagascar, New

Zealand and Wrangel), which had large animal faunas that survived until later because they

were protected by water barriers. This trend is often referred to as the Late Pleistocene

extinction wave, but when this view is broaden to encompass our modern biodiversity crisis,

the inaccuracy of this definition becomes clear. The demises of the megafauna on the last few

unexplored islands are well within historical period, and some actually post-date the first

written records of anthropogenic animal extinctions (Flannery & Shouten 2001). As history

goes, paleolithic men’s need for food led to the demise of demographically vulnerable

species. Now, after a few thousand years of technological advance, our much more efficient

exploitation of natural resources is destroying even more resilient taxa. That way, human-

induced extinctions on the late Quaternary form a single continuous wave, starting with men’s

departure from the African continent and persisting until this day.

Another consideration must be made about the ecological importance of so many

extinct megafaunal species. Large animals play a huge part on the characterization of the

habitats they live in, shaping the landscape around them and generating micro and

mesohabitats for smaller species (Janzen & Martin 1984, Dublin 1990, Zimov 2005, Doughty

et al. 2013). So, pinpointing specific ways in which today’s ecosystems are affected by the

loss of two thirds of its largest terrestrial vertebrates becomes a cumbersome task. Much of

the ecological communities’ structure, trophic relations and phytophysiognomies we see

today are the very consequence of the extirpation of so many megafaunal species that used to

roam the earth in a near past (Johnson 2009, Corlett 2013). Interestingly enough, this

perspective is not often taken into account. Ecological studies that refer to historically

defaunated and intact biotas commonly ignore the fact that most of today’s communities are

already impaired by the loss of the megafauna (Corlett 2013). Similarly, studies that

30

investigate extinction risk on threatened groups many times fail to consider species that are

already extinct, and thus can inform the most about the subject (Turvey & Fritz 2011). Our

baseline (basal state of reference) is skewed by the fact that scientific registries never actually

coexisted with truly pristine environments outside of Africa (Corlett 2013).

The results presented in this dissertation offer new quantitative support for a global

pattern that has been pointed out by many authors along the last decades (Martin 1967,

Johnson 2002, Lyons et al. 2004, Gillespie 2008); human beings were responsible for the

extinction of a great number of large animal genera through the late Pleistocene and the

Holocene. Such realization should prompt us to rescue the true baselines of our ecosystems

and communities, and to employ this knowledge in the assessment of our present day natural

world (Corlett 2013). After all, climatic changes and overhunting are still pressing

conservation problems, and understanding how these factors affected past extinctions holds

great value to our assessment of present and future extinctions, and, most importantly, on how

to avoid them.

31

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40

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX I

Supplementary Data

All dates gathered from literature that were ranked satisfactorily according to the

modified versions of the Mead-Meltzer scale (Tables 1 and 2, see Methods), along with

their results from calibration procedures, are compiled in the following tables (S1-S15).

Data is organized by landmass rather than geographical region (see Methods).

Human dates from the Caribbean, Madagascar and Wrangel were not tabled

because no reliable published anthropological dates were found in the consulted

literature. Thus, human arrival on each of these islands was set in accord to indirect

references (Steadman 2005 for the Caribbean, Burney 2004 for Madagascar and Guthrie

2004 for Wrangel). Human dates from Australia were also not tabled, because a broad

survey on the subject already existed in recent literature (Williams 2012), and its dates

were used as a database for anthropological dates on Australia.

a1

Tab

le S

1 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om S

outh

Am

eric

a th

at r

anke

d 11

or

12 o

n th

e m

odifi

ed M

ead-

Mel

tzer

scal

e (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

Gen

usSp

ecie

sL

atitu

deL

ongi

tude

14C

erro

r14

C (2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Cat

onyx

cuvi

eri

-19.

58-4

3.90

9960

4011

430

178

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)C

aton

yxcu

vier

i-1

9.58

-43.

9013

920

5016

990

199

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)C

aton

yxcu

vier

i-1

9.58

-43.

9014

030

5017

131

290

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)C

uvie

roni

ussp

.-4

1.50

-73.

4511

990

200

1406

871

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Cuv

iero

nius

sp.

-41.

50-7

3.45

1200

025

014

105

764

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)D

oedi

curu

scl

avic

auda

tus

-37.

00-6

1.00

7010

100

7837

174

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)D

oedi

curu

scl

avic

auda

tus

-37.

00-6

1.00

7460

8082

3318

0B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Doe

dicu

rus

clav

icau

datu

s-3

7.00

-61.

0075

1037

084

3581

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Doe

dicu

rus

clav

icau

datu

s-3

7.00

-61.

0072

9162

8127

157

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp.

-31.

60-7

1.00

1095

035

1280

314

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

usne

ogeu

s-3

8.18

-60.

5511

000

100

1288

322

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Equ

usne

ogeu

s-3

8.18

-60.

5511

320

110

1317

024

0B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Equ

usne

ogeu

s-3

8.18

-60.

5511

590

9013

473

208

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)E

quus

neog

eus

-19.

58-4

3.90

1662

070

1977

330

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Ere

mot

heri

umla

uril

lard

i-3

.30

-56.

0011

340

5013

221

108

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)G

loss

othe

rium

robu

stus

-38.

18-6

0.55

1224

011

014

349

529

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)G

loss

othe

rium

weg

neri

0.50

-78.

0012

350

7014

474

447

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

aplo

mas

todo

nw

arin

gi-3

.30

-56.

0015

290

7018

424

304

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

aplo

mas

todo

nch

imbo

razi

0.70

-78.

0016

670

8019

851

313

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-51.

47-7

2.60

1071

010

012

637

217

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-51.

47-7

2.60

1086

016

012

779

344

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-51.

40-7

2.50

1031

016

011

992

585

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-51.

40-7

2.50

1078

060

1270

113

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Hip

pidi

onsa

ldia

si-4

7.90

-67.

9010

925

6512

839

217

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

acra

uche

nia

sp.

-45.

20-7

1.50

1166

550

1352

816

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

8.18

-60.

5511

770

120

1360

925

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

8.18

-60.

5512

155

7014

002

209

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

egat

heri

umam

eric

anum

-38.

18-6

0.55

1220

017

014

345

610

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

egat

heri

umam

eric

anum

-38.

18-6

0.55

1207

357

1392

615

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

7.05

-61.

1077

5025

086

4460

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

7.05

-61.

1080

8020

089

7849

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

8.08

-59.

0210

440

100

1231

128

3B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

sp.

-45.

20-7

1.50

1125

530

1318

395

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

ylod

onsp

.-4

5.20

-71.

5011

265

3513

187

96L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

odon

sp.

-45.

20-7

1.50

1148

070

1332

615

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

a2

Myl

odon

sp.

-45.

20-7

1.50

1251

030

1464

941

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

odon

sp.

-51.

40-7

2.60

1282

511

015

435

693

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

ylod

onsp

.-3

1.60

-71.

0013

500

6516

636

263

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onsp

.-5

1.47

-72.

6012

720

300

1523

612

07B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

sp.

-51.

45-7

2.55

1363

050

1678

018

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

umm

aqui

nens

e-1

1.00

-41.

0012

200

120

1431

754

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Pal

eola

ma

sp.

-31.

60-7

1.00

1031

030

1217

919

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Pan

ther

aon

cam

esem

brin

a-5

3.60

-68.

8011

085

7012

932

205

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)Sm

ilod

onpo

pula

tor

-19.

58-4

3.90

9260

150

1061

645

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Smil

odon

popu

lato

r-1

9.58

-43.

9091

3015

010

247

456

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)Sm

ilod

onpo

pula

tor

-51.

45-7

2.55

1126

545

1318

911

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Smil

odon

popu

lato

r-5

1.45

-72.

5511

420

5013

281

125

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)T

oxod

onpl

aten

sis

-38.

18-6

0.55

1125

010

513

106

249

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)T

oxod

onpl

aten

sis

-38.

18-6

0.55

1175

070

1359

618

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Tox

odon

plat

ensi

s-2

4.90

-48.

1011

090

4012

946

172

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)T

oxod

onpl

aten

sis

-24.

90-4

8.10

1138

040

1324

811

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Glo

ssot

heri

umro

bust

us-3

8.18

-60.

5510

500

9012

357

250

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)G

lypt

odon

cf.c

lavi

pes

10.5

0-7

2.15

2550

060

030

202

1011

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)G

lypt

odon

cf.c

lavi

pes

10.5

0-7

2.15

2798

037

032

283

863

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-22.

36-6

8.92

2107

010

025

182

405

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-22.

36-6

8.92

2138

010

025

526

421

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

olm

esin

aoc

cide

ntal

is10

.50

-72.

1541

000

1300

4462

419

92B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Hol

mes

ina

occi

dent

alis

10.5

0-7

2.15

4260

025

0046

447

3554

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)A

rcto

ther

ium

sp.

-51.

60-7

1.50

1034

575

1217

934

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

usne

ogeu

s-1

9.58

-43.

9016

250

6019

262

317

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)E

quus

neog

eus

-19.

58-4

3.90

1618

070

1919

827

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Equ

usne

ogeu

s-3

8.20

-59.

0010

290

130

1198

457

2B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Glo

ssot

heri

umro

bust

us-2

8.20

-55.

5012

270

220

1441

967

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Glo

ssot

heri

umro

bust

us-2

8.20

-55.

5012

770

220

1526

610

76L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Hip

pidi

onsa

ldia

si-5

2.00

-69.

7011

210

5013

092

175

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-52.

00-6

9.70

1199

090

1371

523

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Hip

pidi

onsp

.-5

3.60

-68.

8010

685

7012

590

159

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)H

ippi

dion

sald

iasi

-53.

60-6

8.80

1254

070

1466

944

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Hip

pidi

onsp

.-3

4.75

-68.

4089

9090

1006

930

3B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Meg

athe

rium

amer

ican

um-3

8.00

-59.

0013

070

120

1582

866

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

sp.

-51.

40-7

2.60

1138

015

013

246

344

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

ylod

onsp

.-5

1.68

-70.

0310

295

6512

107

283

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

ylod

onsp

.-5

2.00

-69.

7012

165

8014

135

357

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a3

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1020

040

011

760

1076

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5510

400

330

1206

386

2B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1057

540

012

230

997

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5510

832

400

1243

110

27B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1088

030

012

683

698

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5511

775

480

1389

812

50B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1181

029

913

961

875

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5511

905

335

1405

091

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1202

046

014

247

1372

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5512

270

350

1447

811

19B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1228

548

014

790

1519

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5512

308

288

1445

097

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1244

015

014

568

544

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5512

496

148

1460

954

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1255

212

814

661

521

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5512

570

160

1475

270

0B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1287

010

015

551

621

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5512

984

7615

718

604

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5513

183

202

1595

577

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1326

111

516

091

691

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5513

470

189

1624

972

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1350

041

016

273

1253

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onda

rwin

ii-5

1.45

-72.

5513

500

470

1616

414

94B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

45-7

2.55

1356

019

016

350

726

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)M

ylod

onsp

.-5

1.40

-72.

5011

590

100

1348

022

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

odon

sp.

-51.

40-7

2.50

1105

060

1291

419

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

odon

sp.

-51.

40-7

2.50

1340

090

1637

550

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

odon

darw

inii

-51.

40-7

2.50

1299

049

015

452

1459

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)Sc

elid

othe

rium

chil

ensi

s-7

.50

-79.

3089

1020

010

014

481

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)Sc

elid

othe

rium

lept

ocep

halu

m-3

2.80

-64.

2075

5060

8324

125

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)St

egom

asto

don

war

ingi

11.4

0-7

3.00

1298

085

1572

161

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Steg

omas

todo

nw

arin

gi11

.40

-73.

0013

000

200

1580

283

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Steg

omas

todo

nw

arin

gi11

.40

-73.

0013

860

120

1703

633

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a4

Tab

le S

2 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om C

arib

bean

that

ran

ked

11 o

r 12

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Gen

usSp

ecie

sL

atitu

deL

ongi

tude

14C

erro

r14

C (2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Par

ocnu

sbr

owni

i22

.90

-82.

2549

6028

056

3666

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Meg

aloc

nus

rode

ns22

.89

-82.

3041

9040

4713

130

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

eocn

usco

mes

18.5

0-7

2.10

4391

4250

5720

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Neo

cnus

com

es18

.10

-74.

0044

8639

5138

160

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

eocn

usdo

usm

an19

.00

-70.

5071

4135

7946

71L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Par

ocnu

sbr

owni

i22

.89

-82.

2010

520

440

1209

611

96L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Par

ocnu

sbr

owni

i22

.89

-82.

2011

880

420

1401

311

27L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Neo

cnus

com

es18

.10

-72.

1061

6145

7081

150

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

eocn

usco

mes

18.1

0-7

4.00

6875

4777

1910

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Neo

cnus

com

es18

.10

-74.

0074

1151

8212

155

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

eocn

usco

mes

18.1

0-7

4.00

8326

5793

0416

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Neo

cnus

dous

man

18.1

0-7

2.10

9897

6511

404

203

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

aroc

nus

brow

nii

22.8

5-8

2.20

6250

5071

3913

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a5

Tab

le S

3 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om N

orth

Am

eric

a th

at r

anke

d 11

or

12 o

n th

e m

odifi

ed M

ead-

Mel

tzer

scal

e (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

Gen

usSp

ecie

sL

atitu

deL

ongi

tude

14C

erro

r14

C (2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Arc

todu

ssi

mus

39.5

0-1

11.3

010

870

7512

764

171

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.90

-83.

2011

480

6013

331

135

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.90

-83.

2011

570

7013

444

175

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.90

-83.

2011

570

5013

432

149

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.90

-83.

2011

610

9013

488

209

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us39

.10

-94.

9010

921

5012

790

155

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us39

.10

-94.

9011

688

5013

550

164

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us41

.00

-114

.10

1265

070

1486

459

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Arc

todu

ssi

mus

39.5

0-1

11.3

010

976

4012

865

199

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.60

-112

.00

1265

070

1486

459

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Arc

todu

ssi

mus

41.3

0-8

6.20

1150

052

013

594

1441

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)A

rcto

dus

sim

us40

.90

-83.

2011

566

4013

418

137

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

38.9

0-1

01.1

010

520

7012

379

235

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

38.6

0-9

2.20

1177

040

1360

615

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is56

.10

-120

.10

1034

015

012

050

547

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

occi

dent

alis

56.1

0-1

20.1

010

580

210

1234

459

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is56

.10

-120

.10

1060

016

012

426

417

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

34.1

0-1

01.6

091

1090

1025

230

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onan

tiqu

us42

.70

-106

.20

1014

017

011

816

570

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

occi

dent

alis

51.2

0-1

14.5

011

100

160

1296

830

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is51

.20

-114

.50

1137

017

013

237

392

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

occi

dent

alis

56.1

0-1

20.1

010

230

140

1193

658

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is56

.10

-120

.10

1075

018

012

617

471

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

preo

ccid

enta

lis

65.1

0-1

47.3

011

735

130

1357

926

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onpr

iscu

s65

.10

-147

.20

1198

013

513

805

337

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

51.0

0-1

14.0

011

300

290

1318

455

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is51

.30

-114

.50

1076

016

012

655

436

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

occi

dent

alis

39.5

0-1

05.1

089

5035

010

185

921

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

cras

sico

rnis

64.1

0-1

41.9

010

370

160

1206

255

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is51

.70

-113

.10

9630

300

1110

388

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is51

.70

-113

.10

9670

160

1105

853

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is40

.10

-99.

4011

020

635

1270

918

29L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onoc

cide

ntal

is40

.10

-99.

