Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop
Ocean Acidification in New Zealand:
present state, pHuture directions
9 -‐ 12 February 2015
Ocean Acidification Research Theme
University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
2
3
Central Otago Campus Map
Venues
The Castle Lecture Theatre complex is located at 75 Albany St, at the base of a tall white building set back from the road. The Richardson Building is the tallest building on campus and has a kind of strange green fence all along the roofline. It is between Albany St, Castle Street and Leith Walk, next to the Castle Lecture Theatre complex. The conference venue and information desk are on the 10th floor. Great views! The Conference Dinner is being held at Selwyn College, located at 560 Castle Street. The bus to Portobello will depart from a bus stop located at 289 Castle Street. If you wish to drive yourself, please get directions from Doug Mackie. Beware! There are two different sections of Castle Street, connected by un-‐labelled walkways that are not roads any more, and not all the bits connect up as you might expect.
If totally lost, call Abby on 027-‐606-‐3552.
Map data ©2015 Google, MapData Sciences Pty Ltd, PSMA 100 m
Selwyn College
Bus stop
Castle Lecture Theatre
Richardson Building
4
Wi-‐Fi
Access to the University-‐wide UO-‐GUEST wifi network will be available from the week before the workshop to the week after. You will be provided with a user name and password when you get your name badge. Portobello Marine Lab, while connected, uses a microwave link and bandwidth is limited. No big downloads while you’re out there, please. Help is available from 8888 on any University phone or +64 3 479 8888 from cell or external phone. Please note: The UO-‐GUEST wireless network is an "open network" and does not employ any form of encryption. This means that your network traffic can be intercepted and observed by a third party. The University of Otago advises that additional encryption and data security be used for sensitive information. For example, using application level encryption such as SSL, by only visiting secure (HTTPS) web sites, or using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) client, etc. All use of the University of Otago Guest Network Service must comply with the acceptable use policy. By connecting to the Otago Guest Network Service you are agreeing to the terms and conditions of the acceptable use policy. For further information, please visit:
https://uo-‐guest.otago.ac.nz/sites/SITE-‐UO-‐GUEST/login.html
5
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop Ocean Acidification in New Zealand: present state, pHuture directions
PROGRAMME
Monday 9 February 2015
5:00 PM Registration, Meet and Mingle, Drinks
and Nibbles
Castle Lecture Theatre Complex
7:00 PM
You, Me & The Sea: let’s talk about Ocean Global Change Biology
Prof. Gretchen Hofmann
Castle Theatre 1
Tuesday 10 February 2015
8:00 AM Registration and Set-‐Up 10th floor, Richardson
9:00 AM Welcome Keith Hunter
Moot Court Session Chair: Kate Sparks
9:10 AM
Present and Future Ocean Acidification in New Zealand's EEZ
Sara Mikaloff Fletcher
9:30 AM
Estimating carbonate concentrations in the waters around Antarctica
Helen Bostock
9:50 AM
Setting Up a Coastal Ocean Acidification Observing Network in New Zealand
Judith Murdoch
10:10 AM
The Effect of pH on Trace Metal Speciation in the Marine Environment
Sylvia Sander
10:30 AM Morning Tea Seminar Room 5
6
11:00 AM
Antarctic sea ice communities and ocean acidification: novel in situ experimental manipulations
Vonda Cummings
Moot Court Session Chair: Emily Frost
11:20 AM
Response of the ‘rare biosphere’ of a Mediterranean bacterioplankton community to acidification and eutrophication
Federico Baltar
11:40 AM
Natural CO2 vents as potential sites for ocean acidification research, White Island Whakaari, Aotearoa New Zealand Abby Smith
12:00 PM Bacterial exoenzyme activity in high CO2 vent waters Cliff Law
12:20 PM Lunch and Posters Seminar Room 5
1:15 PM
Plenary: CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea as a natural laboratory to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on shallow-‐water marine ecosystems
Katharina Fabricius
Moot Court
2:00 PM Workshop: Vent Research and White Island Possibilities
Katharina Fabricius, Cliff Law
Richardson 7N10
3:00 PM Afternoon tea Seminar Room 5 3:30 PM
to 5:00 PM Workshop: Marine Molecular Ecology of OA
Gretchen Hofmann
Richardson 7N10
6:00 PM Winetasting and Conference Dinner Selwyn College
Wednesday 11 February 2015
9:00 AM
Effects of ocean acidification on early life history development of the yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, a large pelagic fish Neill Barr Moot Court
Session Chair: Zhaleh Adhami
9:20 AM
Larval shell growth and calcification in the Antarctic geoduck, Laternula elliptica under ocean acidification and warming
Christine Bylenga
9:40 AM Kina, ocean acidification and sensitive males
Mike Hudson
7
10:00 AM
Physiological effects of long-‐term acclimation to ocean warming and acidification on the purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma
Januar Harianto
10:20 AM
Adaptive capacity of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma to ocean change: responses from fertilisation to the settled juvenile Shawna Foo
10:40 AM Morning Tea Seminar Room 5
11:00 AM
The effects of seawater calcium carbonate saturation state upon embryogenesis and larval performance of Greenshell mussels, Perna canaliculus
Norman Ragg
Moot Court Session Chair:
Esther Stuck
11:20 AM
Comparison of Antarctic (Odontaster validus) and New Zealand (Patiriella regularis) sea star larvae response to ocean acidification: using quantitative genetic techniques to compare between species and latitudes Kate Sparks
11:40 AM
The long-‐term effects of climate changed induced ocean acidification on the physiology and calcification rate of adult Southern temperate sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Emily Frost
12:00 PM
No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846)
Miles Lamare
12:20 PM
A framework for assessing and evaluating the socio-‐economic impacts of ocean acidification
Katherine Schmutter
12:40 PM Lunch and Posters Seminar Room 5
1:30 PM
Plenary: Responses of echinoderm development to warming and acidification and analysis of the effects of multiple stressors on marine embryos and larvae Maria Byrne
Moot Court
2:15 PM
Workshop: Past, Present and Future of the NZ OA community (that’s us!) Abby Smith
Moot Court
3:30 PM Afternoon tea Seminar Room 5
8
4:00 PM Prizegiving and Farewell Miles Lamare, Abby Smith Moot Court
Thursday 12 February 2013
8:30 AM Bus to Portobello -‐-‐ meet at 289 Castle St. 9:00 AM Arrive at Portobello, meet and greet
9:30 AM
Workshop: A refresher in OA chemistry: what you have forgotten that you never knew
Doug Mackie
10:30 AM Morning Tea
11:00 AM
Workshop: Multiple stressors: lessons from the past, infrastructure and experimental design
Maria Byrne, Miles Lamare, Shawna Foo, Januar Harianto
12:30 PM Lunch 1:30 PM
Workshop: Experimental design and analysis of multi-‐factor experiments in ocean acidification studies
Peter Dillingham
2:30 PM
Workshop: Making spectrophotometric pH measurements with the level of accuracy and precision needed for ocean acidification experiments
Christina McGraw
3:30 PM Afternoon tea
4:00 PM Bus back to town Arrive about 4:30 at Castle Street bus stop
Got any questions?
