well i'm a foreign graduated nurse from the Philippines (study there because cheaper and BSN 4 years). I just took my 2nd Nclex Rn Exam yesterday in Oakland Ca. and it took me 1 hour and 30 mins to take i think 120 questions (turned off the question counter after i saw 90) I had atleast 9-12 SATA, 1 Medication Dosage Problem, about 12-15 Meds and other priority question.. It is the most nerve wreaking exam i ever took.. After the exam i waited 20 mins to do the pearson vue trick on my phone.. i got the good pop out but i'm not sure yet since it's only 20 mins after the exam.. i drove home and atleast 2 hours have passed i tried again in the computer and still the good pop out.. OMG I WAS SO HAPPY THAT I ACTUALLY PASSED THE EXAM!!!

My experience in the exam during the 1st take was horrible.. I relied on the Kaplan review 500 dollars (waste of money) they only give u a review book and the questions in their q bank were so vague and confusing.. the live classes were just the instuctor going over couple of questions that u can easily read from the rationale at home and i think the instructor would have gotten the answer wrong without her folders.. I took the exam after Kaplan 240 question later, did the pearson vue trick find out i failed... i took this experience badly for 2 weeks depressed and another month to just enjoy my small freedom to review again..

my review consisted of:

Prioritization, Delegation, and Assignment by Linda A. Lacharty

----As everyone says this is the book to have, alot of questions from this book will be seen in the nclex.. (not the same question but almost the same format) The way the questions are written, the rationale, and how the book was structured was well designed so u can pass and be comfortable with nclex questions ( i score close to 67-74% in every chapeter in this book..)

Saunders 4th Edition Nclex Reviewer

----best content book..read this book before taking the exam specially for those foreign graduate nurses like myself.. so much information in this book that will never be thought by foreign schools, machines, tests, even cultural and spiritual differences is discussed in this book a must have..

Exam Cram Question Book

----want to be comfortable with the Nclex questions.. this is the way to do it.. repetition of questions means reinforcement of the contents, rewording of the questions means critical thinking, 250 question per practice test, endurance to test, mock nclex exam by cd.. shows ur weakness in which part of the exam ur weak at ( i was always below average in Safety and Infection Control)

All Nurses Infection Control Mnemonic

----Infection control My, Chicken hez Chicken Pox, SPIDERMAN, VCHIPS,

and another thing i found her "i'll post later"

----trouble with pharma drugs like i did.. this is the thing for you

My study plan was like this:

Every 3-4 Days i read a Chapter in saunders, write down in a small notebook what was the pyramid points and what i thought were note remembering in the chapters. Pyramid points are the nclex question topics so u should really focus on those. After that i find the corresponding topic in saunder withthe La Charty books (ex: if i finished Cardiac System and Medications i look for the cardiovacular section in La Charity and do the questions) with this i was able to answer the La Charity Question and Reinforce what i read in Saunders and do critical thinking questions also.. I did this for about 1 and half months.. also atleast 80-150 questions a night from the exam cram cd.. i didn't like the saunder c.d. because it was more content base and i realized from my 1st exam thats not the type of questions nclex RN gives u..

I did question from the exam cram book every weekend 1 exam consisting of 250 questions in one sitting doing atleast (73-76%) in each exam but with the repetitions of the same type of questions but different wordings it helped me think of what answers to look for what answer to take out and whats the best answers to use..

During the last week i just stayed infront of my computer studied infection control and the other pharma i got from allnurses.com and did the mock exam by exam cram... doing atleast 2-3 mock NCLEX EXam every day really helped me with confidence and what to study on specially when u can see what topics u are weak so u can study on it..

Hope this helps ppl and thank you so much ALLNURSES.COM AND IT'S MEMBERS FOR THE STUDY TIPS, AND EVERYTHING. YOU HELPED ME PASSED MY NCLEX R.N. AN I HOPE I CAN HELP OTHER ALSO

PHARMA:

Pharmacology - Know Indication/Action/Effect

Prefix/Suffix

-ase = thrombolytic-Thrombolytic therapy is the use of drugs to break up or dissolve blood clots, which are the main cause of both heart attacks and stroke.