4011

363

865

1346

326

69L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

oncr

assi

corn

is67

.80

-139

.80

1191

018

013

758

419

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

cras

sico

rnis

67.8

0-1

39.8

012

275

180

1440

961

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

oncr

assi

corn

is67

.80

-139

.80

1246

022

014

634

807

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a6

Bis

oncr

assi

corn

is67

.80

-139

.80

1261

070

1472

748

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onan

tiqu

us34

.10

-118

.40

1227

577

514

773

2042

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

40.6

0-1

11.9

011

930

210

1390

861

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onal

leni

36.8

0-9

9.70

9160

160

1027

048

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onpr

eocc

iden

tali

s65

.10

-147

.30

1246

032

014

864

1192

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ison

anti

quus

30.3

0-8

3.90

9990

200

1159

578

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onan

tiqu

us30

.30

-83.

9011

170

130

1301

028

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Bis

onan

tiqu

us49

.90

-113

.90

1113

090

1298

324

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Boo

ther

ium

bom

bifr

ons

49.9

0-1

13.9

010

980

8012

876

210

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)B

ooth

eriu

mbo

mbi

fron

s40

.60

-112

.00

1169

019

013

554

369

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

amel

ops

sp.

42.7

0-1

06.2

011

190

5013

073

180

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

amel

ops

sp.

41.0

0-1

09.4

011

180

4513

061

175

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

amel

ops

hest

ernu

s39

.40

-114

.50

1139

060

1325

812

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cam

elop

ssp

.43

.30

-120

.40

9955

165

1148

060

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cam

elop

she

ster

nus

38.9

0-1

12.4

011

075

255

1294

550

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cas

toro

ides

ohio

ensi

s41

.30

-74.

3011

670

7013

536

189

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

asto

roid

esoh

ioen

sis

40.9

0-8

3.20

1085

060

1274

815

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cas

toro

ides

ohio

ensi

s44

.90

-93.

1010

320

250

1194

867

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

41.4

0-8

5.30

1142

070

1328

014

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

41.4

0-8

5.30

1162

070

1348

518

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

41.5

0-8

9.70

1140

550

1326

912

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

41.3

0-7

4.10

1218

060

1401

921

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

41.3

0-7

4.50

1103

015

012

916

289

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

erva

lces

scot

ti40

.20

-82.

3011

500

130

1338

927

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otii

40.9

0-8

3.20

1259

045

015

148

1460

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)C

erva

lces

scot

ii40

.90

-83.

2012

840

100

1551

462

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Cer

valc

essc

otti

40.9

0-8

3.20

1252

017

014

616

616

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp.

40.4

0-1

19.5

012

280

520

1481

715

95L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

ussp

.30

.10

-99.

5011

410

6013

273

133

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp.

49.2

0-1

12.1

011

180

150

1301

331

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

ussp

.29

.90

-91.

8097

0055

011

142

1463

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp.

67.1

0-1

40.8

012

290

440

1472

114

31L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

usla

mbe

i67

.10

-140

.80

1290

010

015

613

628

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp.

32.4

0-1

04.5

010

730

150

1260

345

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

ussp

.30

.30

-99.

9093

1031

010

456

857

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

fe

rus

64.8

0-1

48.0

012

510

130

1463

251

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

us

feru

s64

.80

-148

.00

1258

014

014

755

661

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

sp

.40

.40

-119

.50

1121

050

1309

217

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

us

sp.

40.4

0-1

19.5

011

350

4013

225

102

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

fe

rus

64.9

0-1

47.6

012

560

140

1466

055

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a7

Equ

us

sp.

42.9

0-1

20.7

011

130

4012

984

175

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

co

nver

side

ns50

.00

-110

.50

1087

045

1275

714

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

us

sp.

41.0

0-1

09.4

011

530

5013

379

126

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

fe

rus

65.1

0-1

47.3

012

482

8014

613

451

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)E

quus

co

nver

side

ns49

.90

-113

.90

1133

070

1322

613

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

us

sp.

50.1

0-1

10.7

011

280

200

1311

944

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Equ

us

sp.

34.1

0-1

18.4

010

940

510

1254

512

62L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Euc

erat

heri

umsp

.40

.20

-119

.50

1195

050

1381

315

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Euc

erat

heri

umco

llin

um37

.30

-110

.80

1163

015

013

507

293

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)G

loss

othe

rium

harl

ani

45.3

0-1

18.1

011

030

800

1283

722

62L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um40

.00

-82.

5011

390

8013

261

148

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-8

9.00

1078

060

1270

113

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-89.

0010

910

6012

784

167

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-8

9.00

1114

060

1298

720

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

sp.

42.9

0-7

6.90

1084

060

1274

214

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

sp.

42.9

0-7

6.90

1163

080

1349

919

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.80

-85.

6010

920

190

1283

739

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.10

-85.

0011

770

110

1361

123

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-78.

2010

630

8012

556

165

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-7

8.20

1079

070

1271

614

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-78.

2011

070

7012

922

203

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-7

8.20

1110

080

1294

522

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-78.

2011

390

8013

261

148

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-7

8.20

1070

580

1261

218

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-78.

2010

810

5012

719

137

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.0

0-7

8.20

1099

010

012

879

223

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

40.2

0-8

2.30

1139

080

1326

114

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.00

-86.

0098

6340

1127

773

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

41.0

0-8

6.00

1003

240

1154

121

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.00

-86.

0010

055

4011

575

229

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

41.4

0-7

4.00

1100

080

1288

520

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.50

-74.

1010

080

160

1179

158

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

sp.

30.1

0-8

4.00

1052

013

012

350

322

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

40.0

0-8

2.50

1086

070

1275

616

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.60

-82.

2089

1015

099

5941

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.80

-85.

6011

320

140

1315

530

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

sp.

40.8

0-8

0.90

1088

050

1276

414

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

sp.

40.8

0-8

0.90

1095

040

1280

615

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um43

.00

-78.

2010

850

140

1282

226

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um39

.20

-78.

1011

550

165

1344

032

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a8

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um39

.50

-111

.30

1080

025

012

643

597

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

42.0

0-7

3.50

1148

060

1333

113

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.10

-73.

3011

520

655

1352

620

18L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.10

-86.

5010

115

205

1185

766

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.10

-86.

5010

325

160

1199

959

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.10

-86.

5011

185

270

1309

050

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.00

-85.

8011

160

9013

016

244

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

40.2

0-8

2.30

1086

070

1275

616

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.50

-88.

6010

995

110

1288

123

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um41

.50

-74.

5010

970

4012

861

200

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

42.0

0-8

5.90

1122

031

013

153

594

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

utam

eric

anum

43.4

0-8

4.80

9990

350

1157

999

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

amer

ican

um42

.60

-82.

0011

380

170

1325

239

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

19.3

0-9

9.00

1110

080

1294

522

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

011

870

140

1370

830

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

090

210

1417

371

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

51.0

0-1

10.1

010

930

100

1285

222

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

67.1

0-1

40.8

012

845

250

1536

611

30L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

39.1

0-9

4.90

1236

011

014

498

503

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.39

.10

-94.

9012

640

6014

839

571

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.42

.20

-71.

1010

930

315

1271

872

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

64.3

0-1

46.1

011

540

140

1342

928

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

68.9

0-1

66.2

011

910

130

1373

429

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

65.5

0-1

68.0

012

440

130

1456

751

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

65.1

0-1

47.3

012

337

108

1447

050

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

65.1

0-1

47.3

012

476

8114

607

451

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sco

lum

bi43

.95

-108

.00

1079

030

1268

410

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

43.9

5-1

08.0

010

950

3012

802

142

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.64

.00

-139

.00

1186

012

013

691

269

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.64

.00

-145

.80

1154

014

013

429

287

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.40

.00

-104

.90

1059

050

012

113

1315

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sco

lum

bi40

.00

-104

.90

1094

060

1285

021

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

940

3012

796

138

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.40

.00

-104

.90

1095

048

012

588

1194

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sco

lum

bi40

.00

-104

.90

1096

070

1286

420

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

40.0

0-1

04.9

011

065

3512

930

173

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.35

.30

-98.

0010

690

640

1221

016

20L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

35.3

0-9

8.00

1082

027

012

644

640

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.35

.30

-98.

0011

010

710

1279

520

38L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

35.3

0-9

8.00

1148

045

013

627

1209

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a9

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

35.3

0-9

8.00

1081

042

012

404

1057

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sco

lum

bi35

.30

-98.

0010

860

450

1248

711

33L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

35.3

0-9

8.00

1096

030

1280

814

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

35.3

0-9

8.00

1148

045

013

627

1209

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.65

.00

-147

.60

1242

917

814

549

597

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.70

.80

-155

.80

1250

814

514

621

540

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.42

.90

-76.

9010

890

5012

771

147

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.64

.80

-156

.90

1150

016

013

417

325

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.65

.00

-147

.60

1212

388

1398

423

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

65.0

0-1

47.6

012

576

147

1475

367

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

42.5

0-8

8.00

1248

060

1461

043

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

42.5

0-8

8.00

1252

050

1465

643

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

43.0

0-7

8.20

1081

050

1271

913

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

39.5

0-1

11.3

011

220

110

1305

626

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

69.9

0-1

54.8

012

190

130

1431

355

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

69.9

0-1

54.8

012

490

170

1459

959

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

43.4

0-1

02.5

010

710

130

1255

337

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

43.4

0-1

02.5

011

110

4012

962

170

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sco

lum

bi46

.50

-106

.00

1217

540

1402

115

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

46.5

0-1

06.0

012

330

5014

455

437

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.42

.50

-81.

7012

130

8013

985

212

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sex

ilis

34.0

0-1

20.0

011

030

5012

904

189

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sex

ilis

34.0

0-1

20.0

012

840

410

1537

813

55L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

exil

is34

.00

-120

.00

1284

041

015

378

1355

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.42

.60

-88.

0012

310

6014

434

455

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.64

.30

-146

.00

1206

070

1392

417

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

66.0

0-1

40.0

011

990

130

1381

333

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

39.0

0-1

09.5

012

800

370

1533

913

08L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

36.5

0-9

9.10

1199

017

013

947

546

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1167

030

013

498

732

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1185

016

013

694

336

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1262

022

014

954

965

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1290

016

015

681

808

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1232

016

014

446

580

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1239

012

014

527

509

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1239

014

014

527

538

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1240

025

014

602

860

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1243

015

014

561

545

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1243

030

014

767

1099

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.37

.30

-110

.80

1247

014

014

591

528

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a10

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

570

100

1468

448

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

570

130

1467

153

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

610

140

1480

567

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

620

130

1481

165

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

012

880

140

1565

375

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

013

040

280

1573

510

60L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.3

0-1

10.8

013

505

580

1603

817

97L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

43.9

5-1

08.0

010

864

141

1282

626

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

43.9

5-1

08.0

011

200

220

1304

441

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

63.6

0-1

56.0

012

980

250

1567

410

32L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

38.3

0-1

10.2

011

020

180

1292

532

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

38.3

0-1

10.2

011

810

140

1365

529

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

38.3

0-1

10.2

012

070

210

1415

671

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

38.3

0-1

10.2

012

320

160

1444

658

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

40.0

0-1

04.9

011

200

500

1281

514

01L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

50.0

0-1

14.1

011

170

6013

052

202

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.35

.30

-98.

0011

200

500

1281

514

01L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

35.3

0-9

8.00

1122

050

012

983

1477

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.41

.90

-88.

0013

130

350

1573

211

70L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

39.6

0-1

02.3

011

710

150

1356

628

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

44.5

0-6

3.60

1227

060

1438

247

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

29.9

0-8

2.00

9840

190

1134

463

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

39.5

0-1

11.3

010

800

250

1264

359

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

51.8

0-1

14.6

010

240

325

1177

695

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

colu

mbi

39.4

0-1

05.0

010

200

350

1173

896

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

50.8

0-1

08.1

012

000

200

1408

671

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

39.5

0-1

05.1

011

735

9513

587

211

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.39

.50

-105

.10

1314

010

0015

825

2642

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.43

.40

-102

.50

1073

053

012

409

1317

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.40

.60

-100

.60

1209

095

1396

023

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

jeff

erso

nii

43.0

0-8

4.00

1148

040

013

526

979

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sim

pera

tor

46.5

0-1

06.0

011

500

8013

368

195

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.42

.20

-80.

2012

210

120

1432

554

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

67.8

0-1

39.8

013

820

840

1637

322

35L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

43.0

0-1

16.5

010

920

150

1284

727

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

43.0

0-1

16.5

012

250

200

1439

964

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

56.0

0-1

20.0

011

600

1000

1393

728

34L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

41.8

0-8

6.50

8260

300

9268

845

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.38

.90

-109

.30

1035

011

012

165

394

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s43

.50

-81.

0010

790

150

1274

933

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a11

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

40.5

0-1

11.9

088

1510

098

6930

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

exil

is34

.00

-120

.00

1180

080

014

239

2397

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.52

.20

-106

.60

1200

032

014

151

882

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.39

.50

-119

.90

1044

049

012

007

1243

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sje

ffer

soni

i43

.60

-83.

0096

8050

011

168

1390

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.65

.80

-163

.20

1136

010

013

213

232

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

ssp

.44

.20

-84.

1011

280

7013

145

185

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

amm

uthu

sim

pera

tor

51.3

0-1

07.7

010

600

140

1241

235

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Mam

mut

hus

sp.

37.5

0-1

11.9

012

010

160

1395

853

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Meg

alon

yx je

ffer

soni

i41

.50

-89.

7011

430

6013

289

135

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

egal

onyx

jeff

erso

nii

41.5

0-8

9.70

1148

540

1334

610

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Meg

alon

yx je

ffer

soni

i41

.50

-89.

7011

530

7013

412

172

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)M

egal

onyx

jeff

erso

nii

41.5

0-8

9.70

1171

080

1357

019

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Myl

ohyu

sna

sutu

s40

.90

-83.

2011

860

4013

669

180

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

32.0

0-1

07.0

011

606

5013

464

160

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

32.0

0-1

07.0

011

080

200

1295

935

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.50

-112

.00

1095

070

1285

821

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

sp.

31.8

0-1

04.8

010

670

140

1251

037

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

sp.

31.8

0-1

04.8

010

750

140

1264

942

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

sp.

31.8

0-1

04.8

010

760

150

1265

643

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

sp.

31.8

0-1

04.8

011

020

180

1292

532

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

sp.

31.8

0-1

04.8

011

590

230

1345

148

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.20

-114

.80

1100

510

012

885

225

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.2

0-1

14.8

011

080

9012

927

229

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.2

0-1

14.8

011

360

260

1321

552

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.20

-114

.80

1169

025

013

603

527

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.0

0-1

13.8

010

650

220

1245

863

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.00

-113

.80

1106

024

012

978

430

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.0

0-1

13.8

011

140

160

1298

831

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.00

-113

.80

1129

017

013

099

365

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.0

0-1

13.8

011

610

6013

472

172

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.0

0-1

13.8

011

810

7013

634

186

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

34.7

0-1

16.6

011

600

500

1376

713

32L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1040

027

512

001

740

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.1

0-1

13.9

010

500

180

1223

550

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1078

020

012

627

486

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.1

0-1

13.9

011

000

140

1288

727

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1102

020

012

932

348

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.1

0-1

13.9

011

370

300

1322

857

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1148

020

013

350

424

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a12

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1205

040

014

276

1181

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

36.1

0-1

13.9

012

440

300

1478

210

89L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.10

-113

.90

1247

017

014

585

584

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

32.1

0-1

06.5

011

330

370

1322

279

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e32

.10

-106

.50

1233

019

014

456

619

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

ssh

aste

nse

32.1

0-1

06.5

012

430

250

1463

286

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.20

-114

.80

1136

026

013

215

521

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

s sh

aste

nse

36.0

0-1

13.8

011

140

160

1298

831

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e36

.00

-113

.80

1129

017

013

099

365

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

s sh

aste

nse

36.1

0-1

13.9

011

140

250

1302

245

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e32

.00

-103

.00

1075

014

012

649

421

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

s sh

aste

nse

32.0

0-1

03.0

010

780

140

1274

332

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e32

.00

-103

.00

1106

018

012

948

324

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

s sh

aste

nse

32.0

0-1

03.0

011

590

230

1345

148

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e31

.10

-102

.70

1114

032

013

067

664

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)N

othr

othe

riop

s sh

aste

nse

31.1

0-1

02.7

011

930

170

1377

740

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Not

hrot

heri

ops

shas

tens

e31

.10

-102

.70

1210

021

014

184

712

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

alae

olam

am

irif

ica

30.1

0-8

4.00

1239

050

1451

542

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

Pla

tygo

nus

com

pres

sus

42.0

0-1

11.8

011

340

5013

221

108

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s41

.30

-74.