Please see any member of the Workshop Organising Committee: Kim Currie, Miles Lamare, Cliff Law, Doug Mackie, Abby Smith Or text Abby on 027-‐606-‐3552 Or email on [email protected]
9
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop Ocean Acidification in New Zealand: present state, pHuture directions
POSTERS (available for viewing and discussion in the Seminar Room at lunchtime)
Pamela Fernández, Michael Roleda, Pablo Leal, Catriona Hurd
Effects of elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera: nitrogen status modulates the physiological responses to elevated CO2
Malindi Gammon, Simon Davy, Di Tracey, Vonda Cummings, Peter Marriott
Measurements of intracellular pH in deep sea coral exposed to ocean acidification
Sonja Hempel, Vonda Cummings, Ken Ryan
Sub-‐lethal stress response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification -‐ Preliminary results
Pablo P. Leal, Catriona L. Hurd,, Pamela A. Fernandez, Michael Y. Roleda
Microscopic stages of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) grow larger and faster under higher CO2 indicating adaptation to ocean acidification
Hong D. Nguyen, Kennedy Wolfe, Sergio T. Gabarda, Januar Harianto, Maria Byrne
Determination of thermal and pH/pCO2
variability in the habitat of shallow subtidal and intertidal marine invertebrates
Natalie Manahan Effects of ocean acidification and ocean warming on the adult purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma
Katherine Schmutter A framework for assessing and evaluating the socio-‐economic impacts of ocean acidification
Di Tracey, Vonda Cummings, Malindi Gammon, Peter Marriott, Helen Neil, Neill Barr, Graeme Moss, Simon Davy
Growth and functioning of deep sea coral: assessing potential impacts of ocean acidification
10
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop Ocean Acidification in New Zealand: present state, pHuture directions
WORKSHOPS Vent Research and White Island Possibilities Volcanic CO2 vents represent unique natural laboratories to predict the effects of long-‐term exposure of whole ecosystems to ocean acidification. Vents allow investigating complex ecological processes such as species interactions, community metabolism and resilience in a high CO2 setting, processes that are tedious or impossible to investigate in controlled tank settings. We will jointly discuss opportunities (yes it is fun!) and potential pitfalls (yes Murphy is out there!) of using sites such as the White Island CO2 vents for ocean acidification research. We will touch on the topics of spatial and temporal variability in CO2 exposure, how to deal with confounding factors, the issue of documenting vs manipulating, and predictable concerns of reviewers. This workshop will be interactive and informal, so bring along your questions and ideas. If there is interest we could also start covering practical issues (e.g., what environmental data are essential), list the real-‐low hanging fruit (and/or the ‘don’t-‐bother!’ questions), and explore options for a temperate-‐tropical comparison.
Katharina Fabricius, Cliff Law
Marine Molecular Ecology of OA In this session we will discuss the marine molecular ecology aspects of recent OA research. We will discuss the use of transcriptomics to interpret species’ response to OA. In addition, next-‐generation sequencing methods have opened up the possibility of exploring adaptation potential of populations using Pool Seq methods. These discussions will focus mostly on benthic marine invertebrates, but the ideas could pertain to many organisms.
Gretchen Hofmann
Past, Present and Future of the NZ OA community (that’s us!)
Abby Smith
11
Reports back from standing committees Comments from overseas visitors Discussion of ways forward – an NZOA Network? A refresher in OA chemistry: what you have forgotten that you never knew This workshop is for you if you feel you need a refresher for your OA chemistry. Things we could cover include: ·∙ Why is calcification a source of CO2? ·∙ What is dissolution? How can it be measured? ·∙ What else changes when you change pH? What
parameters influence other parameters? ·∙ What is the difference between total and NBS pH
scales? Does it matter?
Doug Mackie
Multiple stressors: lessons from the past, infrastructure and experimental design The workshop will be an open forum of brief presentations and discussions on the challenges and how to undertake multifactorial stressor studies. A team of researchers currently engaged in multistressor global change research will present on their approach to the infrastructure needed – plumbing, pipes, wires and bubbles – and on the challenges of replication for statistical rigor and understanding conditions the experimental organisms experience, water chemistry etc. Some consideration of the real world is essential in designing these experiments. After the presentations there will be a general discussion as it is expected that individual participant will have many insights and questions from their own research.
Maria Byrne, Miles Lamare, Shawna Foo, Januar Harianto
Experimental design and analysis of multi-‐factor experiments in ocean acidification studies Experimental design is fundamentally linked to analysis, motivated by scientific questions and constrained by available resources. For example, multi-‐stressor OA studies in culture tanks are constrained by the number of available tanks, making it difficult or impossible to perform traditional full factorial experiments for more than a few stressors. In this workshop, several approaches to experimental
Peter Dillingham
12
design relevant to OA studies will be discussed. Using multi-‐factor culture tank OA experiments as motivation, a number of design and analysis choices will be presented. We will explore the trade-‐off between the number of replicates and the number of factors for settings where the number of experimental units is constrained (e.g. culture tank experiments). Working in groups, design and analysis strategies will then be developed for a number of OA studies. Discussion will include factorial and reduced designs, descriptive and graphical statistics, hypothesis testing and power, and estimating effect sizes and confidence intervals. Making spectrophotometric pH measurements with the level of accuracy and precision needed for ocean acidification experiments When carrying out ocean acidification experiments, knowledge of the marine carbonate system requires measurement of at least two of the carbonate chemistry parameters (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity). Seawater pH, which is viewed as the simplest of these parameters to monitor, is the most common of these measurements. However, the measurement of pH with the degree of accuracy and precision needed for meaningful marine carbonate chemistry calculations requires more care and planning than is usually applied. Building on the material covered in A refresher in OA chemistry, this hands-‐on workshop will serve as a practical guide to making high-‐quality spectrophotometric pH measurements. We will discuss the common approaches to spectrophotometric pH measurements and steps you can take to ensure high-‐accuracy and high-‐precision results. The hands-‐on aspect of this workshop will focus on the automated spectrophotometric pH system that is part of the trace-‐metal clean culture system at Portobello. However, the general considerations (e.g. spectrometer accuracy, dye impurities, temperature errors) will also be discussed in the context of measurements done by hand using bench-‐top spectrometer.
Christina McGraw
13
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop Ocean Acidification in New Zealand: present state, pHuture directions
ABSTRACTS
(in alphabetical order of first author)
14
Baltar TALK Response of the ‘rare biosphere’ of a Mediterranean bacterioplankton community to acidification and eutrophication Federico Baltar1,2, Joakim Palovaara1, Maria Vila-‐Costa3, Guillem Salazar4, Eva Calvo4, Carles Pelejero4,5, Cèlia Marrasé4, Josep M Gasol4, Jarone Pinhassi1 1Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand 2Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden 3Limnological Observatory of the Pyrenees (LOOP) – Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 643. 08028, Barcelona and Department of Environmental Chemistry, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 4Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar – CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 5Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
Despite their large diversity, the ecological significance of rare bacteria remains elusive. There is recent evidence suggesting that both abundant (≥1% relative abundance) and rare members (≤0.1% relative abundance) of a bacterial community can respond to disturbances, but their relative degree of responsiveness is unknown. We studied the response of a coastal Mediterranean bacterioplankton community to two anthropogenic perturbations (i.e., nutrient addition and acidification) in two mesocosm experiments (one in winter (WIN) and one in summer (SUM) conditions) by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA. Although nutrient additions had a stronger effect on bacterial community structure than acidification, pH variations also had important influences on specific community taxa (e.g. SAR86), indicating that acidification could also have implications in the community by affecting abundant members. Interestingly, specific synergistic effects were observed when acidification and nutrient enrichment were combined. Even though we expected a clear dominance of responding OTUs from the rare biosphere (<0.1% of reads), most of the responding OTUs were already abundant (>1% of reads) or common (0.1-‐1.0% of reads) in the original community. The proportion of rare bacteria becoming abundant was higher in the nutrient treatment (52 and 18% in SUM and WIN) than in the control (20 and 12% in SUM and WIN). These findings suggest that the responsiveness of the rare biosphere is greater upon stronger perturbations, while the fraction of common members harbors populations particularly prone to respond to milder disturbances.