-azepam = benzodiazepine- The benzodiazepine family of depressants is used therapeutically to produce sedation, induce sleep, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and to prevent seizures. In general, benzodiazepines act as hypnotics in high doses,

-azine = antiemetic - Scopolamine Transderm SCOP

Novartis Cons. transdermal patch 1.5mg (delivers 1mg per 72hrs) Rx Motion sickness: 1 patch 4hrs before departure, remove after 72hrs.; phenothiazide- Phenothiazine drugs are primarily used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis. Medications in this family include. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride

-azole = proton pump inhibitor- Proton pump inhibitors reduce the production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. The reduction of acid prevents ulcers and allows any ulcers that exist in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to heal., antifungal- An antifungal drug is medication used to treat fungal infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription or purchased over-the-counter

-barbital = barbiturate- Barbiturates are a group of drugs in the class of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, which generally describes their sleep-inducing and anxiety-decreasing effects.

-coxib = cox 2 enzyme blockers- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs that reduce inflammation but are different from steroids, another class of drugs that also reduces inflammation. NSAIDs reduce pain, fever, and swelling and are commonly prescribed for the inflammation of the joints (arthritis) and other tissues, such as in tendinitis and bursitis. Examples of NSAIDs include:

-cep/-cef = anti-infectives-

What is cloxacillin?

Cloxacillin is an antibiotic in the class of drugs called penicillins. It fights bacteria in your body. Cloxacillin may decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. Use a second method of birth control while taking cloxacillin to protect against pregnancy. Do not take if allergic to another penicillin or to a cephalosporin.

-caine = anesthetics- Diprivan is used to start or maintain anesthesia during certain surgeries, tests, or procedures. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. you are allergic to eggs, egg products, soybeans, or soy products do not take!

-cillin = penicillin- Penicillin V is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections. Do not use this medication if you are allergic to penicillin V or to any other penicillin antibiotic, such as amoxicillin (Amoxil),

-cycline = antibiotic- Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. It works by slowing the growth of bacteria in the body.

Doxycycline is used to treat many different bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections, acne, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, periodontitis (gum disease), Do not use doxycycline if you are pregnant. It could cause harm to the unborn baby, including permanent discoloration of the teeth later in life. Doxycycline can make birth control pills less effective.

-dipine = calcium channel blocker- n order to pump blood, the heart needs oxygen. The harder the heart works, the more oxygen it requires. Angina (heart pain) occurs when the supply of oxygen to the heart is inadequate for the amount of work the heart must do. By dilating the arteries, CCBs reduce the pressure in the arteries. This makes it easier for the heart to pump blood, and, as a result, the heart needs less oxygen. By reducing the heart's need for oxygen, CCBs relieve or prevent angina. CCBs also are used for treating high blood pressure because of their blood pressure-lowering effects. CCBs also slow the rate at which the heart beats and are therefore used for treating certain types of abnormally rapid heart rhythms. Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) and diltiazem (Cardizem) have the greatest effects on the heart and reduce the strength and rate of contraction. Therefore, they are used in reducing heart rate when the heart is beating too fast.

-floxacin = antibiotic- Ofloxacin is an antibiotic that stops bacteria multiplication by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic material (DNA). pneumonia and bronchitis caused by

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, but is not effective against syphilis. Ofloxacin is often used to treat urinary infections and prostate infections caused by E. Coli. Ofloxacin should not be taken with food. Ofloxacin is partially metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidney

-ipramine = Tricyclic antidepressant- Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, also called cyclic antidepressants, ease depression by affecting chemical messengers in the brain (neurotransmitters). # Imipramine (Tofranil, Tofranil-PM)- et emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

# Maprotiline- MAPROTILINE (ma PROE ti leen) is used to treat depression. This medicine also helps to relieve anxiety associated with depression. seizures

•suicidal thoughts or family history of suicide

•an unusual or allergic reaction to maprotiline, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives

•pregnant or trying to get pregnant

•breast-feeding

# Nortriptyline (Pamelor)- Nortriptyline is in the class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and is used for treating depression. Other drugs in the same class include amitriptyline (Endep, Elavil), clomipramine (Anafranil), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), trimipramine (Surmontil), amoxapine (Amoxapine), desipramine (Norpramin), and protriptyline (Vivactil). for chronic pain (for example, migraine, tension headaches, diabetic neuropathy, cancer pain, arthritic pain).