3012

160

8014

128

355

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s41

.30

-74.

3012

220

6014

185

336

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s41

.30

-74.

3012

430

7014

564

441

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s40

.90

-83.

2011

060

6012

920

193

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s40

.90

-83.

2011

130

6012

975

202

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)P

laty

gonu

sco

mpr

essu

s42

.30

-83.

6010

790

150

1274

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odon

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Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

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ilod

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027

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Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

)Sm

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513

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Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

)Sm

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026

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Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

)Sm

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Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

)Sm

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tali

s34

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-118

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1220

020

014

354

669

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)T

apir

usve

roen

sis

34.4

0-7

7.80

1250

010

2015

059

2651

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)U

rsus

am

eric

anus

55.8

0-1

33.0

086

0060

9590

107

Lim

a-R

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ro (

2012

)U

rsus

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eric

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55.8

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087

2570

9828

289

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a13

Tab

le S

4 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om E

uras

ia th

at r

anke

d 11

or

12 o

n th

e m

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ed M

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Mel

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e (s

ee M

etho

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able

1).

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54.0

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072

870

Jaco

bi e

t al 2

006

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.0

0-4

.00

4270

021

0046

561

3281

Hig

ham

et a

l 200

6M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.55

-4.2

521

710

120

2610

755

4Ja

cobi

& H

igha

m 2

008

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

5-4

.25

2221

016

026

870

713

Jaco

bi &

Hig

ham

200

8M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s47

.04

18.1

813

315

3516

232

579

Kov

acs

2012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

46.0

018

.09

1776

020

021

024

598

Kov

acs

2012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.0

010

3.50

1201

585

1388

120

9K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

74.8

310

6.00

1205

015

013

993

526

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s54

.50

80.2

012

520

150

1462

655

6K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.2

513

2.67

1252

025

014

831

1012

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s69

.00

147.

3012

530

6014

663

438

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s67

.38

67.8

712

535

8014

662

455

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s69

.00

147.

3012

570

8014

693

459

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s50

.50

72.7

512

570

400

1511

113

77K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.0

015

9.00

1263

050

1488

534

1K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.0

017

9.00

1275

050

1517

740

7K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.5

514

9.05

1285

011

015

559

673

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.00

69.0

012

860

9015

516

581

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.33

92.4

712

860

175

1552

591

5K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

46.7

813

4.03

1290

041

015

430

1344

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s69

.78

168.

0012

950

130

1572

468

1K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.0

017

9.00

1298

080

1571

660

7K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

58.0

569

.50

1314

010

015

892

667

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s70

.55

149.

0513

205

150

1596

773

2K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.9

292

.33

1326

016

016

023

749

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.10

92.5

013

260

250

1600

382

8K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.1

092

.50

1331

014

016

132

702

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s75

.30

105.

0013

340

240

1604

981

7K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.1

092

.50

1335

060

1626

657

8K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

61.0

368

.63

1343

010

516

388

511

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04

a17

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.8

310

6.75

1356

040

1671

120

5K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.5

080

.20

1360

023

016

368

824

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.00

74.4

013

600

160

1653

155

4K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.1

092

.50

1365

070

1679

120

5K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.0

074

.40

1365

017

016

636

543

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s71

.00

145.

0013

700

800

1633

221

83K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.0

013

8.00

1370

010

016

827

240

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s44

.15

131.

7813

750

780

1637

221

48K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.1

092

.50

1393

080

1706

930

0K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

68.8

870

.75

1394

017

017

124

389

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s69

.78

168.

0014

000

120

1713

833

0K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

69.7

816

8.00

1412

017

017

243

416

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s54

.50

80.2

014

200

150

1730

342

1K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.5

080

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1428

028

517

420

622

Kuz

min

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a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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4214

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332

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s66

.30

-170

.00

1438

070

1749

934

4K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.1

569

.00

1440

080

1751

635

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uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

58.0

768

.19

1451

019

517

753

693

Kuz

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

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.00

103.

5014

750

120

1804

646

5K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

74.5

310

0.50

1539

050

1865

413

4K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

79.9

094

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1927

030

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722

Kuz

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04M

amm

uthu

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92.0

020

100

300

2406

677

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uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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igen

ius

55.2

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353

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min

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a 20

04M

amm

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139.

7320

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150

2399

443

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uzm

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ova

2004

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mut

hus

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igen

ius

57.7

583

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2014

024

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657

Kuz

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04M

amm

uthu

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.05

90.0

020

200

100

2413

230

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uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

53.0

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3.50

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259

771

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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8220

380

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2433

544

6K

uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

73.5

310

5.82

2039

016

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360

479

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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111.

8320

400

100

2433

741

8K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.0

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418

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04M

amm

uthu

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.64

88.0

020

480

180

2444

450

4K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

45.5

012

6.33

2058

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595

1588

Kuz

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

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99.3

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04M

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uthu

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s59

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62.2

520

630

220

2454

857

3K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

53.0

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3.50

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692

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min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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.64

88.0

020

770

560

2482

914

32K

uzm

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ova

2004

a18

Mam

mut

hus

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74.0

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3.00

2080

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828

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uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

53.0

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2080

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343

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04M

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.00

103.

5020

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140

2477

938

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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53.0

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3.50

2080

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864

556

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a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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.00

103.

5020

900

200

2497

457

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uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

75.2

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4.00

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865

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Kuz

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04M

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5820

910

1000

2514

325

54K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

74.2

710

1.58

2095

019

025

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567

Kuz

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

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.00

103.

5021

000

110

2505

045

4K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

53.0

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3.50

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015

025

211

543

Kuz

min

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04M

amm

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.00

103.

5021

100

140

2521

451

7K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

70.0

012

5.00

2126

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Kuz

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04M

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.00

103.

5021

300

300

2539

183

5K

uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

53.0

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3.50

2130

011

025

461

419

Kuz

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a 20

04M

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161.

0021

300

400

2554

810

91K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.6

488

.00

2130

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025

558

1132

Kuz

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04M

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5021

340

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2554

665

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uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

53.0

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3.50

2140

011

025

545

436

Kuz

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04M

amm

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spr

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133.

0021

500

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2588

619

65K

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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ius

52.7

210

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2152

015

525

665

529

Kuz

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s53

.00

103.

5021

600

200

2586

775

5K

uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.4

515

0.55

2160

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867

755

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04M

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129.

4221

630

240

2590

277

8K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

53.0

010

3.50

2170

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642

Kuz

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04M

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.00

159.

1521

750

150

2614

658

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uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

72.4

010

6.00

2200

020

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632

834

Kuz

min

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04M

amm

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spr

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102.

0022

090

150

2670

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2K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.6

488

.00

2224

018

526

897

733

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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.64

88.0

022

290

125

2691

968

1K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.6

488

.00

2250

028

027

083

828

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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s79

.52

96.9

224

910

200

2983

643

2K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.0

010

3.50

2570

026

030

397

652

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s43

.11

128.

9126

560

550

3110

491

9K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.8

315

0.00

2668

020

031

168

228

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s73

.65

143.

1326

860

290

3126

533

2K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

68.4

515

0.45

2860

030

033

152

1252

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s75

.26

144.

0028

650

350

3321

312

22K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.3

011

2.00

2867

060

033

108

1438

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04

a19

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.4

385

.35

2873

099

533

117

1846

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s75

.15

98.0

028

800

600

3318

414

28K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.3

586

.21

2887

060

033

229

1421

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s44

.76

126.

5328

880

1220

3365

325

43K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.4

010

6.00

2890

030

033

576

962

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s75

.30

140.

0029

020

190

3379

769

1K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.2

514

4.00

2910

040

033

662

1006

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.25

144.

0029

100

1000

3371

323

81K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

67.1

068

.00

2930

030

033

926

713

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s72

.15

113.

3029

400

400

3392

785

6K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.1

296

.03

2950

030

034

040

690

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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s64

.00

126.

0029

500

3000

3456

561

73K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

67.3

511

6.00

2960

050

034

037

1031

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.26

144.

0029

700

250

3420

063

8K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

69.1

869

.88

2970

010

0034

096

2230

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s71

.83

150.

0029

900

300

3437

469

5K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.0

710

6.83

2999

028

034

534

600

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.55

118.

5030

000

300

3450

665

0K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

015

9.75

3000

030

034

506

650

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s70

.30

77.3

030

250

1800

3493

636

95K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.0

011

7.01

3060

012

4034

980

2928

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.60

100.

5030

850

200

3554

872

1K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.0

710

6.83

3089

029

035

565

727

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.22

143.

5831

000

1000

3558

523

06K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.8

710

8.15

3106

053

035

642

906

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s66

.30

173.

7031

100

900

3562

020

41K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

66.3

017

3.70

3137

090

036

460

1987

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.26

144.

0031

400

300

3583

269

7K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.0

012

5.00

3150

020

0036

122

4337

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s42

.87

133.

0031

500

980

3643

922

11K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

69.6

016

4.80

3153

042

035

886

831

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s42

.87

133.

0031

550

600

3602

612

21K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.5

210

5.08

3158

024

035

933

665

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s74

.00

100.

0831

580

330

3591

074

2K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

67.1

515

7.30

3175

025

0036

383

4947

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.50

112.

0031

800

500

3621

511

73K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.0

011

2.00

3190

030

036

161

841

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s75

.30

105.

0032

000

200

3628

164

8K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

a20

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

74.5

010

2.63

3200

050

036

465

1356

Kuz

min

& O

rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s66

.30

173.

7032

000

3000

3666

556

33K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.3

014

2.00

3203

011

7037

010

2537

Kuz

min

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rlov

a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s67

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67.8

732

090

480

3657

713

90K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

73.3

014

2.00

3210

090

036

812

1901

Kuz

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04M

amm

uthu

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101.

1332

200

800

3686

317

79K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

72.4

010

6.00

3230

040

036

988

1388

Kuz

min

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rlov

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04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s49

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117.

5832

430

1700

3732

136

89K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

74.5

310

0.50

3253

027

037

266

789

Kuz

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a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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133.

0032

570

1510

3773

332

27K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.6

786

.83

3260

070

037

139

1731

Kuz

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04M

amm

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101.

5832

600

280

3744

591

8K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

73.0

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3.00

3275

028

037

527

878

Kuz

min

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04M

amm

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spr

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173.

7032

810

720

3733

918

18K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

74.4

310

7.58

3284

029

037

589

887

Kuz

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04M

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uthu

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166.

0032

850

900

3741

921

80K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

66.3

017

3.70

3289

012

0037

713

2669

Kuz

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a 20

04M

amm

uthu

spr

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s42

.87

133.

0033

000

1000

3772

924

14K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.2

214

3.58

3310

020

0037

859

4034

Kuz

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& O

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a 20

04M

amm

uthu

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133.

0033

420

460

3796

611

71K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.3

077

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3350

010

0038

589

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Kuz

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150.

0033

600

500

3822

413

95K

uzm

in &

Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

68.4

515

0.45

3380

050

038

588

1496

Kuz

min

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04M

amm

uthu

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128.

9134

310

1850

3874

235

35K

uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

72.2

512

7.00

3445

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902

4746

Kuz

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uthu

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3335

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2000

3956

339

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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72.2

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7.00

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2354

Kuz

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04M

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85.3

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2700

3985

448

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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72.0

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946

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6038

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4287

863

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uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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54.1

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200

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4341

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53K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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56.3

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0.00

3960

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0043

681

2300

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04M

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.00

127.

6039

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4395

054

44K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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45.0

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7.60

4020

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272

5729

Kuz

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2040

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4503

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12K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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50.0

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8.27

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5926

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5041

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1500

4484

124

83K

uzm

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ova

2004

a21

Mam

mut

hus

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72.4

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4140

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580

1190

4509

219

94K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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71.2

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0.30

4175

012

9045

382

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0041

900

800

4534

211

88K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

59.0

064

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4190

080

045

342

1188

Kuz

min

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04M

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153.

4542

400

800

4574

713

48K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

73.3

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1.38

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013

0046

545

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Kuz

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3042

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800

4619

815

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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53.0

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Kuz

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107.

5843

160

1280

4687

723

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uzm

in &

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

73.0

011

9.00

4320

040

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262

864

Kuz

min

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04M

amm

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s74

.05

93.1

043

500

1000

4706

620

41K

uzm

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Orl

ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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ius

74.4

210

7.58

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2041

Kuz

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04M

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93.5

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580

8800

4053

094

70K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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68.4

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1.15

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080

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139

1773

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4753

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65K

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

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70.8

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171

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.00

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4820

717

93K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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69.0

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0048

494

1506

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s74

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4836

016

41K

uzm

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ova

2004

Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

75.0

014

9.00

9650

6010

988

213

Kuz

min

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spr

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s60

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44.4

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1143

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53K

uzm

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010

Mam

mut

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60.9

568

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1021

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511

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Kuz

min

201

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s59

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311

080

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6K

uzm

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Mam

mut

hus

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54.6

780

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1109

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012

949

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Kuz

min

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spr

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s60

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68.5

311

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380

1321

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4K

uzm

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Mam

mut

hus

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60.9

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122

7K

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Mam

mut

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72.1

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4.00

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72.3

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68.4

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1862

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1879

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64.4

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1949

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.92

92.3

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1961

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s53

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1964

116

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amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.24

62.3

416

320

450

1951

890

6L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.30

105.

0016

330

100

1942

144

7L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.70

36.0

016

565

270

1966

368

6L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.24

62.3

416

700

240

1989

047

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.70

36.0

016

960

420

2037

598

2L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.38

62.3

317

050

160

2027

668

4L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.85

86.6

817

100

390

2039

792

4L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.92

92.3

317

200

230

2045

281

3L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.01

86.3

217

220

245

2046

883

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s57

.23

112.

2517

290

100

2067

044

3L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s42

.17

2.74

1732

029

020

654

756

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

44.1

513

1.78

1740

015

020

780

487

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.2

211

1.83

1745

010

020

813

435

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.1

175

.46

1750

030

020

821

729

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

186

.32

1760

050

020

913

1306

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.3

011

2.00

1761

020

020

931

534

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

42.1

72.

7417

720

290

2112

080

8L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s70

.00

125.

0017

780

8021

052

470

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.5

080

.20

1780

010

021

056

483

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.2

762

.33

1781

032

021

231

869

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

54.2

569

.73

1793

010

021

395

353

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.2

6-3

.37

1800

014

0021

729

3195

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

a23

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

49.6

331

.40

1802

060

021

593

1616

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.6

488

.00

1804

017

521

635

549

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

065

.92

1805

095

2163

638

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s49

.42

20.1

718

160

260

2171

866

2L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.60

100.