15
Bostock TALK Estimating carbonate concentrations in the waters around Antarctica Helen Bostock1, Mike Williams1, Sara Mikaloff Fletcher1, Silvia Sandrini2 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand 2Istituto ISAC -‐ C.N.R., Bologna, Italy
A major gap in our ability to understand the present state of ocean acidification in the Southern Ocean and around Antarctica has been the limited number of observations of carbonate species in these regions. This project aims to produce more detailed maps of carbonate parameters for the region south of the Polar Front (PF) and specifically within the Ross Sea region. We use the limited alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) samples to develop multiple linear regressions (MLR) to estimate alkalinity and DIC from the common hydrographic parameters; temperature, salinity, depth/pressure and oxygen. This approach was initially applied to the Southern Ocean (south of 25°S; Bostock et al., 2013). However there were consistently larger errors in the estimates south of the PF, so we have applied the same approach to look more specifically at the region south of the Polar Front (approximated at 60°S), where the strong role of upwelling, productivity and sea ice is likely to lead to different relationships between hydrographic parameters and carbonate species. The new MLR algorithms provides a new estimate for the ASH south of the PF which is shallower, e.g. ~900 m (compared to ~1150 m from the original algorithm). This new algorithm was then tested on hydrographic and carbonate data from the Ross Sea. There is poor agreement between the measured and estimated DIC and alkalinity values. Therefore we have developed new algorithms specifically for the Ross Sea shelf region. DIC is strongly controlled by biological productivity during the summer, which also affects oxygen. In contrast oxygen appears to play a very minor role in the Ross Sea algorithm for alkalinity, indicating that the local processes of sea-‐ice formation and melt, which control salinity and temperature, are the dominant factors. The new maps, developed using these algorithms, will be compared with present day outputs from several CMIP5 global climate models to test how well these models estimate the current ocean chemistry. These will then be used to look at future predictions of the ASH south of the PF and in the Ross Sea.
16
Brinkman TALK Effect of climate change on crustose coralline algae at a temperate vent site, White Island, New Zealand T. Joanna Brinkman, Abigail M. Smith Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
Natural CO2 vents allow study of the effects of climate change on marine organisms on a different scale from laboratory-‐based studies. This study outlines a preliminary investigation into the suitability of natural CO2 vents near White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand (37°31.19’S, 117°10.85’E) for climate change research by characterising water chemistry from two vent and three control locations on a seasonal basis, as well as examining their effects on skeletons of the local calcifying crustose coralline algae. pH measurements at vent sites, calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, showed reduced mean pH levels (7.49 and 7.85) relative to background levels of 8.06, while mean temperatures were between 0.0 and 0.4°C above control. Increases in sulfur and mercury at sites near White Island were probably a result of volcanic unrest. Crustose coralline algae did not show significant variability in skeletal Mg-‐calcite geochemistry, but qualitative comparisons of calcite skeletons under scanning electron microscopy saw greater deformation and dissolution in coralline algae calcite crystals from vent sites compared to controls. While additional monitoring of pH fluctuations and hydrogen sulphides is still needed, the low pH and increased temperatures from White Island’s vents indicate the potential for studying multi-‐stressor effects of projected climate changes in a natural environment with acclimated organisms particularly micro-‐scale studies.
17
Bylenga TALK Larval shell growth and calcification in the Antarctic geoduck, Laternula elliptica under ocean acidification and warming Christine Bylenga1, Vonda Cummings2, Ken Ryan1 1Victoria University of Wellington 2NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington
Larvae of calcifying marine species are susceptible to pH change, often showing increases in abnormalities and mortalities as well as reduced larval sizes and calcification. Larvae of the Antarctic geoduck, Laternula elliptica, have delayed development to the D-‐larvae stage of development under reduced pH, with no impact on mortality or abnormalities. The effects of ocean acidification on larval shell formation in L. elliptica have not been previously examined. The D-‐larvae stage of development is the point of shell formation in bivalves, the observed developmental delays are possibly a result of increased difficulties in calcifying and maintaining shell integrity. Larval shell development occurs in two stages. During the first stage, the entire larvae is covered in a shell, forming prodissoconch I. After this point, shell development continues along the existing shell edge, forming prodissoconch II. Larvae were raised to the D-‐larvae stage under ambient temperature and pH (-‐1.6°C and pH 7.98) and conditions representative of projections through to the end of the century (-‐0.5°C to +0.4°C and pH 7.80 to 7.65). After 90 hours at the D-‐larvae stage, measurements of length and width of prodissoconch I were made to compare larval size upon initiation of calcification. Additionally, measurements of the width of prodissoconch II were made to determine shell growth under pH stress. Shells were also examined for evidence of dissolution or reduced integrity. Preliminary results indicate reduced shell integrity occurs with reduced pH, however, the effects are ameliorated by elevated temperatures. These results, plus preliminary shell length analysis will be presented.
18
Byrne PLENARY Responses of echinoderm development to warming and acidification and analysis of the effects of multiple stressors on marine embryos and larvae Maria Byrne Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney
Early life stages of marine invertebrates are vulnerable to the stressors associated with global change, but identifying general patterns across response variables is challenging. A meta-‐analysis of multi-‐stressor studies on the effects of temperature, salinity and acidification on invertebrate development indicated that: 1) Synergistic interactions were more common than additive or antagonistic interactions, 2) Larvae were generally more vulnerable than embryos, 3) Interaction types varied among stressors, stages, and biological responses, and 4) Ocean acidification is a greater stressor for calcifying than non-‐calcifying larvae. The analysis identified taxa that may be more vulnerable (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) or robust (e.g. arthropods) to these stressors. For sea urchins, the effect of acidification on development was determined in a global synthesis of data from 15 species from tropical to polar environments. The arm growth response in echinoplutei was used as a proxy of larval calcification in response to increased seawater acidity/pCO2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation. Phylogenetic relatedness did not influence the observed patterns. Regardless of habitat or latitude, acidification impedes larval growth with a negative relationship between arm length and increased acidity/pCO2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation. In multiple linear regression models incorporating these highly correlated parameters, pCO2 exerted the greatest influence on decreased arm growth. For tropical species decreased carbonate mineral saturation was most important. Levels of acidification causing a significant reduction in arm growth varied between species. In 13 species, reduction in length of skeletal rods, was evident in near future (pCO2 800+ µatm) conditions while greater acidification (pCO2 1000+ µatm), reduced growth in all species. Although multistressor studies are few, when temperature is added to the stressor mix, near future warming can reduce the negative effect of acidification on larval growth. Overall, larvae from across world regions showed similar trends. Larval success may be the bottleneck for species success with flow on effects for sea urchin populations and marine ecosystems.