-ine = reverse transcriptase inhibitors- The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contains genetic information in the form of RNA. When HIV infects a human T cell, it must convert this RNA to DNA. It does so by using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors interfere with this process, antihistamines- Many antihistamine drugs are available without a prescription. Examples include the first-generation antihistamines such as brompheniramine (Dimetapp, Bromphen, Dimetane, Nasahist), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), clemastine (Allerhist, Tavist), and diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and a second-generation antihistamine loratadine (Claritin). Loratadine (Claritin) does not cause drowsiness. Common prescription antihistamines (all second-generation antihistamines) include cetirizine (Zyrtec), desloratadine (Clarinex), and fexofenadine (Allegra). These drugs compete with histamine for histamine receptor sites. By occupying the histamine receptor sites, they prevent histamine from causing allergic symptoms.

-kinase = thrombolytics- Streptokinase is used to dissolve blood clots that have formed in the blood vessels. It is used immediately after symptoms of a heart attack occur to improve patient survival. if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals.

-lone, pred- = corticosteroid- corticosteroids are potent medications that have been used in medicine to treat many conditions that involve inflammation. For instance, they have been used to treat rheumatoid

arthritis, and other arthritis that is caused by inflammation in the joints. They are also used to treat liver inflammation (hepatitis), ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's colitis (which involve inflammation of the inner lining of the intestines). Corticosteroids are used by pulmonologists to treat asthma. Some of them involve thinning of the bones, avascular necrosis of bones, thinning of the skin and also swelling of the face, among many other possible side effects.

-mab = monoclonal antibiotics- They have clinical applications for targeted delivery of drugs to leukemia or lymphoma cells and can be used to purify cells used for stem cell transplants, which have made them an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology and medicine. Several of the newer chemotherapy agents are monoclonal antibodies. The first one was approved for cancer treatment by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997. Alemtuzumab (Campath), Bevacizumab (Avastin), Cetuximab (Erbitux), Gemtuzumab (Mylotarg), Ibritumomab (Zevalin), Panitumumab (Vectibix), Rituximab (Rituxan), Tositumomab (Bexxar), and Trastuzumab (Herceptin) are some of the FDA-approved monoclonal drugs used in cancer treatments.

Monoclonal antibodies (abbreviated MAbs) are useful in treating colon, lung, head, neck, and breast cancers. Monoclonal drugs are also used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

-micin = antibiotic Erythromycin is in a group of drugs called macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin fights bacteria in the body.

Erythromycin is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria.- Do not use this medication if you are allergic to erythromycin, or if you are also taking astemizole (Hismanal), cisapride (Propulsid), pimozide (Orap), or terfenadine (Seldane). Erythromycin may interact with these medicines and could cause dangerous or life-threatening heart rhythm disorders., Before taking erythromycin, tell your doctor if you have liver disease or myasthenia gravis. You may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely take erythromycin. Aminoglycoside- aminoglycoside /ami·no·gly·co·side/ (-gli´ko-sīd) any of a group of antibacterial antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin, gentamicin) derived from various species of Streptomyces or produced synthetically; they interfere with the function of bacterial ribosomes. All of the aminoglycoside antibiotics are highly toxic, requiring monitoring of blood serum levels at frequent intervals and careful observation of the patient for early signs of toxicity, particularly ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. It is used in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Examples: framycetin, gentamicin, neomycin and tobramycin.