4818

190

6021

758

324

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

61.0

568

.57

1825

011

0021

876

2543

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.2

739

.45

1830

020

021

868

464

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

65.0

257

.38

1832

028

021

855

619

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.2

614

4.00

1850

012

021

981

408

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.8

588

.05

1858

024

022

184

734

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.3

062

.38

1860

023

022

196

727

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.2

092

.05

1860

020

0022

689

4858

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.4

011

9.00

1868

012

022

115

500

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.8

533

.23

1869

077

022

252

1888

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.0

011

9.00

1870

010

022

302

289

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.1

591

.10

1893

032

022

558

901

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.0

763

.57

1899

034

022

650

916

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

50.5

529

.23

1900

030

022

717

831

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.2

939

.00

1901

012

022

792

492

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.6

488

.00

1919

031

022

961

742

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.5

827

.50

1920

020

022

913

542

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

45.8

228

.58

1920

035

022

987

840

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

49.6

331

.40

1928

060

022

961

1428

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.4

4-2

.83

1930

070

023

067

1678

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

44.3

88.

9819

400

230

2310

664

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s53

.55

92.0

019

500

200

2320

661

6L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s39

.89

-98.

0319

530

8023

198

508

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

79.9

094

.58

1964

033

023

389

870

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.5

592

.00

1970

020

023

410

727

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.3

862

.33

1971

020

523

431

744

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

033

.27

1980

035

023

529

915

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.2

939

.00

1986

020

023

780

565

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.0

010

3.50

1990

080

023

809

2015

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

73.5

310

5.82

1991

013

023

809

423

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.0

590

.00

1996

080

2384

837

5L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s79

.47

96.7

519

970

110

2386

340

4L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.55

-4.2

419

980

220

2388

354

6L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s75

.00

138.

0019

990

110

2388

340

4L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1

a24

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.0

0-1

79.0

020

000

110

2389

340

3L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s71

.00

-179

.00

2240

030

027

022

862

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

71.0

0-1

79.0

022

400

200

2701

174

5L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

022

410

200

2702

074

5L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

022

450

200

2705

475

5L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s57

.30

112.

0022

480

420

2703

310

81L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

022

500

280

2708

382

8L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.55

-4.2

422

620

340

2715

892

1L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

022

700

250

2736

972

1L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

022

750

160

2742

656

6L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s74

.03

100.

0022

750

150

2742

855

8L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

022

760

250

2741

471

2L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.39

39.0

422

780

250

2742

971

4L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s57

.68

62.2

022

860

410

2740

410

93L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s53

.00

103.

5022

900

240

2755

673

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

022

990

170

2765

771

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

023

010

300

2767

580

5L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s64

.94

-147

.65

2301

544

927

491

1183

Lor

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n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

50.0

719

.95

2302

018

027

699

739

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

50.0

719

.95

2304

017

027

719

743

Lor

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n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

67.3

511

6.00

2310

020

027

754

763

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

48.3

215

.40

2318

012

028

084

381

Lor

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n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

64.9

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47.6

523

222

453

2794

511

85L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

023

260

420

2795

211

15L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.42

39.0

023

260

680

2784

416

13L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s61

.00

77.0

023

300

500

2803

612

56L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.64

88.0

023

330

110

2817

733

9L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s73

.06

102.

1623

500

300

2842

671

9L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.00

101.

3023

600

200

2838

451

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

023

640

320

2855

672

2L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s54

.87

70.5

023

670

410

2857

987

1L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s55

.12

84.2

423

760

245

2862

663

1L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.58

27.5

023

770

1540

2801

631

96L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.29

39.0

023

770

200

2862

159

0L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s74

.50

102.

0023

800

400

2866

679

9L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s43

.00

33.0

023

800

150

2863

254

1L

oren

zen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s64

.87

-146

.84

2380

848

728

622

1042

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.2

614

4.00

2394

015

028

819

475

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

a25

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

50.0

719

.95

2398

028

028

812

634

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.5

013

4.23

2400

011

0028

557

2353

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

66.0

067

.00

2400

015

0028

171

3083

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

5-4

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2414

040

028

865

858

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.5

010

0.50

2417

011

028

961

422

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.2

510

9.75

2425

011

029

015

430

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

55.9

087

.95

2436

015

029

067

457

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.6

385

.67

2440

065

029

205

1286

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.4

712

8.42

2440

065

029

205

1286

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

63.8

023

.48

2445

038

529

324

869

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.2

939

.00

2450

045

029

345

948

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.2

311

2.25

2460

073

029

404

1411

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

47.6

531

.10

2460

015

029

486

567

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

50.5

072

.75

2465

030

529

452

787

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.3

090

.40

2465

034

029

438

819

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

74.0

310

0.00

2490

050

029

618

1051

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

79.5

296

.92

2496

021

029

861

432

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

53.3

334

.12

2496

040

029

716

893

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.4

512

8.11

2504

020

029

896

415

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

72.5

087

.00

2510

050

029

881

1044

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.2

614

4.00

2518

015

029

957

393

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

75.2

614

4.00

2520

018

029

969

420

Lor

enze

n et

al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

70.4

513

1.00

2530

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1112

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56.8

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749

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mut

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64.4

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oren

zen

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l 201

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s68

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71.0

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zen

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73.6

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71.0

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73.3

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48.3

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Nad

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Nad

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Nad

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Mam

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52.0

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Nad

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Mam

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52.0

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Nad

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imig

eniu

s52

.00

20.0

023

540

150

2828

736

2N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2375

015

028

544

527

Nad

acho

wsk

i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s52

.00

20.0

023

750

150

2854

452

7N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2375

014

028

526

509

Nad

acho

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i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s52

.00

20.0

023

770

160

2859

254

8N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2379

016

028

623

551

Nad

acho

wsk

i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.00

20.0

024

000

300

2881

665

2N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2424

016

029

007

456

Nad

acho

wsk

i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.00

20.0

024

460

160

2910

249

4N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2447

015

029

112

486

Nad

acho

wsk

i et a

l 201

1

a29

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2460

017

029

490

631

Nad

acho

wsk

i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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.00

20.0

024

625

180

2953

663

1N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2470

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029

682

527

Nad

acho

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i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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.00

20.0

024

850

200

2979

745

4N

adac

how

ski e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2498

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029

871

418

Nad

acho

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

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.00

20.0

025

000

200

2987

941

6N

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how

ski e

t al 2

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Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2522

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029

985

445

Nad

acho

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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.00

20.0

025

300

300

3009

860

6N

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how

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t al 2

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Mam

mut

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ius

52.0

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2565

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394

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Nad

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l 201

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910

160

3069

333

0N

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how

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52.0

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2691

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267

183

Nad

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l 201

1M

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uthu

spr

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.00

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940

180

3128

921

5N

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how

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Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

52.0

020

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2744

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718

534

Nad

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i et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

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20.0

030

500

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3489

719

20N

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how

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Mam

mut

hus

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igen

ius

52.0

020

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3228

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036

887

517

Nad

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l 201

1M

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500

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3742

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37N

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Mam

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52.0

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3250

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Nad

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l 201

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3706

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15N

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52.0

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3364

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264

786

Nad

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91N

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Mam

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52.0

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3590

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l 201

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4328

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52.0

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0043

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1441

Nad

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731

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52.0

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0047

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71.0

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Orl

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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2004

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74.8

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2004

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1387

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2004

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623

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2004

bM

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2004

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2004

bM

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2004

bM

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2004

bM

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72.2

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203

411

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59.1

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9840

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76.0

799

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98S

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Mam

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71.1

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s75

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71.3

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318

Stu

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74.6

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926

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s75

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1328

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89S

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1031

070

1211

729

2U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

1258

570

1470

947

0U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.0

025

.00

1287

570

1551

954

1U

kkon

en e

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

1331

060

1620

859

3U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

024

.00

1380

080

1692

019

9U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

010

.50

1447

014

017

566

419

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

019

940

120

2383

541

3U

kkon

en e

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2060

010

5024

919

2688

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

24.0

021

400

120

2554

544

7U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

2153

043

025

739

1231

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s64

.00

26.0

022

420

315

2703

688

2U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2280

015

027

461

563

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

022

900

150

2752

759

0U

kkon

en e

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

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64.0

026

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2334

035

027

991

1021

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.00

20.0

023

750

150

2854

452

7U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2375

015

028

544

527

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.50

10.5

023

900

130

2878

547

1U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

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2419

042

029

079

1039

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s64

.00

26.0

024

450

385

2932

486

9U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

52.0

020

.00

2462

518

029

536

631

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s52

.00

20.0

024

700

180

2968

252

7U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

2475

020

029

720

519

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

025

110

440

2996

593

0U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

2548

056

0/52

030

224

942

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.00

26.0

025

630

170

3038

258

3U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

2576

084

030

101

1440

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s57

.00

25.0

025

800

170

3063

434

0U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

2590

020

030

686

357

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

026

060

1070

3063

421

22U

kkon

en e

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

2615

020

030

818

343

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

026

400

200

3096

930

4U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

010

.50

2734

016

031

504

299

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

10.0

027

810

610

3234

212

53U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.0

025

.00

2785

020

032

082

619

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.50

10.5

027

950

550

3238

611

92U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

2812

076

032

843

1596

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1

a33

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

010

.50

2818

018

032

386

672

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.50

10.5

028

500

550

3302

614

17U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

64.0

026

.00

2874

067

033

120

1491

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s59

.00

26.0

028

780

160

3354

186

1U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

2945

030

034

011

691

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s62

.00

15.0

029

500

250

3406

563

4U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

2957

095

033

985

2267

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

24.0

030

350

250

3492

038

9U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

57.0

025

.00

3042

077

034

934

1617

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s62

.00

15.0

031

050

300

3565

871

2U

kkon

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t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

3184

010

1036

685

2067

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s64

.00

26.0

031

970

950

3673

219

63U

kkon

en e

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

010

.50

3230

070

036

925

1676

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s56

.00

10.0

032

460

970

3708

721

38U

kkon

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t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

3327

035

037

864

938

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s56

.00

24.0

033

650

300

3827

692

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kkon

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

024

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3374

038

038

415

1191

Ukk

onen

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s62

.00

15.0

033

850

700

3864

818

02U

kkon

en e

t al 2

011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

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3450

040

039

629

977

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

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10.0

034

640

1830

3901

135

91U

kkon

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.0

026

.00

3481

034

039

849

943

Ukk

onen

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s51

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10.5

035

710

440

4070

010

24U

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

.00

3600

015

5040

296

2977

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

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eniu

s62

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15.0

037

700

600

4233

485

3U

kkon

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

024

.00

3805

070

042

614

1054

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s51

.50

10.5

039

080

570

4334

990

6U

kkon

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

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62.0

015

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4020

080

044

083

1200

Ukk

onen

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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24.0

040

600

800

4434

412

11U

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Mam

mut

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igen

ius

57.0

025

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4070

080

044

409

1213

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onen

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l 201

1M

amm

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s57

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25.0

040

850

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4451

911

55U

kkon

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

59.0

026

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4090

060

044

609

959

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

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spr

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s56

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24.0

040

900

650

4458

610

27U

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Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

62.0

015

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4100

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0044

662

2208

Ukk

onen

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l 201

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amm

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spr

imig

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s56

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24.0

041

350

800

4489

912

07U

kkon

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

010

.00

4150

070

045

068

1013

Ukk

onen

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l 201

1M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

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s59

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26.0

042

200

650

4551

099

1U

kkon

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011

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

56.0

024

.00

4230

010

0045

888

1810

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

1M

amm

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spr

imig

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s51

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10.5

043

230

980

4680

719

97U

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a34

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

51.5

010

.50

4482

012

1048

011

1990

Ukk

onen

et a

l 201

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amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s56

.00

24.0

046

300

1100

4847

815

23U

kkon

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t al 2

011

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.84

62.7

168

1635

7642

55S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.8

462

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6881

3877

0886

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.09

64.4

969

6833

7812

112

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.09

64.4

970

3434

7867

74S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

55.7

260

.07

7990

4588

3117

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.3

257

.65

9960

5511

468

227

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

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s55

.35

86.0

810

055

4511

575

236

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s54

.00

-4.0

010

257

7512

051

335

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s55

.15

58.4

710

260

5512

070

306

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s54

.00

-4.0

010

585

6512

454

216

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s53

.00

-8.0

010

610

495

1213

513

12S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.0

010

.00

1067

011

512

521

351

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s54

.25

-4.5

010

780

9512

726

175

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s57

.48

60.2

010

825

6512

735

149

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.00

10.0

010

870

110

1282

324

4S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

62.0

015

.00

1090

010

012

834

234

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s53

.00

-8.0

010

920

250

1273

758

1S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

53.0

0-8

.00

1096

011

012

866

232

Stu

art e

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004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s53

.00

-8.0

010

985

4512

873

196

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s53

.00

-8.0

011

110

110

1296

526

2S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1113

045

1298

217

8S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1115

964

1302

321

4S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

62.0

015

.00

1133

011

013

181

239

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.00

10.0

011

340

8013

239

151

Stu

art e

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004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s62

.00

15.0

011

345

6013

227

119

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.00

10.0

011

350

115

1319

724

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

53.0

0-8

.00

1138

028

013

229

550

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s62

.00

15.0

011

490

105

1336

722

9S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1149

595

1336

921

4S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1149

565

1334

214

9S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

53.0

0-8

.00

1151

010

013

386

225

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s54

.25

-4.5

011

550

6013

422

157

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s51

.50

10.5

011

555

100

1344

223

0S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1157

560

1344

216

3S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

51.5

010

.50

1160

010

513

490

230

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s56

.00

10.0

011

630

120

1351

324

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4

a35

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s54

.25

-4.5

011

650

5513

511

172

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

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s53

.00

-8.0

011

730

7013

582

181

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

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s53

.00

-8.0

011

750

9013

597

204

Stu

art e

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004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

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s56

.00

10.0

011

800

9013

629

208

Stu

art e

t al 2

004

Meg

aloc

eros

giga

nteu

s53

.00

-8.0

011

820

120

1365

626

0S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.0

010

.00

1185

070

1366

119

7S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.0

010

.00

1187

570

1368

320

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.0

0-4

.00

1198

570

1384

817

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

56.0

010

.00

1200

565

1387

315

8S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

54.2

5-4

.50

1202

065

1388

315

6S

tuar

t et a

l 200

4M

egal

ocer

osgi

gant

eus

51.5

010

.50

1205

070

1391

317

2S

tuar

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Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.2

29.

4528

060

170

3225

363

6P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.57

14.0

028

130

600

3268

214

05P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us48

.22

9.45

2817

018

032

372

670

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.2

29.

4528

170

220

3237

672

1P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us48

.22

9.45

2835

022

032

578

727

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.4

09.

7728

780

730

3312

215

44P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us44

.53

5.90

2885

017

033

634

788

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

44.5

35.

9028

930

160

3372

571

0P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us46

.44

14.6

729

130

530

3347

812

77P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

a39

Urs

ussp

elae

us46

.44

14.6

729

310

750

3345

916

65P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us48

.40

9.77

2939

021

034

019

604

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.4

414

.67

2960

029

034

106

682

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.4

414

.67

2981

027

034

300

668

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.5

515

.52

3005

034

034

458

752

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

44.5

35.

9030

360

180

3489

227

4P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us44

.53

5.90

3036

018

034

892

274

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

44.5

35.

9030

430

190

3492

730

9P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.92

14.3

830

550

260

3540

679

3P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us44

.53

5.90

3069

019

035

462

746

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.4

414

.67

3098

031

035

617

730

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

44.5

35.