19
Cross TALK No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846) Emma L. Cross1,2*, Lloyd S. Peck1, Elizabeth M. Harper2, Miles D. Lamare3 1 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK; 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK 3Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin New Zealand
Marine calcifiers are considered to be the most vulnerable organisms to ocean acidification due to the reduction in availability of carbonate ions for shell or skeletal production. Rhychonelliform brachiopods are potentially one of the most calcium carbonate dependent groups of marine organisms, however, little is known about the effects of lowered pH on these taxa. A CO2 perturbation experiment was performed on the New Zealand terebratulide brachiopod Calloria inconspicua to investigate the effects of pH conditions predicted for 2050 and 2100 on the growth rate and ability to repair shell. Three treatments were used: a pH control (pH8.16), a mid century scenario (pH7.79) and an end century scenario (pH7.62). The ability to repair shell was not affected by acidified conditions with >80% of all damaged individuals at the start of the experiment completing shell repair after 12 weeks. Growth rates in undamaged individuals >3mm in length were also not affected by lowered pH conditions whereas undamaged individuals <3mm grew faster at pH7.62 than the control. The capability of Calloria inconspicua to continue shell production and repair under acidified conditions suggests this species has a robust control over the calcification process where suitable conditions at the site of calcification can be generated across a wide range of pH conditions.
20
Cummings TALK Antarctic sea ice communities and ocean acidification: novel in situ experimental manipulations Cummings, V.1, Lohrer, D. 2, Barr, N. 1, Marriott, P. 1, Budd, R. 2, Notman, P. 1, Bremner, D. 2, Edhouse, S. 2 1NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington 2NIWA, PO Box 11-‐115, Hamilton
Sea-‐ice flora and fauna, and particularly sea ice algae, form a vital component of the Antarctic marine food web. Ocean acidification is an imminent threat in Antarctica and poses a complex set of challenges for these under-‐ice communities and the seafloor animals that rely on them for food. We investigate how the functioning and dynamics of intact coastal sea ice ecosystems might respond in a modified environment, through experiments conducted in situ in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica in the early austral summers of 2013 and 2014. We installed purpose built under-‐ice isolation chambers (each 140 litre volume) on the underside of first year sea ice, and used an above-‐ice manipulation system to alter the conditions of natural seawater. Using a fully replicated experimental design, and pCO2 conditions predicted to occur in the following decades, we assessed the effects of ocean acidification on intact, natural sea ice communities. Preliminary results, including effects on primary productivity and nutrient utilisation, composition and characteristics of the sea ice communities will be presented and discussed in light of potential implications to future coastal ecosystems.
21
Fabricius PLENARY CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea as a natural laboratory to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on shallow-‐water marine ecosystems Katharina Fabricius Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Q4810, Australia
Predicting the physiological and ecological consequences of rising atmospheric CO2 for marine communities remains a key knowledge gap in the rapidly expanding field of ocean acidification research. We are using shallow volcanic carbon dioxide seeps in Papua New Guinea as natural laboratories, where streams of CO2have been bubbling out of the sea floor for at least 80 years (possibly much longer). At these seeps, benthic taxa are exposed to elevated CO2throughout their post-‐settlement lives. Along CO2 gradients away from the seeps we study changes in the physiology and ecology of a suite of hard and soft bottom organisms and communities, including corals, crustose coralline algae, seagrass, foraminifera, macro-‐invertebrates and fishes. We also investigate physiological acclimatization mechanisms (or the lack thereof), with the aim to improve predictions about likely effects of ocean acidification in a future high CO2 world. I will provide an overview of some of the key results and recent (and still unpublished) findings from this collaborative project. I will demonstrate major direct physiological effects of high CO2, but will also show that profound ecological changes will contribute to determine the future of shallow-‐water tropical marine communities in a high CO2 world.
22
Fernandez POSTER Effects of elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera: nitrogen status modulates the physiological responses to elevated CO2
Fernández, PA1, Roleda, MY1, 2, Leal, P1 and Hurd, CL1, 3 1 University of Otago, Department of Botany, 464 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand. 2 Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Kudalsveien 4, 8049 Bodø, Norway 3 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Sandy Bay, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
The combined effects of elevated CO2 (aq) and nitrate (NO3
–) supply on the carbon and the nitrogen physiology of Macrocystis pyrifera were investigated. We hypothesized that: (1) NO3
– assimilation, the size of the internal NO3– pool,
and total tissue N, depend on NO3– supply and (2) higher CO2 concentration will
increase photosynthesis and growth of M. pyrifera, coupled with an increase in NO3
– uptake and assimilation. M. pyrifera discs were first grown under low (5 µM) and high (100 µM) NO3
– concentrations so that internal NO3– pools were
either nitrate deplete or replete. The discs were subsequently grown under current (400 µatm; pH 8.05) and high (1200 µatm; pH 7.6) CO2 concentrations, at ambient NO3
– (20 µM). After 3 days, the total tissue N content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, NO3
– uptake, and internal NO3– pool were completely
modulated by the NO3– concentration in seawater. NR activity, internal NO3
–
pool and total tissue N content were reduced in discs grown under low NO3–.
An additional 3 day incubation under CO2 treatments showed no effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic rates, growth rate, and NO3
– uptake in all discs, irrespective of the size of the internal NO3
– pool. Higher NR activity was observed under elevated CO2, but only in discs with higher internal NO3
– pool. Our findings showed that NO3
– assimilation is mainly regulated by NO3–
availability and increased CO2 did not enhance NO3– uptake as postulated.
Higher CO2, however, did stimulate NR activity in NO3––replete discs. The
mechanisms underpinning these physiological responses are discussed.
23
Foo TALK Adaptive capacity of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma to ocean change: responses from fertilisation to the settled juvenile Shawna A. Foo1, Symon A. Dworjanyn2, Alistair G. B. Poore3, Maria Byrne4 1 School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 2 National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. 3 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 4 Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
To predict the impacts of ocean acidification and warming on marine populations, it is important to measure the effects of these stressors on performance and potential for adaptation. To adapt to changing conditions, animals require heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance to be present in their populations. We determined the effects of near-‐future ocean conditions on fertilisation and on larval and juvenile success in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Genetic variation in tolerance of warming (+3°C) and acidification (-‐0.3-‐0.5 pH units) was quantified for the larval and juvenile stages. Increased temperature significantly decreased the percentage of embryos fertilised while decreased pH reduced the percentage of normal larvae. By settlement however, no significant effects of either stressor was found. The effects of pH and temperature on embryos were influenced by parentage with the embryos of some sire and dam pairs more affected than others. Treatments also affected the number of adult and juvenile spines found on juvenile sea urchins with increasing asymmetry in spine development in the more extreme treatments. The presence of significant sire by environment interactions indicated the presence of heritable variation in tolerance of stressors and thus the potential for selection of resistant genotypes. This may enhance population persistence of H. erythrogramma in a changing ocean. It is interesting to note the different influences of stressors across life history stages and of sire and dam from fertilisation to settlement.