-navir = protease inhibitor-are a class of drugs used to treat or prevent infection by viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. PIs prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of proteases, e.g.HIV-1 protease, enzymes used by the viruses to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new virions.

nitr-, -nitr- = nitrate/vasodilator- a potent smooth muscle relaxant and vasodilator used in transdermal patches and in a paste as well as in oral and sublingual tablets

-olol = beta antagonist- A drug, such as propanolol, that opposes the excitatory effects of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve endings at beta-receptors and is used for the treatment of angina, hypertension, arrhythmia, and migraine. Also called beta-adrenergic blocking agent.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/beta-blocker#ixzz1NE86x2BK

-oxin = cardiac glycoside- Cardiac glycosides are used therapeutically mainly in the treatment of cardiac failure. These effects are caused by the ability to increase cardiac output by increasing the force of contraction by increasing intracellular calcium as described below, increasing calcium-induced calcium release and thus contraction

-osin = Alpha blocker- Alpha blockers, also called alpha-adrenergic antagonists, treat a variety of conditions, such as high blood pressure, benign prostatic hyperplasia and Raynaud's disease. Find out more about this class of medication. Alpha blockers relax certain muscles and help small blood vessels remain open. They work by keeping the hormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins

-parin = anticoagulant-Anticoagulants are drugs used to prevent clot formation or to prevent a clot that has formed from enlarging. They inhibit clot formation by blocking the action of clotting factors or platelets. Anticoagulant drugs fall into three categories: inhibitors of clotting factor synthesis, inhibitors of thrombin and antiplatelet drugs.

Read more: http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/anticoagulant-and-antiplatelet-drugs#ixzz1NEBKFkLN

Healthline.com - Connect to Better Health

-prazole = PPI’s- Proton pump inhibitors reduce the production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. The reduction of acid prevents ulcers and allows any ulcers that exist in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to heal. * ulcers, * gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and * Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

-phylline = bronchodilator- A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma

and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.

Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).

-pril = ACE inhibitor- Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical that causes the muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing the vessels. The narrowing of the vessels increases the pressure within the vessels causing high blood pressure (hypertension). ACE inhibitors are used for controlling blood pressure, treating heart failure, preventing strokes, and preventing kidney damage in people with hypertension or diabetes. They also improve survival after heart attacks.

-statin = cholesterol lowering agent- Hyperlipidemia is the leading risk factor for atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that 99.5 million American adults have total blood cholesterol values of 200 mg/dL or higher. Of these Americans, 39.9 million have levels above 240 mg/dL, which is considered high. Levels of 200-239 mg/dL are borderline-high

-sartan = angiotensin II blocker- Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical that causes muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing blood vessels. This narrowing increases the pressure within the vessels and can cause high blood pressure (hypertension).

-sone = glucocorticoid, corticosteroid- Corticosteroids, also called glucocorticoids or just "steroids", are powerful drugs that can quickly reduce inflammation and pain. To maximize benefits, but minimize potential side effects, corticosteroids are usually prescribed in low doses or for short durations.

-stigmine = cholinergics- Cholinergic medications are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, myasthenia gravis and urinary retention. They work by increasing or acting like acetylcholine, a chemical found in the body that stimulates smooth and skeletal muscles. Some cholinergic medications are pilocarpine, guanidine, bethanecol chloride, ambenonium and endrophonium.

Read more: Side Effects of Cholinergics | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5561824_side-effects-cholinergics.html#ixzz1NEEhruzw

-terol = Beta 2 Agonist-Beta-agonist: A bronchodilator medicine that opens the airways by relaxing the muscles around the airways that may tighten during an asthma attack or in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Beta-agonists can be administered by inhalers or orally.

-thiazide = diuretic- Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. They work by making your kidneys put more sodium into your urine. The sodium, in turn, takes water with it from your blood. That decreases the amount of fluid flowing through your blood vessels, which reduces pressure on the walls of your arteries.