9031

020

350

3563

775

7P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us48

.40

9.77

3109

020

035

675

633

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

514

.25

3114

031

035

706

710

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.4

414

.67

3173

020

036

051

655

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.2

215

.35

3180

033

0036

473

6183

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

59.0

657

.65

3187

019

036

179

618

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

3199

030

036

331

914

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

3201

032

036

373

976

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

3219

033

036

628

1069

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.1

46.

2232

400

400

3710

813

68P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us46

.30

14.5

532

550

220

3718

566

0P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.22

15.3

532

570

380

3746

298

4P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us46

.92

6.69

3303

042

037

702

994

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.4

09.

7733

350

240

3801

578

1P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.57

14.0

033

500

240

3815

175

1P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us49

.55

11.6

034

710

300

3974

487

0P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us42

.68

-7.3

835

220

1440

3965

227

84P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us42

.68

-7.1

335

230

1430

3966

127

71P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us50

.45

5.01

3547

178

040

341

1511

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.6

87.

5735

570

650

4042

813

55P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us45

.68

5.83

3561

030

040

787

713

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.4

414

.67

3572

060

040

596

1281

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.3

89.

7535

770

340

4092

373

1P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us43

.60

22.2

635

780

320

4094

168

6P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us59

.06

57.6

536

390

270

4148

547

3P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.78

12.5

036

610

300

4161

448

9P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.68

14.3

037

310

580

4207

183

0P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

a40

Urs

ussp

elae

us47

.22

15.3

537

400

1500

4173

526

24P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us44

.53

5.90

3741

029

042

147

487

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.4

09.

7738

010

550

4254

079

8P

ache

r &

Stu

art 2

008

Urs

ussp

elae

us50

.45

5.01

3877

010

3043

145

1467

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

3877

050

043

137

847

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.2

315

.34

3881

068

043

170

1040

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

57.7

758

.42

3919

036

043

425

672

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.3

315

.38

3942

094

043

552

1355

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.7

812

.50

3952

041

043

631

708

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

57.7

758

.42

3958

036

043

670

656

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

57.7

758

.42

3963

036

043

701

656

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.1

314

.00

3990

014

0043

880

1963

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.1

314

.00

4030

010

0044

147

1444

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

57.7

758

.42

4034

037

044

198

696

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.1

314

.00

4060

010

0044

336

1453

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

4106

092

044

638

1376

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

4110

093

044

664

1392

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

45.0

521

.82

4209

038

845

428

658

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.8

314

.17

4229

087

045

710

1464

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.7

812

.50

4236

055

045

614

873

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.2

215

.35

4240

015

0046

229

2787

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

4262

011

5046

375

2203

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

4266

090

046

147

1711

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

45.0

521

.82

4290

015

0046

762

2705

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.1

314

.00

4300

030

0046

258

3743

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

48.6

715

.86

4300

070

046

332

1415

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

4323

012

0046

908

2296

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

514

.25

4361

080

047

057

1762

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

514

.25

4370

012

7047

280

2321

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

4416

011

9047

610

2164

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.6

512

.13

4426

090

047

624

1901

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

4440

013

8047

791

2210

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

014

.55

4480

019

0047

617

2383

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

216

.74

4521

012

2048

118

1883

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.3

014

.55

4540

016

0047

963

2038

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

47.6

814

.30

4541

015

6047

987

2013

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

46.1

314

.00

4590

018

0047

971

2029

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8U

rsus

spel

aeus

45.0

521

.82

4595

811

6248

348

1653

Pac

her

& S

tuar

t 200

8

a41

Tab

le S

5 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om J

apan

tha

t wer

e ac

cept

ed a

ccor

ding

to a

utho

rs' c

rite

ria

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Gen

usSp

ecie

s14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Bis

onsp

.17

900

9021

318

299

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Cer

vus

sp.

1397

090

1710

631

0Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2M

amm

uthu

spr

imig

eniu

s19

530

8023

198

508

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

2024

367

024

165

1692

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

2070

012

024

700

331

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

2368

088

028

267

2016

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

2381

688

428

355

2039

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

2501

012

029

876

359

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

3740

025

042

138

447

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

3892

076

043

233

1126

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

4285

051

045

997

926

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Mam

mut

hus

prim

igen

ius

4511

048

048

286

1455

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni23

600

130

2832

335

7Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

2578

012

030

614

304

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni27

580

490

3207

894

4Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

2900

030

033

694

865

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni29

200

870

3334

718

30Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3052

022

035

386

770

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni31

270

160

3576

760

8Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3362

081

038

508

1913

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni34

010

180

3900

448

9Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3450

067

039

436

1678

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni35

330

200

4045

873

5Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3732

011

6041

902

2129

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni37

990

250

4250

946

1Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3828

026

042

697

475

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni38

310

1400

4274

721

84Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3850

060

042

952

954

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni38

820

1580

4313

023

93Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

3968

029

043

735

588

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni40

130

1080

4403

515

42Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4077

012

0044

446

1754

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni41

520

1020

4497

116

02Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4170

012

6045

292

2216

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni41

770

1470

4560

126

70Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2

a42

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni42

420

1500

4625

027

86Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4252

099

046

107

1860

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni42

540

1420

4638

926

72Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4267

011

2046

392

2151

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni43

310

1200

4697

022

93Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4335

111

6446

994

2248

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni43

520

1340

4715

324

16Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4510

011

9048

103

1898

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni45

120

1350

4802

419

76Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2P

alae

olox

odon

naum

anni

4581

012

9048

236

1764

Iwas

e et

al 2

012

Pal

aeol

oxod

onna

uman

ni46

230

2430

4766

623

34Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2Si

nom

egac

eros

yabe

i40

560

1500

4432

622

51Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2Si

nom

egac

eros

yabe

i41

250

1190

4478

918

54Iw

ase

et a

l 201

2

a43

Tab

le S

6 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om M

adag

asca

r th

at w

ere

acce

pted

acc

ordi

ng to

aut

hors

' cri

teri

a (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

Gen

usSp

ecie

s14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Aep

yorn

issp

.39

6015

044

1142

1B

urne

y 20

04A

epyo

rnis

sp.

2375

100

2442

285

Bur

ney

2004

Aep

yorn

issp

.27

7595

2969

229

Bur

ney

2004

Aep

yorn

ism

axim

us18

3060

1751

144

Bur

ney

2004

Aep

yorn

issp

.10

0015

096

429

1B

urne

y 20

04A

epyo

rnis

sp.

1150

9011

0017

4B

urne

y 20

04A

epyo

rnis

sp.

1415

4013

3351

Bur

ney

2004

Aep

yorn

issp

.22

8540

2256

99B

urne

y 20

04A

epyo

rnis

sp.

2930

8531

0123

2B

urne

y 20

04A

epyo

rnis

sp.

5210

140

5972

310

Bur

ney

2004

Aep

yorn

issp

.44

9640

5141

161

Bur

ney

2004

Arc

haeo

indr

isfo

ntoy

nont

ii22

9155

2302

154

Bur

ney

2004

Arc

haeo

indr

isfo

ntoy

nont

ii24

0245

2521

179

Bur

ney

2004

Geo

chel

one

abru

pta

750

370

652

655

Bur

ney

2004

Geo

chel

one

sp.

1540

4514

3794

Cro

wle

y 20

10G

eoch

elon

esp

.17

4530

1642

80C

row

ley

2010

Geo

chel

one

sp.

1755

2516

4879

Cro

wle

y 20

10G

eoch

elon

esp

.25

0025

2605

118

Cro

wle

y 20

10G

eoch

elon

esp

.25

3530

2619

126

Cro

wle

y 20

10G

eoch

elon

esp

.25

3530

2619

126

Cro

wle

y 20

10G

eoch

elon

esp

.26

0530

2698

75C

row

ley

2010

Geo

chel

one

sp.

3025

3532

1313

2C

row

ley

2010

Geo

chel

one

sp.

6300

5072

2019

3C

row

ley

2010

Geo

chel

one

sp.

6450

160

7302

318

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

sp.

1970

5019

3511

7B

urne

y 20

04H

ippo

pota

mus

sp.

2370

5025

0719

3B

urne

y 20

04H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i25

1740

2603

143

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

ussp

.27

6060

2876

122

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

3730

7041

1323

3B

urne

y 20

04H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i53

0060

6100

167

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

1740

5016

7513

7B

urne

y 20

04H

ippo

pota

mus

sp.

2020

300

2048

677

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

usla

loum

ena

9936

133

137

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

usla

loum

ena

213

4021

021

2B

urne

y 20

04H

ippo

pota

mus

lalo

umen

a23

2740

2316

152

Bur

ney

2004

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

1215

2511

5189

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i12

6025

1186

93C

row

ley

2010

a44

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

1440

3013

3943

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i18

0035

1720

103

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i22

7535

2254

96C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2300

5023

0415

2C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2470

2525

3817

3C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2540

3026

2112

6C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2550

3026

2412

6C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2635

4027

8163

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i26

6040

2794

55C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

2745

4028

5291

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i28

5535

2972

104

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i28

9040

3043

157

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i29

0540

3067

140

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i30

9530

3313

70C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

3455

2537

3494

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i40

5540

4612

189

Cro

wle

y 20

10H

ippo

pota

mus

lem

erle

i48

1540

5555

87C

row

ley

2010

Hip

popo

tam

usle

mer

lei

6310

6072

2219

5C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

sp.

1276

070

1516

445

3B

urne

y 20

04M

egal

adap

issp

.45

6635

5248

195

Bur

ney

2004

Meg

alad

apis

edw

ards

i63

050

606

63B

urne

y 20

04M

egal

adap

ised

war

dsi

1277

3511

9199

Bur

ney

2004

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s21

4050

2152

157

Bur

ney

2004

Meg

alad

apis

sp.

1815

6017

2615

5B

urne

y 20

04M

egal

adap

issp

.27

1344

2835

86B

urne

y 20

04M

egal

adap

issp

.15

9160

1481

133

Bur

ney

2004

Meg

alad

apis

sp.

1450

2513

4240

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

1620

2514

8872

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

1625

3015

0692

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ised

war

dsi

1630

2515

0892

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ised

war

dsi

1640

3015

1599

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

1810

3017

2698

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

1815

2517

3092

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

2005

3019

6079

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ised

war

dsi

2165

3021

8512

4C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s22

9025

2267

84C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s26

0030

2696

76C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s26

4530

2788

55C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

edw

ards

i26

7540

2799

55C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s29

4530

3106

109

Cro

wle

y 20

10

a45

Meg

alad

apis

edw

ards

i30

0530

3203

125

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

3025

4032

1613

6C

row

ley

2010

Meg

alad

apis

mad

agas

cari

ensi

s34

3030

3707

119

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

issp

.46

1045

5318

251

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

ism

adag

asca

rien

sis

5420

3062

3751

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

issp

.11

360

7013

241

133

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

egal

adap

is

sp.

2615

040

030

772

554

Cro

wle

y 20

10M

ulle

rorn

issp

.23

8070

2462

254

Bur

ney

2004

Mul

lero

rnis

sp.

1280

6011

8311

4B

urne

y 20

04

a46

Tab

le S

7 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om T

asm

ania

that

ran

ked

11 o

r 12

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Gen

usSp

ecie

s14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

OSL

OSL

err

orSo

urce

ref

eren

ceM

acro

pus

giga

nteu

s ti

tan

3621

039

040

648

936

Cos

grov

e et

al 2

010

Mac

ropu

sgi

gant

eus

tita

n35

610

360

4230

568

3C

osgr

ove

et a

l 201

0M

acro

pus

giga

nteu

s ti

tan

3765

047

039

231

1334

Cos

grov

e et

al 2

010

Mac

ropu

sgi

gant

eus

tita

n34

230

460

4003

112

97C

osgr

ove

et a

l 201

0M

acro

pus

giga

nteu

s ti

tan

3500

062

043

631

900

Cos

grov

e et

al 2

010

Mac

ropu

sgi

gant

eus

tita

n39

530

580

4661

133

89C

osgr

ove

et a

l 201

0M

etas

then

urus

new

tona

e56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

alor

ches

tes

azae

l36

580

310

4106

761

1G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2P

alor

ches

tes

azae

l35

920

290

4127

670

3G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2P

alor

ches

tes

azae

l56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3620

030

041

322

573

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3278

037

037

563

951

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3792

034

042

470

541

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3040

027

035

345

804

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3998

061

043

923

959

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8P

rote

mno

don

anak

3635

030

041

458

522

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

Pro

tem

nodo

nan

ak37

010

410

4186

962

1G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2P

rote

mno

don

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4017

037

044

063

690

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

Pro

tem

nodo

nan

ak39

660

680

4371

310

27G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2P

rote

mno

don

anak

3767

036

042

316

557

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

Pro

tem

nodo

nan

ak38

520

300

4285

752

4G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2P

rote

mno

don

anak

4120

014

0044

868

2300

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

Pro

tem

nodo

nan

ak56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4450

010

0047

822

1957

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is44

700

3300

Cos

grov

e et

al 2

010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8T

hyla

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osp

.56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8Z

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atur

ustr

ilob

us33

510

210

3817

970

1G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us36

570

460

4155

873

2G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us34

410

300

3951

181

7G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us46

810

560

4571

179

3G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us42

500

480

4159

550

1G

ille

spie

et a

l 201

2Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us56

000

4000

Tur

ney

et a

l 200

8

a47

Tab

le S

8 - M

egaf

auna

l dat

es fr

om N

ew Z

eala

nd th

at r

anke

d 11

or

12 o

n th

e m

odifi

ed M

ead-

Mel

tzer

scal

e (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

Gen

usSp

ecie

s14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

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orni

sro

bust

us65

830

615

58W

ood

et a

l 201

1D

inor

nis

robu

stus

680

3062

160

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Din

orni

sro

bust

us72

030

645

77W

ood

et a

l 201

1D

inor

nis

robu

stus

721

3064

677

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Din

orni

sro

bust

us84

130

789

103

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Din

orni

sro

bust

us86

230

798

104

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Din

orni

sro

bust

us86

830

801

104

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Din

orni

sro

bust

us10

0030

883

85W

ood

et a

l 201

1D

inor

nis

sp.