24
Frost TALK The long-‐term effects of climate changed induced ocean acidification on the physiology and calcification rate of adult Southern temperate sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Emily J. Frost, Dr Mary Sewell and Dr Richard Taylor School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland
Anthropogenic carbon emissions have increased exponentially from 280 ppm since the pre-‐industrial era (circa 1750) to around 400 ppm of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) presently detected. Over the past decade, the annual rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 is 2.07 ppm; this is more than double that from the 1960s. The projected changes in oceanic water carbonate chemistry will have enormous impacts on an array of physiological processes, such as calcification, growth, reproduction, metabolism and the overall functioning of marine invertebrates and their respected ecosystems. Research conducted within the past decade suggests that the effects of ocean acidification vary based on ontogeny, life-‐history, environment and physiology, with calcifying organisms (particularly those which secrete aragonite exoskeletons) the most vulnerable. Two major questions are evident from this; 1) How does ocean acidifcation affect calcifying marine invertebrates; 2) What mechanisms are employed by these organisms in order to compensate changes in seawater pH and pCO2? This presentation will focus on the preliminary results from the first section of my PhD project which evaluates the effects of long-‐term exposure to elevated pCO2 on the calcification, growth, energetics and ion-‐ and acid/base-‐regulation of adult Southern temperature sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus. Specifically, I am assessing the relative sensitivity and vulnerability of E.chloroticus by changes in exoskeleton bio-‐mineralization signatures, coelomic Mg2+, Ca2+, ammonium, pH and cCO2, biometrics, oxygen consumption, GSI, gonadal structure and mRNA transcript abundance of Na+/K+-‐ATPase (α-‐subunit), Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-‐2), Na+/HCO3
-‐ co-‐transporter (AE-‐2) and carbonic anhydrase (CA-‐2).
25
Gammon POSTER Measurements of intracellular pH in deep sea coral exposed to ocean acidification Malindi Gammon1, Simon Davy1, Di Tracey2, Vonda Cummings2, Peter Marriott2 1Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 2NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington
Calcifying corals provide important habitat complexity in the deep sea and are consistently associated with a biodiversity of fish and other invertebrates. Little is understood about how deep sea corals may respond to the future predicted environmental conditions of ocean acidification (ocean acidification), but any predicted changes will have wider impacts on the ecosystem. Due to the difficulties associated with keeping deep sea corals alive in aquaria, the literature is currently limited to short-‐term experiments and a poor understanding as to whether there is any capacity for acclimation. Recent research suggests that some species may increase their intracellular pH when exposed to acidified conditions. This serves as an adaptive response by increasing the internal carbonate saturation state and alleviating the effect of a reduction in the availability of carbonate. Solenosmilia variabilis is a species of deep sea coral found in the waters surrounding New Zealand and previous feasibility experiments have shown that it is a robust species for in-‐aquaria studies. A live coral experiment is currently underway to identify the long-‐term response of intracellular pH to acidified conditions. Colonies are being subjected to a pH of either 7.8 or 7.65, designed to reflect current pH conditions and future acidification scenarios, respectively. Measurements of intracellular pH will be taken during early and late-‐2015 using the fluorescent pH-‐dependent probe SNARF-‐1 and live confocal imagery. This study will help inform our understanding of future predictions on OA impacts.
26
Harianto TALK Physiological effects of long-‐term acclimation to ocean warming and acidification on the purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma Harianto, Januar1,2; Nguyen, Hong Dao1; Holmes, Sebastian2; Byrne, Maria1 1Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney 2Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman NSW, Australia 3Water and Wildlife Ecology Group (WWEG), School of Science & Health, The University of Western Sydney, Australia
The long-‐term effects of ocean warming and acidification on the physiology of the purple sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma), endemic to Sydney Harbour, Australia — a well-‐known climate change hotspot — was investigated. Urchins collected during winter were acclimated over 6 weeks to gradual warming (+ 0.5 °C/wk) and decreasing pH (-‐0.1 pHtotal units/week), to three temperature treatments (control: +0, + 2, and + 3 °C) and two pHtotal levels (control pH: 8.0, -‐0.4 pH: 7.6). Temperatures were adjusted weekly to correspond to the temperature history of the harbour while pH was kept constant to match their subtidal habitats where pH flux was minimal. Urchins were acclimated over an experimental period that coincided with the period of gonad development. After 3 months in treatments respiratory physiology was monitored every 2 weeks for a period of 2 months. Immune response, gonad development, feeding rate and other stress markers were also measured. The response of H. erythrogramma to increased ocean temperatures and acidification are discussed in context to the rapid ocean warming currently predicted for south-‐eastern Australia.
27
Hempel POSTER Sub-‐lethal stress response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification -‐ Preliminary results Sonja Hempel1, Vonda Cummings2, Ken Ryan1 1Victoria University of Wellington 2NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington
Antarctic bivalves are under threat from future climate change and ocean acidification scenarios, which may hit cold-‐adapted Southern Ocean fauna earlier and harder than fauna elsewhere in the world. Laternula elliptica, a common and important infaunal bivalve species in Antarctic coastal regions, becomes stressed under reduced pH conditions, increasing its rate of oxygen consumption and the production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The response of L. elliptica to environmental stress is important as the species is dominant in the Antarctic benthos and provides bentho-‐pelagic coupling and water filtration. Sub-‐lethal stress, which does not kill an organism but still affects its function, is of interest because a stressed organism working to keep its metabolic rate stable may divert its energy budget towards maintaining metabolic equilibrium, and would consequently have fewer energy reserves available for reproduction. To address this, the response of L. elliptica, specifically changes in HSP70 production, respiration rate, and physiological condition, to end-‐of-‐the-‐century predictions in pH, temperature, and a combined high temperate/high acidity treatment is being studied over a four-‐month experiment. This poster presents work being undertaken currently for a Master¹s thesis, and will detail preliminary results from midway through the experiment.
28
Hudson TALK Kina, ocean acidification and sensitive males Mike Hudson University of Auckland
Marine environments are experiencing large-‐scale change through increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 driving both increasing seawater temperatures and ocean acidification (OA). The resulting changes to carbon chemistry and seawater pH have direct implications for marine life with varied and contrasting outcomes. In general, species are suggested to be optimally adapted to the environmental conditions they are exposed to over evolutionary time, and as a result have limited capacity to tolerate change. As the early life stages are reportedly the most sensitive to environmental perturbations, the critical first step of fertilisation success (FS) of the broadcast spawning sea urchin, kina (Evechinus chloroticus), was examined here across a CO2 gradient from present day to IPCC predicted future levels (380 to 1800 ppm). The results show kina to be resilient to near future OA (1000 ppm) followed by a population level decline in FS towards 50% as atmospheric CO2 increases to levels predicted for the year 2300 (1800 ppm). Closer investigation shows that tolerances at the individual level (single male:female crosses) are highly variable, with evidence of differential male/female sensitivities to environmental CO2. At 1800 ppm inter-‐male variability and sperm performance characteristics, not eggs, drive lower FS levels. This research expands our limited understanding of the vulnerability of New Zealand rocky reef species to OA by describing levels and sources of sensitivity in kina; an ecologically, recreationally and culturally important species.