1968

7119

2418

8W

orth

y 19

98a

Din

orni

sno

vaez

eala

ndia

e49

2278

5686

206

Wor

thy

1998

bE

meu

scr

assu

s10

480

120

1231

931

0R

awle

nce

et a

l 201

1E

meu

scr

assu

s10

470

130

1224

439

9R

awle

nce

et a

l 201

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rano

ides

14,0

8010

017

185

327

Wor

thy

& H

olda

way

199

4E

urya

pter

yxge

rano

ides

13,8

8995

1698

524

2W

orth

y &

Hol

daw

ay 1

994

Eur

yapt

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noid

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,400

130

1624

662

9W

orth

y &

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daw

ay 1

994

Eur

yapt

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es1,

445

5013

8210

2W

orth

y &

Hol

daw

ay 1

996

Eur

yapt

eryx

gera

noid

es1,

525

6014

2011

1W

orth

y &

Hol

daw

ay 1

996

Eur

yapt

eryx

gera

noid

es10

7060

986

184

Wor

thy

1998

aM

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

694

3062

562

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

975

3086

671

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

997

2688

182

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

1000

3088

385

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

1060

3099

063

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

1879

3018

0678

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

1915

3018

4410

2W

ood

2012

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s19

5925

1909

77W

ood

2012

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s19

6425

1928

61W

ood

2012

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s45

2028

5178

127

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

6310

3172

3467

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

6368

3173

3484

Woo

d 20

12M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

719

3064

577

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s82

030

734

50W

ood

et a

l 201

1M

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

954

3086

166

Woo

d et

al 2

011

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s24

,890

430

2960

194

6W

orth

y &

Hol

daw

ay 1

994

Meg

alap

tery

xdi

dinu

s64

695

623

119

Wor

thy

1998

aM

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

690

120

706

201

Wor

thy

1998

aM

egal

apte

ryx

didi

nus

2530

6025

6019

4W

orth

y 19

98a

a48

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s19

575

8023

261

526

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s20

760

9024

743

296

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s17

645

6020

967

422

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s19

335

7023

025

408

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s16

860

7519

956

361

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

rali

s14

730

170

1799

553

5R

awle

nce

et a

l 201

2P

achy

orni

sau

stra

lis

1495

015

018

193

386

Raw

lenc

e et

al 2

012

Pac

hyor

nis

aust

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s28

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3229

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9R

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l 201

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1021

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2R

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stra

lis

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Raw

lenc

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2033

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Pac

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Raw

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1906

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4466

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Raw

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3520

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Raw

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1100

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6425

6620

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3790

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Raw

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Raw

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Pac

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Raw

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Woo

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Ayl

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200

8P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

1350

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um89

000

6000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um98

000

8000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um70

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

5300

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um45

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

4700

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um80

800

1000

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

4780

028

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um15

6000

2700

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

1195

0037

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um14

2500

1200

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

1368

0026

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um15

1000

1300

0P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um14

6300

8400

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

1120

0011

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onbr

owne

orum

4870

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

copt

odon

brow

neor

um44

900

1300

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

roco

ptod

onsp

.56

000

1300

0G

run

2008

Pro

copt

odon

sp.

5400

011

000

Gru

n 20

08P

roco

ptod

onsp

.66

000

9000

Gru

n 20

08P

rote

mno

don

roec

hus

4600

060

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Pro

tem

nodo

nro

echu

s47

000

6000

Rob

erts

200

1P

rote

mno

don

sp. i

ndet

.55

000

6000

Rob

erts

200

1P

rote

mno

don

breh

us52

000

8000

Rob

erts

200

1P

rote

mno

don

breh

us54

000

7000

Rob

erts

200

1

a54

Pro

tem

nodo

nbr

ehus

6000

070

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Pro

tem

nodo

nan

ak70

000

8000

Rob

erts

200

1P

rote

mno

don

breh

us75

000

9000

Rob

erts

200

1P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s13

5000

7000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s89

000

6000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s95

000

7000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s98

000

8000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s10

3000

7000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s70

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s53

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s45

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s47

000

3000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

breh

us15

6000

2700

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

rote

mno

don

breh

us11

9500

3700

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

rote

mno

don

breh

us14

2500

1300

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

rote

mno

don

breh

us13

6800

2600

Ayl

iffe

200

8P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s15

1000

1300

0P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

. cf.

roec

hus

1463

0084

00P

ride

aux

2010

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

. cf.

roec

hus

1120

0011

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s48

700

3000

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp. c

f. ro

echu

s44

900

1300

Pri

deau

x 20

10P

rote

mno

don

sp.

9100

013

000

Gru

n 20

08P

rote

mno

don

sp.

8400

090

00G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.56

000

1300

0G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.54

000

1100

0G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.66

000

9000

Gru

n 20

08P

rote

mno

don

sp.

5100

030

00G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.47

000

2000

Gru

n 20

08P

rote

mno

don

sp.

6000

030

00G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.49

000

2000

Gru

n 20

08P

rote

mno

don

sp.

5800

020

00G

run

2008

Pro

tem

nodo

nsp

.61

000

3000

Gru

n 20

08Si

mos

then

urus

brow

nei

1710

0014

000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

brow

nei

1570

0016

000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

gill

i17

1000

1400

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Sim

osth

enur

usgi

lli

1570

0016

000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1710

0014

000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1570

0016

000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

brow

nei

4600

020

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Sim

osth

enur

usbr

owne

i46

000

6000

Rob

erts

200

1

a55

Sim

osth

enur

usbr

owne

i55

000

9000

Rob

erts

200

1Si

mos

then

urus

brow

nei

6300

090

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Sim

osth

enur

usbr

owne

i74

000

1000

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Sim

osth

enur

usbr

owne

i13

1000

1400

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is44

000

1200

4749

322

05A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is43

000

2700

4646

335

37A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

4170

010

0045

132

1613

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s40

100

1100

4401

315

66A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

4520

017

0047

852.

521

47.5

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1350

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1350

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is89

000

6000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s89

000

6000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is98

000

8000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s98

000

8000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is70

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s70

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

5300

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

5300

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is45

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s45

000

4000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4700

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

4700

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is46

500

800

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4420

020

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is47

500

400

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4530

010

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is49

600

600

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4700

014

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is15

6000

2700

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s15

6000

2700

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1195

0037

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1195

0037

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is14

2500

1000

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s14

2500

1100

Ayl

iffe

200

8Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1368

0026

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

a56

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1368

0026

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is15

1000

1300

0P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1510

0013

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

1463

0084

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1463

0084

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is11

2000

1100

0P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

1120

0011

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

occi

dent

alis

4870

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

uspa

les

4870

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sim

osth

enur

usoc

cide

ntal

is44

900

1300

Pri

deau

x 20

10Si

mos

then

urus

pale

s44

900

1300

Pri

deau

x 20

10St

henu

rus

ande

rson

i75

000

9000

Rob

erts

200

1St

henu

rus

stir

ling

i75

000

9000

Rob

erts

200

1St

henu

rus

tind

alei

7500

090

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

8900

060

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

9800

080

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

1463

0084

00P

ride

aux

2010

Sthe

nuru

san

ders

oni

1120

0011

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10St

henu

rus

sp.

4800

060

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.44

000

5000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

8400

070

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.68

000

7000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

7200

080

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.13

0000

1000

0G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.11

8000

9000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

1140

0090

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.98

000

8000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

8700

070

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.84

000

7000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

8400

070

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.56

000

1300

0G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.54

000

1100

0G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.66

000

9000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

5100

030

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.47

000

2000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

6000

030

00G

run

2008

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.49

000

2000

Gru

n 20

08St

henu

rus

sp.

5800

020

00G

run

2008

a57

Sthe

nuru

ssp

.61

000

3000

Gru

n 20

08T

hyla

cole

oca

rnif

ex17

1000

1400

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1570

0016

000

Rob

erts

200

1T

hyla

cole

oca

rnif

ex41

700

1000

4513

216

13A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

4010

011

0044

013

1566

Ayl

iffe

200

8T

hyla

cole

oca

rnif

ex45

200

1700

4785

2.5

2147

.5A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1350

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

8900

060

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

9800

080

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

7000

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

5300

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

4500

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

4700

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1560

0027

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1195

0037

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1425

0014

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1368

0026

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

1510

0013

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10T

hyla

cole

oca

rnif

ex14

6300

8400

Pri

deau

x 20

10T

hyla

cole

oca

rnif

ex11

2000

1100

0P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

4870

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

carn

ifex

4490

013

00P

ride

aux

2010

Thy

laco

leo

sp.

5000

040

00G

run

2008

Thy

laco

leo

sp.

5600

013

000

Gru

n 20

08T

hyla

cole

osp

.54

000

1100

0G

run

2008

Thy

laco

leo

sp.

6600

090

00G

run

2008

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1710

0014

000

Rob

erts

200

1Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us15

7000

1600

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

5500

090

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

6300

090

00R

ober

ts 2

001

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

7400

010

000

Rob

erts

200

1Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us13

1000

1400

0R

ober

ts 2

001

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1350

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

8900

060

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

9500

070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

9800

080

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1030

0070

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

7000

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

a58

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

5300

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

4500

040

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

4700

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1560

0027

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1195

0037

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1425

0015

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1368

0026

00A

ylif

fe 2

008

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

1510

0013

000

Pri

deau

x 20

10Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us14

6300

8400

Pri

deau

x 20

10Z

ygom

atur

ustr

ilob

us11

2000

1100

0P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

4870

030

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

tril

obus

4490

013

00P

ride

aux

2010

Zyg

omat

urus

sp.

1300

0010

000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.11

8000

9000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.11

4000

9000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.98

000

8000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.87

000

7000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.84

000

7000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.84

000

7000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.56

000

1300

0G

run

2008

Zyg

omat

urus

sp.

5400

011

000

Gru

n 20

08Z

ygom

atur

ussp

.66

000

9000

Gru

n 20

08

a59

Tab

le S

10 -

Hum

an d

ates

from

Sou

th A

mer

ica

that

ran

ked

13 o

r hi

gher

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Lat

itude

Lon

gitu

de14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

-45.

20-7

1.50

8880

5099

8020

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

8945

4010

065

149

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5089

5060

1006

716

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

8950

5010

070

156

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5089

7520

1009

612

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

8990

3010

091

143

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5088

5050

9952

216

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-4

5.20

-71.

5091

168

1024

411

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

8.40

-60.

2089

8010

010

039

334

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

8.40

-60.

2089

9090

1006

930

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-19.

58-4

3.90

9780

7011

128

259

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

8.40

-60.

2085

6032

095

1886

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9980

120

1158

738

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9930

300

1154

996

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

1018

013

011

855

529

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-9

.10

-77.

7010

340

130

1211

346

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-31.

50-7

1.23

1106

080

1291

321

2B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-31.

50-7

1.23

1102

346

1290

118

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-37.

02-5

8.63

1072

590

1264

921

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-37.

02-5

8.63

1027

085

1203

337

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-37.

02-5

8.63

1067

511

012

549

328

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-3

7.02

-58.

6310

480

7012

356

228

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-3

7.93

-58.

5910

610

180

1237

953

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-36.

84-5

7.70

1004

595

1161

635

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-36.

84-5

7.70

1037

590

1219

935

8B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-37.

85-5

8.05

1046

565

1234

822

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-37.

85-5

8.05

1041

570

1230

724

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-37.

20-5

8.30

1041

030

1231

219

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-48.

05-6

8.90

1091

565

1282

821

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

9.55

-69.

9610

710

6012

645

98L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9600

130

1090

832

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9430

150

1072

043

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9520

150

1082

040

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9280

150

1062

744

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9340

150

1065

842

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9400

150

1068

743

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9350

150

1066

242

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a60

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9700

4511

021

208

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

0.34

-57.

4691

2040

1030

597

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

450

6012

338

222

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

290

8012

085

321

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

300

6012

110

283

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

280

7012

079

310

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

370

7012

257

268

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

330

7012

172

344

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

510

6012

378

230

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

480

7012

356

228

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

570

7012

444

224

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

260

7012

069

316

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

210

6011

880

250

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

250

7012

049

333

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

180

6011

798

290

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

190

6011

856

237

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

190

5011

862

214

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

330

7012

172

344

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

120

7011

711

313

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

310

7012

117

292

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

210

7011

938

433

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

360

6012

253

260

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

220

6011

887

257

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

470

7012

349

230

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

350

7012

183

338

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

390

7012

283

248

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

000

6011

506

244

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

390

6012

286

238

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

230

6012

009

361

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

470

7012

349

230

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

000

6011

506

244

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

490

8012

357

239

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-3

1.50

-71.

2311

090

8012

935

219

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-3

1.50

-71.

2310

920

8012

841

224

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

8.00

-70.

8010

290

200

1196

461

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-18.

00-7

0.80

1051

050

1239

421

6B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-18.

00-7

0.80

1075

080

1270

015

2B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-18.

00-7

0.80

1058

042

1252

510

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-53.

60-6

8.80

1058

050

1252

410

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-53.

60-6

8.80

1061

733

1255

311

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a61

-29.

50-5

1.50

8,29

013

092

6426

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-29.

50-5

1.50

8,02

015

089

4145

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-29.

50-5

1.50

9,43

936

010

813

1137

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

2.57

-69.

0492

1070

1039

815

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-32.

57-6

9.04

1024

060

1204

333

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-32.

57-6

9.04

1035

022

011

992

640

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-3

2.57

-69.

0498

4090

1128

740

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-32.

57-6

9.04

9760

160

1117

756

8B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-32.

57-6

9.04

1095

090

1286

321

8B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-45.

20-7

1.50

8695

2596

2674

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5090

7025

1022

424

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5091

5525

1031

879

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5092

4525

1040

210

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

9435

2510

660

75L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

9530

2510

890

179

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

7.85

-58.

1510

000

120

1159

737

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-37.

85-5

8.05

9570

150

1084

540

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.5

0-3

6.50

9,40

090

1068

638

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.5

0-3

6.50

8,28

030

9271

134

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-8

.05

-36.

4284

9570

9446

139

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-8

.05

-36.

4291

5070

1035

214

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.7

0-3

6.60

9640

100

1096

825

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-8.0

5-3

6.42

9340

5010

552

144

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

8.05

-68.

9011

560

140

1344

728

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-48.

05-6

8.90

1085

015

012

778

332

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

8.05

-68.

9010

260

110

1196

655

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-13.

50-4

3.90

8860

115

9912

310

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

3.50

-43.

9091

1010

010

249

316

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

3.50

-43.

9090

0276

1010

127

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-48.

40-6

9.10

8050

9089

4130

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-40.

60-7

1.10

9285

313

1041

185

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-14.

45-4

4.44

1000

025

511

591

823

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

4.45

-44.

4411

000

300

1279

566

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-31.

45-6

4.80

9790

8011

098

304

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

1.45

-64.

8011

010

8012

890

209

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

4.75

-68.

4010

530

140

1234

234

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-34.

75-6

8.40

1044

022

012

058

654

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

4.75

-68.

4010

195

8011

888

483

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

4.75

-68.

4010

170

7011

751

344

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-3

4.75

-68.

4010

135

9511

708

378

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a62

-34.

75-6

8.40

1021

543

1192

116

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9660

150

1097

941

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9790

240

1128

176

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

9140

9010

368

193

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-9

.10

-77.

7094

7513

010

797

384

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-9

.10

-77.

7012

560

360

1507

713

04L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

8175

9591

0832

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

8910

9099

6726

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

1053

529

012

213

848

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-9

.10

-77.

7095

8013

510

897

338

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-9

.10

-77.

7010

475

300

1209

481

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-9.1

0-7

7.70

1024

011

011

910

503

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

1.50

-73.

4512

740

440

1527

314

14B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-41.

50-7

3.45

1245

015

014

575

543

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-4

1.50

-73.

4512

780

240

1528

911

11B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-41.

50-7

3.45

1247

065

1460

043

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-30.

34-5

7.46

9280

200

1054

861

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-30.

34-5

7.46

8570

150

9651

501

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

560

6012

438

212

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

392

7812

278

268

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

230

6012

009

361

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

260

6012

070

309

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

320

7012

122

296

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

390

7012

283

248

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

450

6012

338

222

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

330

6012

128

285

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

380

6012

280

242

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

420

7012

311

238

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

370

6012

264

254

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

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6810

110

6011

691

290

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

290

7012

088

309

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

290

7012

088

309

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

250

7012

049

333

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

410

6012

301

228

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

210

6011

880

250

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

360

5012

224

189

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

450

6012

338

222

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

315

1012

110

102

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.00

-70.

8090

9011

010

235

322

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

8.00

-70.

8010

090

130

1167

443

3B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

a63

-18.

00-7

0.80

1042

011

012

221

376

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

8.00

-70.

8010

530

140

1234

234

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-18.

00-7

0.80

1077

015

012

661

428

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)2.

40-7

6.90

9530

100

1087

629

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

2.40

-76.

9010

050

100

1161

835

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

2.40

-76.

9097

9070

1113

325

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-8.8

0-4

2.50

8050

170

8982

439

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-8

.80

-42.

5012

200

600

1473

917

72L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-8.8

0-4

2.50

1244

023

014

621

823

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-6

.00

-50.

008,

065

360

9028

859

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-6

.00

-50.

008,

140

130

9041

391

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-6

.00

-50.

008,

119

5090

3922

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.0

0-5

0.00

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050

9312

168

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-6

.00

-50.

008,

520

5095

0249

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-6

.00

-50.

008,

260

5092

2919

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.0

0-5

0.00

9,00

050

1008

616

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-6.0

0-5

0.00

8,47

050

9480

62L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

9060

6510

173

238

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0090

2070

1013

923

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

9510

6010

840

250

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0089

1511

599

3831

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

8805

100

9865

304

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0087

4090

9845

305

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0091

9575

1039

416

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

9765

7511

063

270

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0088

8090

9953

269

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0083

7085

9332

196

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0010

580

115

1240

228

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

1074

085

1270

616

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-18.

45-5

2.00

1040

013

012

207

393

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0010

120

8011

700

344

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

8.45

-52.

0010

440

5012

331

213

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-5

3.60

-68.

8010

600

9012

429

274

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

3.60

-68.

8010

130

210

1186

365

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-47.

10-7

0.55

9320

9010

492

238

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

7.10

-70.

5593

0090

1047

622

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-47.

00-7

0.50

9410

7010

745

323

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

7.00

-70.

5086

1070

9620

146

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

7.00

-70.

5084

1070

9401

135

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5085

3016

096

1051

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a64

-45.

20-7

1.50

8890

9099

6026

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-45.

20-7

1.50

9200

8010

398

168

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

5.20

-71.

5092

6025

1042

412

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-37.

95-5

7.85

9670

120

1094

133

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-40.

40-7

0.15

9970

100

1158

137

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

-51.

47-7

2.60

1086

016

012

779

344

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

1.47

-72.

6011

040

250

1292

349

4B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-51.

47-7

2.60

1043

010

012

297

288

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

1.47

-72.

6010

601

8012

462

241

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-5

1.40

-72.

5011

570

6013

438

161

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-4

4.50

-71.

7082

5060

9224

192

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

4.50

-71.

7010

010

6011

511

244

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-5

1.68

-70.

0391

0015

010

214

446

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

1.68

-70.

0390

3023

010

130

591

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

1.68

-70.

0384

8013

594

6042

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-51.

68-7

0.03

8180

135

9098

374

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

1.68

-70.

0310

080

160

1179

158

3B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-23.

70-6

5.50

9230

7010

407

161

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-2

3.70

-65.

5096

5011

010

969

275

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-2

7.09

-53.

3586

4095

9790

324

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-1

9.58

-43.

9095

8020

010

833

564

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)-4

1.50

-73.

4512

230

140

1434

955

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-41.

50-7

3.45

1265

013

014

849

660

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-4

1.50

-73.

4512

420

130

1455

151

7B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-1.3

3-5

3.68

1090

529

512

716

670

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6811

110

310

1304

065

1B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-1.3

3-5

3.68

1087

529

512

678

685

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6811

145

135

1299

428

9B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-1.3

3-5

3.68

1027

527

511

931

718

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

.33

-53.

6810

655

285

1233

282

5B

arno

sky

and

Lin

dsey

(20

10)

-1.3

3-5

3.68

1030

527

511

946

717

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-4

7.90

-67.

9010

400

8012

292

263

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

8.00

-70.

8797

9074

011

274

1842

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-1

8.00

-70.

8787

3070

9829

289

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

3.60

-68.

8010

630

7012

553

138

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)-5

3.60

-68.

8010

685

7012

590

159

Bar

nosk

y an

d L

inds

ey (

2010

)

a65

Tab

le S

11 -

Hum

an d

ates

from

Nor

th A

mer

ica

that

ran

ked

13 o

r hi

gher

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Lat

itude

Lon

gitu

de14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

19.3

0-9

9.00

1075

575

1269

614

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

19.3

0-9

9.00

1020

065

1182

231

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

010

240

120

1191

150

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

010

820

100

1274

919

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

010

710

100

1263

721

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

010

940

9012

857

219

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)46

.00

-110

.50

1037

013

012

173

416

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)46

.00

-110

.50

1070

535

1263

174

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)42

.90

-120

.70

1229

325

1441

341

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

34.0

0-1

20.0

010

960

8012

866

211

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)46

.00

-110

.50

1078

040

1268

111

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

34.0

0-1

20.0

010

800

810

1252

322

81L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

011

040

6012

908

194

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)46

.00

-110

.50

1104

040

1291

218

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

46.0

0-1

10.5

011

040

3512

913

180

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.40

-102

.50

1114

014

012

990

294

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)41

.00

-82.

5011

060

120

1292

326

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

0-8

2.50

1080

018

512

643

483

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)41

.00

-82.

5010

980

110

1287

523

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

0-8

2.50

1098

075

1287

620

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

34.0

0-1

20.0

010

400

2000

1241

449

83L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

29.5

0-8

2.90

1105

050

1291

718

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.5

0-1

47.8

010

490

7012

363

227

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.10

-147

.40

1036

060

1225

326

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.1

0-1

47.4

010

415

4512

309

214

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.15

-114

.10

1079

525

1268

610

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

44.3

0-1

05.2

010

400

600

1190

814

90L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

34.4

0-1

03.4

010

914

7212

834

223

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)34

.40

-103

.40

1130

024

013

154

484

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)34

.40

-103

.40

1094

769

1285

721

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

43.9

5-1

08.0

010

790

3012

684

108

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.95

-108

.00

1095

030

1280

214

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

43.9

5-1

08.0

010

870

2012

755

131

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.00

-104

.90

1098

090

1287

621

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

660

170

1249

243

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

800

110

1278

925

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

600

9012

429

274

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a66

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

710

9012

629

204

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.00

-104

.90

1067

012

012

515

359

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.00

-104

.90

1106

535

1293

017

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.0

0-1

04.9

010

940

3012

796

138

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.00

-104

.90

1099

025

1287

019

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

35.3

0-9

8.00

1081

042

012

404

1057

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)35

.30

-98.

0010

860

450

1248

711

33L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

35.3

0-9

8.00

1148

045

013

627

1209

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)35

.30

-98.

0010

960

3012

808

149

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)36

.90

-99.

7010

750

4012

657

92L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

36.9

0-9

9.70

1084

045

1273

813

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

36.9

0-9

9.70

1070

045

1263

179

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)36

.90

-99.

7010

765

2512

662

89L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

36.1

5-8

5.90

1269

097

015

181

2478

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)36

.15

-85.

9011

700

980

1400

127

54L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

36.1

5-8

5.90

1198

011

013

801

303

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.40

-102

.50

1071

013

012

553

379

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.40

-102

.50

1111

040

1296

217

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

43.4

0-1

02.5

011

080

4012

939

173

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1117

014

013

007

297

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1094

010

012

857

225

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1077

014

012

738

332

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1108

020

012

959

351

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1095

011

012

862

232

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1086

028

012

678

647

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1095

090

1286

321

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.5

0-1

10.0

011

080

230

1297

840

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.5

0-1

10.0

010

620

300

1226

585

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.5

0-1

10.0

010

710

9012

629

204

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1117

020

013

020

369

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1147

011

013

351

231

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.50

-110

.00

1098

037

1286

619

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

0-1

04.5

010

500

8012

364

238

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)41

.00

-104

.50

1056

010

012

395

263

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)41

.00

-104

.50

1078

013

512

742

323

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)41

.00

-104

.50

1056

957

1251

912

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.9

0-1

09.2

011

190

180

1302

734

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.9

0-1

09.2

011

150

450

1289

311

16L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.9

0-1

09.2

011

080

180

1295

932

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.9

0-1

09.2

010

930

170

1286

530

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a67

31.9

0-1

09.2

010

890

180

1280

437

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.9

0-1

09.2

010

840

7012

745

156

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.90

-109

.20

1084

014

012

819

274

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.90

-109

.20

1071

016

012

540

423

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)31

.90

-109

.20

1088

550

1276

714

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1068

080

1258

716

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

45.0

5-7

0.90

1055

080

012

001

2085

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)45

.05

-70.

9010

460

325

1209

785

8L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

45.0

5-7

0.90

1061

033

012

249

887

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)63

.00

-149

.90

1050

060

1237

122

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

63.0

0-1

49.9

011

190

6013

074

192

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)63

.90

-149

.00

1101

023

012

898

459

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)63

.90

-149

.00

1117

018

013

012

344

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)63

.90

-149

.00

1130

012

013

151

264

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)63

.90

-149

.00

1119

950

1308

117

7L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.0

0-1

44.7

010

250

380

1179

810

31L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.2

0-1

46.1

010

290

7012

088

309

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)64

.20

-146

.10

1142

070

1328

014

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.2

0-1

46.1

011

500

8013

368

195

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)64

.80

-147

.90

1182

735

1364

716

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

050

9011

618

353

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1006

070

1163

832

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

070

6011

648

314

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1008

050

1166

529

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

080

6011

659

312

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1008

012

011

654

402

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1009

011

011

656

388

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1013

060

1171

631

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

150

120

1182

255

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

230

6012

009

361

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1024

080

1200

637

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

260

110

1196

655

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

011

190

7013

070

208

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.00

-154

.00

1166

080

1352

620

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

011

395

5313

261

124

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)40

.00

-106

.50

1072

268

1266

211

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.0

0-1

06.5

010

914

5012

785

152

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)37

.80

-93.

8010

710

8512

624

197

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)37

.80

-93.

8010

832

5812

737

145

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)29

.90

-101

.50

1028

043

011

882

1171

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)

a68

29.9

0-1

01.5

010

000

8011

529

289

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)36

.90

-77.

2010

920

250

1273

758

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

44.9

5-6

3.80

1059

050

1253

011

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

36.2

0-1

14.8

710

455

340

1214

591

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

42.8

0-1

04.5

011

190

5013

073

180

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.00

-78.

2010

810

5012

719

137

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)43

.00

-78.

2010

990

100

1287

922

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

43.0

0-7

8.20

1079

539

1269

712

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

31.5

0-1

10.0

011

290

500

1316

313

84L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

42.3

0-7

2.50

1021

060

1188

025

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

5-7

5.05

1097

050

1286

420

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

5-7

5.05

1091

525

1278

213

1L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

5-7

5.05

1102

030

1289

918

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

41.0

5-7

5.05

1093

515

1279

212

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1060

060

1253

612

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1055

070

1240

124

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1057

070

1244

422

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1062

070

1254

814

0L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1084

080

1274

916

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1096

060

1286

120

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

40.9

0-8

3.20

1092

050

1279

015

5L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

39.0

0-1

14.0

010

644

8012

563

155

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)45

.05

-70.

9010

120

180

1181

057

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

45.0

5-7

0.90

1030

080

1209

032

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

45.0

5-7

0.90

1053

010

312

370

267

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)42

.90

-72.

1011

400

250

1324

651

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.2

0-1

46.1

010

270

110

1197

155

3L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.2

0-1

46.1

011

510

120

1339

225

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.8

0-1

47.9

011

310

120

1315

926

2L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

64.8

0-1

47.9

012

220

7014

189

362

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)64

.80

-147

.90

1227

070

1438

348

6L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.0

0-1

54.0

010

090

8511

658

345

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.20

-161

.10

1118

080

1304

522

9L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

68.2

0-1

61.1

011

200

4013

081

168

Lim

a-R

ibei

ro (

2012

)68

.20

-161

.10

1119

635

1307

516

4L

ima-

Rib

eiro

(20

12)

a69

Tab

le S

12 -

Hum

an d

ates

from

Eur

asia

that

ran

ked

13 o

r hi

gher

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

).

Lat

itude

Lon

gitu

de14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

51.5

5-4

.25

2584

028

030

661

482

Jaco

bi &

Hig

ham

200

851

.55

-4.2

528

400

320

3259

499

3Ja

cobi

& H

igha

m 2

008

51.5

5-4

.25

2882

034

033

402

1120

Jaco

bi &

Hig

ham

200

851

.55

-4.2

528

870

180

3365

577

3Ja

cobi

& H

igha

m 2

008

44.9

50.

9429

000

370

3359

210

21H

igha

m e

t al 2

006

51.5

5-4

.25

2949

021

034

082

594

Jaco

bi &

Hig

ham

200

855

.20

33.4

532

070

190

3635

764

7H

igha

m e

t al 2

006

44.9

50.

9433

610

340

3822

010

16H

igha

m e

t al 2

006

44.9

31.

0135

400

750

4029

714

73H

igha

m e

t al 2

006

49.7

515

.00

2737

023

031

614

438

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3068

038

035

463

819

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3150

042

035

870

822

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

45.5

723

.13

2900

070

033

252

1533

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

45.1

923

.75

3015

080

034

713

1775

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

55.2

033

.45

3260

011

0037

425

2500

Hig

ham

et a

l 200

651

.40

39.0

035

330

240

4042

976

4Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

035

870

250

4103

456

3Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

036

010

250

4116

254

9Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

036

040

250

4119

154

3Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

036

320

270

4144

248

7Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

036

540

270

4157

446

1Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

032

600

280

3744

591

8Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

035

320

320

4035

989

9Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

035

280

330

4031

592

3Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.40

39.0

037

240

430

4203

164

6Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

833

640

440

3824

812

86Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

834

120

460

3904

913

78Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

831

620

500

3599

210

28Jö

ris

et a

l 201

143

.96

7.66

3228

058

036

937

1593

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

45.5

410

.88

3650

060

041

414

1010

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

51.4

039

.00

3494

063

039

999

1321

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

40.0

0-4

.00

3659

064

041

479

1069

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

39.0

634

.91

3567

073

040

477

1451

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.9

67.

6633

400

750

3830

917

80Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

036

300

750

4103

214

37Jö

ris

et a

l 201

147

.33

13.3

337

930

750

4252

511

22Jö

ris

et a

l 201

1

a70

43.9

67.

6634

680

760

3957

017

91Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

034

530

770

3939

118

55Jö

ris

et a

l 201

143

.96

7.66

3487

080

039

786

1799

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

45.3

511

.50

3790

080

042

523

1203

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

40.0

0-4

.00

3540

081

040

304

1562

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3468

082

039

517

1905

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3453

083

039

357

1958

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3508

083

039

993

1848

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.9

67.

6635

700

850

4047

616

04Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

834

200

900

3898

920

84Jö

ris

et a

l 201

141

.68

15.5

834

300

900

3907

320

85Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

036

740

920

4136

216

65Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

036

570

940

4117

417

25Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

036

350

990

4093

518

18Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

037

270

990

4193

616

76Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

037

290

990

4195

916

70Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

037

700

1000

4243

515

82Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

037

700

1000

4243

515

82Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

037

900

1000

4258

615

23Jö

ris

et a

l 201

148

.15

23.1

338

500

1000

4297

214

41Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

831

900

1100

3679

823

16Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

835

400

1100

4004

522

28Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

036

000

1100

4069

220

03Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

036

590

1100

4108

519

90Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

037

900

1100

4256

217

08Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

038

200

1100

4276

516

26Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

038

300

1100

4283

016

10Jö

ris

et a

l 201

139

.06

34.9

138

900

1100

4323

015

60Jö

ris

et a

l 201

139

.06

34.9

141

400

1100

4488

217

23Jö

ris

et a

l 201

147

.33

13.3

334

100

1200

3898

024

96Jö

ris

et a

l 201

145

.54

10.8

836

800

1200

4121

721

72Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.50

10.5

038

600

1200

4302

217

32Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

038

700

1200

4309

017

21Jö

ris

et a

l 201

139

.06

34.9

139

400

1200

4356

416

83Jö

ris

et a

l 201

149

.75

15.0

040

173

1200

4405

216

98Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

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10.5

037

500

1250

4201

522

42Jö

ris

et a

l 201

143

.00

25.0

036

900

1300

4131

723

53Jö

ris

et a

l 201

140

.00

-4.0

039

900

1300

4387

718

19Jö

ris

et a

l 201

1

a71

39.0

634

.91

3304

014

0037

931

2961

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

3850

014

0042

938

2123

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

45.3

511

.50

3860

018

0042

702

2980

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

4140

014

0045

091

2394

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

51.5

010

.50

3750

014

5041

866

2531

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.0

025

.00

3765

014

5042

002

2504

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.0

025

.00

3820

015

0042

601

2436

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

39.0

634

.91

3910

015

0043

360

2164

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

47.3

313

.33

3888

015

3043

213

2269

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.0

025

.00

3880

017

0043

038

2659

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

49.7

515

.00

4290

017

0046

766

2920

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.0

025

.00

3830

018

0042

415

3005

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

43.0

025

.00

3910

018

0043

233

2818

Jöri

s et

al 2

011

46.0

02.