29
Law TALK Bacterial exoenzyme activity in high CO2 vent waters Law, Cliff1,2, Burrell, Tim1, 3, Sander, Sylvia2, Maas, Els1 1 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Greta Point, Wellington. New Zealand. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 3 Victoria University of Wellington, School of Biological Sciences, Wellington, New Zealand.
Recent research indicates that bacterial exoenzyme activity is sensitive to ocean acidification, with potential implications for the cycling and fate of organic matter. Natural CO2 vent systems represent potential analogues of the future ocean with higher CO2, and so offer a complimentary approach to small-‐scale perturbation experiments for examining ecosystem impacts. We assessed this potential, at CO2 vents in the Bay of Plenty (North Island, New Zealand), by comparing bacteria and exoenzyme activity in water overlying the vents with upstream control waters, and also control water adjusted to the pH of the vent water. This allowed us to determine whether elevated CO2 was the primary driver of change in aminopeptidase and glucosidase activity, or whether other factors in vent water influenced the response. The results will be considered in the context of water column chemistry in the Bay of Plenty, and bacterial exoenzyme response to ocean acidification in the open ocean around New Zealand.
30
Leal POSTER Microscopic stages of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) grow larger and faster under higher CO2 indicating adaptation to ocean acidification Pablo P. Leal1, Catriona L. Hurd1, 2, Pamela A. Fernandez1 and Michael Y. Roleda1, 3 1 Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand 2 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia 3 Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Kudalsveien 6, 8049 Bodø, Norway
Ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is projected to decrease surface seawater pH (8.10) by 0.30-‐0.32 units by 2100, termed ocean acidification (OA). However, pH inside kelp canopies can naturally vary between 7.65-‐8.86 daily, and pH near the benthos varies from 7.00 to 8.30. The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida release biflagellated meiospores from sori on sporophylls. Meiospores settle and develop into microscopic gametophytes. Meiospores are exposed to a range of pHs within the water column and in micro-‐environments at the rock surface, that are greater than those predicted for OA. We hypothesized that meiospores of U. pinnatifida will develop faster, and the gametophytes grow larger, under experimental simulation of OA than those of M. pyrifera. Meiospores of both kelps were separately grown in four pHT treatments (7.20, 7.65, 8.00, and 8.40). The culture medium was renewed every 2 days. Meiospore germination, germling size, gametophyte size and sex ratio were determined over 15 days. Germination (day 5) ranged from 85% to 93% and no difference between pH treatment and species was observed. On day 11, germlings were larger in the lower pH treatments (7.20 and 7.65). On day 13, male gametophytes of both species were bigger than female gametophytes. The size of germlings and of male and female gametophytes decreased with increasing pH. Results show that higher dissolved CO2 is beneficial for the growth and development of meiospores of both kelp species, and that the micro-‐stages of these species are adapted to future OA.
31
Manahan POSTER Effects of ocean acidification and ocean warming on the adult purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma Natalie Manahan RMIT University
In coastal environments, sea urchins are a well-‐studied and important marine taxonomic group. The purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, is endemic to the southern states of Australia, and plays a key role in the marine intertidal environment as herbivorous grazers and food for fishes. How reef species such as the sea urchin will respond to the imminent environmental changes due to climate change is not well understood. The effect of ocean acidification and warming on echinoderms are species-‐specific, and physiological responses can vary widely between species. This uncertainty in predicting a response for a specific species, when faced with the stresses from climate change, creates difficulty when adapting management strategies for future scenarios. The demise of this ecologically important marine species would see a dramatic shift in marine intertidal ecosystems, as well as an economic impact on a young but burgeoning Australian sea urchin fishery. My research aims to investigate the physiological responses of the adult H. erythrogramma to predicted future climate change conditions, and how an increase in ocean temperature and acidity will effect urchin sensitivity to metal pollutants. Specifically, I’ll be asking the questions: What effect an increase in temperature and/or a decrease in pH will have on H. erythrogramma feeding rate, respiration rate, scope for growth and calcification and/or dissolution of the urchin test and spines? What effect an increase in temperature and/or a decrease in pH will have on the uptake of copper by H. erythrogramma? And, does copper exposure under conditions of ocean acidification and warming have follow-‐on effects for urchin feeding, respiration and calcification and/or dissolution of urchin test and spines? Australia is a climate change hot spot where due to changes in ocean circulation disproportionate warming has occurred over the past 60 years (+2.3°C), with projection for a further +2-‐3°C increase in sea surface temperature by 2070. Understanding urchin vulnerabilities to ocean acidification and warming are of particular importance as these stressors may be the bottleneck for species persistence and ecological success in a changing ocean.
32
Mikaloff Fletcher TALK Present and Future Ocean Acidification in New Zealand's EEZ Sara E. Mikaloff Fletcher, Helen Bostock, Mike Williams, Graham Rickard NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington
Until recently, the aragonite and calcite saturation states in New Zealand's EEZ have been poorly characterised due to a limited number of measurements of carbonate species in this region. In order to address this, we have developed algorithms to estimate the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity from three parameters that are measured much more widely: temperature, salinity and oxygen. These algorithms were developed using measurements of all five species from the GLODAP, CARINA, and PACIFICA voyages, and then combined with the CARS temperature, salinity and oxygen data to map DIC, Alkalinity, to calculate the calcite and aragonite saturation horizons (CSH and ASH) for the New Zealand EEZ. Our data-‐based estimates of the ASH and CSH were then used to evaluate the Earth System Models that contributed to the Coupled model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and determine which models best represent the New Zealand region. These findings are compared with analogous work to evaluate the CMIP5 models against satellite temperature and chlorophyll data, and we explore what this model evaluation means for future ASH and CSH values in New Zealand's EEZ.
33
Munday TALK Effects of ocean acidification on early life history development of the yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, a large pelagic fish Munday PL1, Watson S1, Parsons D2, King A3, Barr N4, McLeod I1, Allan BJM1, Pether S3 1ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia 2NIWA Auckland, Newmarket, Auckland 1149 3NIWA Bream Bay, Ruakaka 0116 4NIWA Greta Point, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241
An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ocean acidification on marine fishes, yet little is known about the effects on large pelagic fishes. We tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the early life-‐history development and behaviour of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Eggs and larvae were reared in current-‐day control (450 µatm) and two elevated CO2 treatments until 3 days post hatching (dph). Elevated CO2 treatments matched projections for the open ocean by year 2100 under RCP 8.5 (880 µatm CO2) and a higher level (1700 µatm CO2) relevant to upwelling zones where pelagic fishes often spawn. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on survival to hatching or 3 dph. Larvae were longer in the 880 µatm CO2 treatment, but not the 1700 µatm treatment, compared with controls. Yolk depth increased and oil globule diameter decreased with increasing CO2 level, indicating potential effects of elevated CO2 on energy efficiency of newly hatched larvae. Other morphometric traits did not differ among treatments. Contrary to expectations there were no effects of elevated CO2 on larval behaviour. Activity level and startle response did not differ among treatments. There was a trend toward increased phototaxis at higher CO2, but this was not statistically significant. Our results contrast with findings for reef fishes, where a wide range of sensory and behavioural effects have been reported. We hypothesize that the absence of behavioural effects in 3dph yellowtail kingfish is due to the early developmental state of newly hatched pelagic fishes. Behavioural effects of high CO2 may not occur until larvae commence branchial acid-‐base regulation when the gills develop; however further studies are required to test this hypothesis. Nevertheless, our results suggest that growth and energy allocation of larval kingfish could be affected by ocean acidification, with potential implications for recruitment success.