0034

540

2000

3890

237

55Jö

ris

et a

l 201

147

.33

13.3

335

500

2000

3967

739

86Jö

ris

et a

l 201

156

.17

159.

9710

040

130

1163

540

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1016

075

1174

434

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1023

070

1200

137

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1024

075

1201

236

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1038

590

1226

929

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1046

080

1233

624

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1067

575

1258

315

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1080

015

012

754

332

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.17

159.

9710

810

7512

730

154

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.17

159.

9710

850

320

1260

478

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1100

511

512

885

240

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.17

159.

9711

050

7512

909

206

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.17

159.

9711

130

100

1298

625

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

56.1

715

9.97

1133

050

1321

510

6H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1170

010

013

557

219

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.30

130.

3212

010

7513

871

182

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.30

130.

3212

485

8014

615

451

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.98

91.5

213

050

9015

797

630

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.30

130.

3213

310

105

1618

163

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.3

013

0.32

1381

515

017

002

399

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.00

92.8

513

870

8016

969

209

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.00

92.8

513

970

8017

102

306

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

4917

165

115

2052

551

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

a72

50.1

710

8.49

1722

511

520

608

466

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1046

.78

142.

4317

860

120

2109

152

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.49

1788

512

021

145

561

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1046

.78

142.

4318

920

150

2274

053

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

46.7

814

2.43

1932

014

523

002

494

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.15

91.5

521

800

200

2616

668

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

087

.95

2325

011

028

130

355

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

523

290

200

2813

843

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.5

891

.07

2566

025

030

371

644

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.58

91.0

725

960

240

3071

138

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.2

810

9.83

2622

055

030

599

876

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.58

91.0

726

250

250

3085

237

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

70.7

213

5.42

2730

027

031

598

476

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1070

.72

135.

4227

400

210

3161

941

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.1

591

.47

2777

031

032

095

743

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1070

.72

135.

4228

250

170

3248

365

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.7

285

.57

3099

046

035

614

845

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.72

85.5

733

780

570

3855

316

05H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.7

285

.57

3418

064

039

076

1726

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.72

85.5

743

200

1500

4695

826

29H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.7

285

.57

4330

016

0047

049

2694

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1047

.33

13.3

329

500

200

3409

458

2Jö

ris

et a

l 201

147

.33

13.3

331

530

210

3591

664

1Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.50

10.5

030

400

240

3533

077

8Jö

ris

et a

l 201

154

.00

-4.0

031

730

250

3602

470

8Jö

ris

et a

l 201

151

.50

10.5

032

470

270

3718

374

9Jö

ris

et a

l 201

154

.00

-4.0

031

550

340

3589

474

5Jö

ris

et a

l 201

147

.33

13.3

332

010

510

3649

613

87Jö

ris

et a

l 201

158

.75

127.

1810

300

5012

110

277

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1058

.75

127.

1810

740

100

1266

223

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1075

514

012

654

417

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5010

975

135

1287

025

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.7

512

7.18

1115

015

012

994

305

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.63

115.

8711

280

8013

141

194

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.63

115.

8711

280

120

1313

327

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1134

020

013

181

440

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5011

395

100

1327

518

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.0

310

5.82

1140

050

013

467

1389

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

10

a73

50.1

710

8.50

1163

050

1348

816

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.7

810

8.80

1163

030

013

467

688

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5011

660

400

1375

310

85H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.7

512

7.18

1180

020

013

667

409

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.21

108.

6211

820

120

1365

626

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.0

310

5.82

1186

028

013

973

845

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.03

105.

8211

950

5013

813

150

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

000

250

1410

576

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

792

.48

1204

016

013

988

535

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

050

120

1386

536

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

310

8.82

1207

030

014

200

848

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

080

220

1416

972

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

792

.48

1208

510

513

946

283

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.87

103.

4312

090

110

1406

441

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1211

022

014

198

727

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5012

110

150

1422

462

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1212

065

014

627

1860

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5012

130

150

1425

161

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1214

015

014

266

603

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.60

91.0

212

180

120

1430

154

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

57.8

311

4.00

1220

080

1417

236

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1228

015

014

403

570

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.17

108.

5012

290

130

1441

054

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1230

070

014

848

1904

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.97

91.4

512

330

150

1445

856

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1233

060

1445

343

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

57.8

311

4.00

1233

025

014

448

760

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

400

150

1453

555

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

57.8

311

4.00

1253

090

1465

446

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.3

710

4.28

1257

018

014

767

735

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

630

230

1502

110

33H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.9

390

.94

1269

014

014

995

827

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

700

9015

059

535

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0012

700

140

1501

483

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1280

040

015

342

1349

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.20

86.0

712

850

205

1537

811

19H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.44

1288

060

1552

052

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

891

.52

1290

015

015

676

766

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

10

a74

57.8

311

4.09

1290

030

015

437

1198

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.93

90.9

212

940

270

1548

212

20H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

59.3

013

2.60

1296

012

015

729

661

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.97

91.4

412

970

120

1573

966

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1298

013

015

754

676

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.98

91.5

212

980

140

1575

969

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

59.3

013

2.60

1307

090

1581

663

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

592

.40

1310

041

015

566

1326

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1059

.30

132.

6013

200

250

1597

083

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

61.6

314

9.52

1322

523

015

986

807

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.94

90.9

313

300

100

1617

363

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1343

015

016

254

649

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.95

92.4

013

470

285

1612

991

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.0

390

.98

1348

014

016

303

648

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.95

92.5

313

540

500

1623

015

65H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1369

039

016

421

1213

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.03

90.9

813

800

140

1690

932

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.0

310

5.78

1390

020

017

094

464

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1059

.30

132.

6014

000

100

1712

731

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.6

510

9.35

1415

096

016

712

2545

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.30

130.

3214

200

130

1729

139

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.3

010

0.33

1422

011

017

304

372

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.16

91.5

714

300

100

1740

238

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.9

390

.93

1432

033

017

634

841

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.16

91.5

714

390

100

1750

937

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.5

073

.43

1450

050

1758

733

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.1

691

.57

1460

020

017

826

672

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.58

91.0

014

700

150

1797

753

6H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.4

586

.92

1475

025

017

904

654

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.25

108.

6214

830

390

1791

482

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.50

1490

020

018

115

473

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0915

200

300

1829

564

5H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.2

510

8.62

1540

040

018

585

835

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1053

.95

91.8

315

600

495

1875

910

95H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

57.8

311

4.00

1590

027

019

073

467

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1060

.35

134.

4515

950

250

1909

744

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.45

1654

017

019

789

378

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.95

92.4

016

640

350

1987

596

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

a75

50.2

510

8.62

1690

050

020

171

1209

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.25

108.

6216

980

150

2004

847

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.2

510

8.62

1719

012

020

584

488

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.08

92.3

517

200

140

2060

853

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.2

510

8.62

1760

025

020

911

610

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1057

.83

114.

0017

840

290

2125

583

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.3

010

0.33

1803

518

021

627

571

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1056

.48

85.0

018

300

1000

2180

623

38H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

710

8.49

1883

030

022

467

858

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.92

129.

3019

360

6523

040

407

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1058

.30

100.

3319

540

9023

210

521

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.42

89.4

520

300

350

2422

183

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.8

310

3.53

2034

032

024

259

771

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.39

84.6

620

350

290

2429

171

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

087

.95

2049

015

024

456

474

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

520

800

450

2490

711

42H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.0

210

5.67

2119

017

525

392

548

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1053

.58

103.

4221

260

240

2543

268

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

984

.66

2128

044

025

546

1178

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.83

103.

5321

340

340

2555

810

37H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

984

.66

2150

258

025

978

1607

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

521

560

100

2575

745

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.8

310

3.53

2170

016

026

073

642

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

522

340

175

2696

472

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

57.8

310

8.37

2241

548

026

940

1256

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.39

84.6

622

610

140

2732

554

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

52.9

791

.43

2283

053

027

340

1297

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.25

112.

4023

200

2000

2703

543

38H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

087

.95

2333

011

028

177

339

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.39

84.6

623

431

1550

2775

532

79H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

53.5

810

3.42

2350

025

028

328

577

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1053

.58

103.

4223

508

250

2834

058

1H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

53.5

810

3.42

2376

011

0028

326

2435

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1058

.30

100.

3323

920

310

2875

067

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

984

.66

2420

542

029

094

1030

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

524

360

150

2906

745

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.4

311

0.00

2436

027

029

062

625

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1055

.90

87.9

524

590

110

2945

235

0H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

a76

51.2

210

9.33

2520

026

029

999

513

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.05

86.3

025

630

430

3032

074

7H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.9

087

.95

2566

020

030

398

608

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.83

103.

5325

760

260

3045

264

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.1

810

8.55

2582

529

030

486

657

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1052

.02

113.

4326

110

150

3081

530

9H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.5

5-4

.25

2617

015

030

852

300

Jaco

bi e

t al 2

006

51.3

884

.68

2630

528

030

869

400

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.39

84.6

626

810

290

3123

733

8H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

884

.68

2692

031

031

304

379

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

827

020

435

3152

880

3H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

984

.66

2712

558

031

740

1125

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1070

.72

135.

4227

400

600

3205

211

34H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.1

591

.47

2747

020

031

679

440

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1070

.72

135.

4227

600

500

3209

996

2H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

70.7

213

5.42

2780

050

032

229

1008

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.39

84.6

627

930

1590

3283

133

35H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.3

010

0.33

2805

067

032

804

1602

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.22

109.

3329

200

1000

3377

323

76H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.3

292

.50

2923

094

033

777

2334

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1054

.42

89.4

529

450

420

3395

388

6H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

54.5

891

.07

2955

050

033

997

1040

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

829

720

360

3418

178

4H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

884

.68

2986

035

534

298

778

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

829

900

2070

3469

041

97H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.3

010

0.33

3010

015

034

783

246

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

830

460

2035

3524

742

04H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.7

710

8.33

3106

053

035

642

906

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

831

410

1160

3611

825

81H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

55.3

292

.50

3243

015

4037

498

3388

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.42

86.5

233

350

1145

3815

127

16H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.3

884

.68

3340

012

8538

165

2843

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1050

.72

85.5

733

800

600

3858

316

54H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

58.3

010

0.33

3430

090

039

073

2085

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.38

84.6

835

100

2850

3937

352

50H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

50.2

710

7.23

3890

033

0042

833

6046

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

1051

.77

108.

3340

500

3800

4405

359

48H

amil

ton

& B

ucha

nan

2010

51.0

586

.30

4216

541

7044

612

5388

Ham

ilto

n &

Buc

hana

n 20

10

a77

Tab

le S

13 -

Hum

an d

ates

from

Jap

an th

at r

anke

d 13

or

high

er o

n th

e m

odifi

ed M

ead-

Mel

tzer

scal

e (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

14C

erro

r14

C (2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

2794

020

032

158

642

Tak

ashi

201

227

950

210

3217

265

6T

akas

hi 2

012

2823

021

032

448

715

Tak

ashi

201

228

380

240

3259

476

9T

akas

hi 2

012

2840

021

032

630

709

Tak

ashi

201

228

540

220

3276

579

7T

akas

hi 2

012

2881

029

033

467

1039

Tak

ashi

201

229

590

340

3408

074

6T

akas

hi 2

012

2964

024

034

162

621

Tak

ashi

201

229

650

340

3412

475

2T

akas

hi 2

012

2982

025

034

329

637

Tak

ashi

201

229

870

250

3442

061

6T

akas

hi 2

012

2992

032

034

370

721

Tak

ashi

201

231

420

280

3584

368

4T

akas

hi 2

012

a78

Tab

le S

14 -

Hum

an d

ates

from

Tas

man

ia th

at r

anke

d 13

or

high

er o

n th

e m

odifi

ed M

ead-

Mel

tzer

scal

e (s

ee M

etho

ds; T

able

1).

14C

erro

r14

C (2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

31,6

1037

035

924

792

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

27,1

6025

031

437

352

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

30,2

1030

034

706

617

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

34,7

9051

039

883

1142

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

33,1

7067

037

964

1524

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

33,8

5045

038

684

1402

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

33,2

6042

037

838

1023

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

27,7

8023

032

046

640

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

27,7

7042

032

158

886

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

28,0

0072

032

791

1627

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

30,4

2069

034

986

1488

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

30,8

4048

035

542

871

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

29,0

0052

033

379

1296

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

28,3

3072

032

936

1536

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

29,8

0072

034

410

1855

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

27,2

5053

031

892

1007

Gil

lesp

ie e

t al 2

012

a79

Tab

le S

15 -

Rat

tus

exu

lan

s da

tes f

rom

New

Zea

land

that

ran

ked

13 o

r hi

gher

on

the

mod

ified

Mea

d-M

eltz

er sc

ale

(see

Met

hods

; Tab

le 1

). T

hese

dat

es

wer

e us

ed a

s a p

roxy

for

hum

an c

olon

izat

ion

(Wilm

shur

st e

t al.

2008

).

Prox

y14

Cer

ror

14C

(2σ)

erro

r (2σ)

Sour

ce r

efer

ence

Rat

tus

exul

ans

586

3059

358

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s41

125

424

90W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

534

2957

159

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s57

025

587

56W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

389

2641

692

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s36

926

410

91W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

516

2656

557

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s35

426

406

90W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

475

2651

918

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s54

926

576

57W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

563

2658

357

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s51

826

565

56W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

100

4513

413

8W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

348

2640

287

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s15

627

141

144

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s20

525

150

151

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s39

325

419

90W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

170

2414

314

5W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

412

2542

590

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s21

324

151

152

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s17

527

144

146

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s47

925

520

18W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

382

2841

394

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s45

827

511

24W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

103

2913

213

6W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

200

3015

115

3W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

121

2513

313

6W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

405

2642

391

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s43

425

495

30W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

223

2615

315

4W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

215

2815

215

3W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

526

2756

858

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s22

326

153

154

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s23

126

155

156

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s24

426

211

212

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8

a80

Rat

tus

exul

ans

278

3230

515

1W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

316

3238

582

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s39

534

416

97W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

281

3430

615

2W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

296

3237

686

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s29

037

311

154

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s15

332

141

144

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s38

333

413

95W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

Rat

tus

exul

ans

702

3262

764

Wil

msh

urst

et a

l 200

8R

attu

s ex

ulan

s32

431

388

82W

ilm

shur

st e

t al 2

008

a81

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APPENDIX II

Figu

APPEND

Supplem

ure S1 - Eff

DIX II

mentary Fig

fects of clim

gure 1

matic variati

of

on and hum

extinct gene

man arrival t

era.

time-lapse oover the num

mber

a91