34
Murdoch TALK Setting Up a Coastal Ocean Acidification Observing Network in New Zealand Judith Murdoch1, Kim Currie2, Andrew Marriner2, Cliff Law2
1University of Otago, Dunedin 2NIWA, Dunedin
Long –term monitoring of ocean carbon chemistry in the surface waters of the SW Pacific Ocean near New Zealand (the Munida time series) has shown that the pHT has decreased at a rate of 0.0013 pH units per year for the period 1998-‐2012 (Bates et al., 2014). Short-‐term measurement campaigns at various other New Zealand coastal sites indicate that the carbon chemistry is highly variable, however there is little baseline data against which to measure any future change. We have set up a coastal ocean acidification observing network (NZOA-‐ON) consisting of 14 sites around the country, in partnership with aquaculture industry representatives, regional councils, conservation and other institutes. The observing network consists of fortnightly bottle samples for DIC and alkalinity analyses, plus SeaFET pH sensors collecting data every 30 minutes. Such a low-‐cost framework can easily be adapted for other locations and environments. This presentation will describe the logistics involved in setting up and operating the NZOA-‐ON. Bates, N.R., et al. Oceanography 27 (1), 126-‐141.
35
Nguyen POSTER Determination of thermal and pH/pCO2 variability in the habitat of shallow subtidal and intertidal marine invertebrates Hong D. Nguyen1, Kennedy Wolfe1, Sergio T. Gabarda1, Januar Harianto1, Maria Byrne1,2 1 School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 2 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Rocky shore invertebrates occupying the shallow subtidal and intertidal tide pools experience highly fluctuating temperature and pH environments on a daily basis. To understand how these organisms will fare with near-‐future ocean warming and acidification, it is imperative to document the level of environmental variability organisms currently experience. For 5 years (December 2008 -‐ November 2013), in situ monitoring was used to document the thermal conditions experienced by species occupying the shallow subtidal, and low-‐ and mid-‐intertidal tide pool habitats at Little Bay, Sydney. In addition, Total Alkalinity (TA) and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) were also determined from discrete water samples collected on 20 spring low tides before dawn and dusk over 3 years to gain a comprehensive understanding of the carbonate chemistry environment experienced by the animals using CO2SYS. The greatest daily fluctuations in temperature were 7°C, 9.5°C and 16°C in the shallow subtidal site, low-‐intertidal pool and mid-‐intertidal pool respectively and were recorded during extreme spring low tides (< 0.2 m) occurring at midday or in the afternoon in summer. The pHT of the shallow subtidal, the low intertidal pool and the mid intertidal pool ranged from pHT 7.88-‐8.29, pHT 7.86-‐8.30 and pHT 7.54-‐8.87 respectively. For pCO2, levels ranged from 300-‐446 µatm, 202-‐614 µatm and 25-‐1571 µatm in the shallow subtidal, low intertidal pool and mid-‐intertidal pool respectively. The bay water at high tide approximated open ocean conditions, pHT 8.00-‐8.14 and pCO2 levels between 290-‐450 µatm. These data show that shore-‐level measurements are crucial to detect the fine level of variation in warming and acidification experienced at the level of the animal and with respect to projected change in conditions. They are key to place climate change experiments in an ecologically relevant context.
36
Ragg TALK The effects of seawater calcium carbonate saturation state upon embryogenesis and larval performance of Greenshell mussels, Perna canaliculus Norman L. C. Ragg1, Samantha Gale1, Nicola Hawes2, Le Viet Dung1,3, Ellie Watts1, Jolene Taylor1, Hannah Mae1, Nick King1 1.Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand 2.SPaTNZ Ltd., Nelson, New Zealand 3.Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
The Greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, represents a key component of the benthic ecosystem and supports New Zealand’s largest aquaculture industry. The Cawthron Institute has sought to add value and security to this industry by developing intensive hatchery technology, which is now being commercialised by SPaTNZ Ltd. Access to reliable hatchery systems has facilitated trials examining the effects of manipulation of aragonite saturation state upon the earliest, and arguably most vulnerable, life stages. Recently fertilized eggs were added at 50 eggs mL-‐1 to lightly-‐aerated 150L conical tanks contained 1µm-‐filtered 16.5°C seawater and 4µM EDTA. Triplicate tanks had been pre-‐established as either Controls (ΩAragonite 1.87, pHT 7.9), near-‐future ocean acidification scenarios (Ω = 0.77, pHT 7.5 and Ω 0.52, pHT 7.3), created by CO2 enrichment of tank aeration, or elevated Ω (ΩAra 2.86, pHT 8.0 and ΩAra ~7, pH ~8.9) by addition of concentrated sodium carbonate solution. Treatment had no immediate effect on mortality, with net survival over a 43h incubation period exceeding 75% in all tanks. However development was severely arrested in reduced Ω treatments, with mussels failing to advance beyond trochophore stage at Ω 0.52 or tending to form misshapen, under-‐size veligers at Ω 0.77, ultimately resulting in 100% mortality. Controls and Ω 2.86 yielded 70.6 -‐ 72.8% healthy veliger larvae, rising to 82.6% at Ω 4.52. Larvae in the Ω ~7 treatment tended to be grossly over-‐calcified, resulting in only 12.7% healthy larvae; these larvae subsequently displayed elevated mortality when placed in an unmodified rearing system. An indication of general oxidative stress in 43h-‐old larvae was determined using 2’,7’-‐dichlorodihydroflourescein diacetate (‘D399’), which indicated ~100% increase in reactive oxygen species present in the reduced Ω treatments. The very early life stages of P. canaliculus therefore appear to be highly susceptible to OA, with near-‐future conditions resulting in 100% mortality. Encouragingly, Ω manipulation appears to provide a tool for enhancing hatchery production, with the current study successfully increasing veliger, and subsequently metamorphosing pediveliger, yield by 13%.
37
Sander TALK The Effect of pH on Trace Metal Speciation in the Marine Environment Sylvia Sander Marine and Freshwater Chemistry and NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, New Zealand
Trace metals play an important role as micronutrients and toxicants in the marine environment. However, it is not the total dissolved trace metal concentration that is determining the uptake and thus biological effect for the organisms, but specific chemical forms of the metal. This can either be the free ion (e.g. Fe2+/3+Cu2+), the inorganic or organic complexes (e.g., Fe(OH)3, CuCO3, Fe-‐siderophore, Cu-‐cysteine). For many bioactive trace metals such as iron, the solubility is very dependent on pH, too. However at the same time the conditional stability constants of organic Fe-‐binding ligands are expected to become weaker at more acidic conditions due to the competition with protons. Additionally, iron laden aerosol supply to iron deficient surface ocean areas, including the Southern Ocean is forecast to increase in a changing and more arid climate. The exact consequences of these cumulative effects on the iron speciation and bioavailability, as well as that of other bioactive trace metals, is still much of a mystery. Here I will present model predictions of iron and Cu speciation as a function of pH. I will further compare these theoretical predictions with published bioassay experiments at different pCO2-‐concentrations and pHs. Finally I will present some yet-‐unpublished data from ocean acidification experiments.
38
Schmutter TALK & POSTER A framework for assessing and evaluating the socio-‐economic impacts of ocean acidification Katherine Schmutter Australian National University
The aim of this presentation is to alert the audience of the need to consider the potential socio-‐economic impacts of ocean acidification for coastal communities in order to capture opportunities and to moderate or avoid harm. The world’s oceans are becoming increasingly acidic largely as a result of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions being absorbed by seawater at a rate not previously seen in the Earth’s history. In a business as usual emissions scenario as described by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013), this will continue to increase rapidly. The climatic, ecological, chemical and physical responses to ocean acidification are complex, will vary from location to location, from species to species from ecological system to ecological system, and will change through time. Some of these responses have already been detected and cases have been reported where environmental changes were rapid. The action of other stressors resulting from climate change and increasing human population are also increasing the complexity and severity of these responses. In order to develop effective responses to these changes we need to consider the impacts these are likely to have on our socio-‐economic systems. A framework to assess and evaluate where these impacts are likely to impact can provide a useful tool for coastal communities in understanding their preparedness for change and to consider whether the actions they are taking are leading them in the right directions for the best outcomes for their community. While these changes are complex it is clear that they pose a very real risk to global citizens as well as to our environment. Choosing not to prepare or taking ineffective actions could leave us unready to face this emerging challenge.
39
Sparks TALK Comparison of Antarctic (Odontaster validus) and New Zealand (Patiriella regularis) sea star larvae response to ocean acidification: Using quantitative genetic techniques to compare between species and latitudes Kate Sparks Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
One major focus of the marine biological research community in recent years has been to quantify the reactions of Antarctic larvae to climate change. This research aims to show whether Antarctic echinoderm species' individual reactions to climate change can be used as a 'bellwether' for New Zealand species' responses. Odontaster validus, the Antarctic cushion star, has been named a ‘keystone’ species in shallow Antarctic benthic habitats due to its ubiquitous distribution and important role in community composition on the Antarctic shelf. O.validus may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification and warming during its pelagic larval development phase, which has been described as a ‘bottleneck of mortality’ for many species. P.regularis, the New Zealand cushion star, has pelagic larvae which are known to be robust to ocean acidification and warming at the population level, but individual responses are unquantified. Due to this species' wide geographic range, and ability to tolerate large environmental changes, it may have the capacity to adapt to near-‐future ocean conditions. Using quantitative genetics, examine the capacity in O validus and P.regularis larvae for adaptation to warmer temperatures and reduced seawater pH. Intra-‐brood variation in parental gamete phenotypes are known to act as selection pressures in dynamic or unpredicted environments. The presence of a range of tolerant phenotypes will indicate that these species can adapt and survive in an environment modelled on the IPCC ‘business as usual’ scenario.
40
Tracey POSTER Growth and functioning of deep sea coral: assessing potential impacts of ocean acidification Tracey, D.1, Cummings, V.1, Gammon, M.2, Marriott, P.1, Neil, H.1, Barr, N.1, Moss, G.1, Davy, S2. 1NIWA, Private Bag 14-‐901, Wellington. 2School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington.
The reef-‐forming scleractinian stony coral (Solenosmilia variabilis) is one of New Zealand's most common deep sea coral species. It has a wide spatial distribution and thrives at depths of 800 -‐ 1200 m. Such deep, cold-‐water environments are predicted to be affected by ocean acidification much sooner than more temperate environments. Previous work on Solenosmilia variabilis has shown it to be a robust species for in aquaria studies. With several newly sampled colonies from the Kermadec Arc region, we have initiated an experiment to improve our knowledge of its growth patterns, both under ambient conditions and in response to elevated pCO2, the latter in order to assess its potential resilience to levels of ocean acidification. As Solenosmilia variabilis is a very long-‐lived species, this experiment will run for several years. Periodically over this time, growth and intracellular functioning of individual colonies will be assessed. At the end of the experiment, radiocarbon dating will be carried out to determine colony ages. It is hoped that this study, on a species that provides important habitat and refuge for many deep sea invertebrates and fish, will help inform predictions of how such deep-‐sea ecosystems might be impacted by ocean acidification.
41
8th New Zealand Ocean Acidification workshop Ocean Acidification in New Zealand: present state, pHuture directions
PARTICIPANTS
Zhaleh Adhami Chemistry, University of Otago [email protected]
Evelyn Armstrong Chemistry, University of Otago [email protected]
Federico Baltar Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Neill Barr NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington [email protected]
Helen Bostock NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington [email protected] Miriam Bulach University of Auckland [email protected]
Christine Bylenga Victoria University of Wellington [email protected]
Maria Byrne University of Sydney [email protected]
Mark Camara Cawthron Institute, Nelson [email protected]
Anna Crosbie MPI, Nelson [email protected]
Vonda Cummings NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington [email protected]
Kim Currie NIWA, Chemistry, University of Otago [email protected]
Simon Davy Victoria University of Wellington [email protected]
Peter Dillingham University of New England, Armidale, NSW [email protected]
Jess Ericson Nelson [email protected]
Katharina Fabricius Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville [email protected]
Pamela Fernandez Subiabre Botany, University of Otago [email protected] Shawna Foo University of Sydney [email protected]
Emily Frost University of Auckland [email protected]
Samantha Gale Cawthron Institute, Nelson [email protected]
Malindi Gammon Victoria University of Wellingto [email protected]
Januar Harianto University of Sydney [email protected]
Nicola Hawes Glenhavan Aquaculture Park [email protected]
Sonja Hempel Victoria University of Wellington [email protected]
Linn Hoffmann Botany, University of Otago [email protected]
Gretchen Hofmann University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected]
Mike Hudson University of Auckland [email protected]
Keith Hunter Sciences, University of Otago [email protected]
Miles Lamare Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
42
Cliff Law NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington [email protected]
Pablo Leal Botany, University of Otago [email protected]
Mary Livingston MPI, Wellington [email protected] Natalie Manahan RMIT University, Melbourne [email protected]
Christina McGraw University of New England, Armidale, NSW [email protected]
Victoria Metcalfe Christchurch [email protected]
Sara Mikaloff-‐Fletcher NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington Sara.Mikaloff-‐[email protected] Judith Murdoch Chemistry, University of Otago [email protected]
Tyler Northern Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Darren Parsons NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington [email protected]
Bryce Peebles Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Norman Ragg Cawthron Institute, Nelson [email protected]
Sylvia Sander Chemistry, University of Otago [email protected] Katherine Schmutter Australian National University [email protected]
Abby Smith Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Kate Sparks Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Esther Stuck Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
Tim Suhrhoff Oldenburg, Germany [email protected]
Di Tracey NIWA Wellington [email protected]
Rebecca Zitoun Marine Science, University of Otago [email protected]
THANKS!! The organising committee of the NZ OA workshop would like to acknowledge funding from the University of Otago OA Research Theme, whose funding comes from the University of Otago Research Committee. We also thank the University of Otago for providing venues free-‐of-‐charge. We gratefully thank Professor Hamish Spencer for sharing his wine expertise with us, and our student assistants for their support. See you next year! Abby, Kim, Miles, Cliff and Doug