-tidine = antiulcer- Antiulcer drugs are a class of drugs, exclusive of the antibacterial agents, used to treat ulcers in the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. Recurrent gastric and duodenal ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori infections, and are treated with combination treatments that incorporate antibiotic therapy with gastric acid suppression. Additionally, bismuth compounds have been used. The primary class of drugs used for gastric acid suppression are the proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole. The H-2 receptor blocking agents, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine

Read more: http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/antiulcer-drugs#ixzz1NEGSf7SP

Healthline.com - Connect to Better Health

Read more: http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/antiulcer-drugs#ixzz1NEGEHzIi

Healthline.com - Connect to Better Health

-trophin = Pituitary Hormone-thyroid gland to secrete its hormone thyroxine , FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein, TSH (also known as thyrotropin) is a glycoprotein, In sexually-mature females,

* a surge of LH triggers the completion of meiosis I of the egg and its release (ovulation) in the middle of the menstrual cycle; LH acts on the interstitial cells (also known as Leydig cells) of the testes stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone.

LH in males is also known as interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). Prolactin is a protein of 198 amino acids. During pregnancy it helps in the preparation of the breasts for future milk production. Human growth hormone (HGH; also called somatotropin) is a protein of 191 amino acidsACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce

* glucocorticoids, like cortisol;

* mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone;

* androgens (male sex hormones, like testosterone).

* In the fetus, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize a precursor of estrogen called dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) which helps prepare the mother for giving birth.

Production of ACTH depends on the intermittent arrival of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.

Hypersecretion of ACTH is a frequent cause of Cushing's disease. The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases two hormones, both synthesized in the hypothalamus, into the circulation.

* Vasopressin

Vasopressin is a peptide of 9 amino acids (Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly). It is also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Vasopressin acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to facilitate the reabsorption of water into the blood. This it acts to reduce the volume of urine formed (giving it its name of antidiuretic hormone). Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a peptide of 9 amino acids (Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly).

It acts on certain smooth muscles:

* stimulating contractions of the uterus at the time of birth;

-vir = anti-viral, protease inhibitors- During the last stage of the virus replication, the protease enzyme is necessary for the final assembly of the replicated new HIV viruses. The protease inhibitors block the protease enzyme, interfering with the replication process. In this way, these drugs are able to check the spread of the HIV viruses. Some meds: # Atazanavir (Reyataz)# Fosamprenavir (Lexiva, 908)# Indinavir (Crixivan)# Lopinavir+Ritonavir (Kaletra)

-zosin = Alpha 1 Antagonist- By reducing the stimulation of peripheral alpha-1 receptors, alpha-1 antagonists induce :

1. decrease of arterial and venous vasoconstriction and consequently decrease of peripheral resistance and lowering of arterial pressure, 2. decrease of platelet aggregation, 3. facilitation of bladder evacuation. By reducing stimulation of central alpha-1 receptors, alpha-1 antagonists which cross the blood-brain barrier have a sedative effect.

-zolam = benzo/sedative- Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which results in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic action.[2] These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures

-zine = antihistamine Let me start by saying that this list is in no means complete but it's a good little start. To my knowledge these are accurate. It's just a list I had started to compile as I study for my Nclex-RN. The following are a list of suffix in meds to help identify them. like -cillin and penicillin etc.

-azepam (benzodiazepine)- benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.[5] Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects,

-azine (antiemetic; phenothiazine)- Preventing or arresting vomiting. he phenothiazine structure occurs in various neuroleptic drugs, e.g. chlorpromazine, and antihistaminic drugs, e.g. promethazine. The term "phenothiazines" describes the largest of the five main classes of neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (including akathisia and tardive dyskinesia), hyperprolactinaemia, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome as well as substantial weight gain

-azole (proton pump inhibitor)- Proton pump inhibitors reduce the production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. The reduction of acid prevents ulcers and allows any ulcers that exist in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to heal.

-barbital (barbiturate)- Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and, by virtue of this, they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, as hypnotics, and as anticonvulsants.

-cillin (penicillin)

-cycline (antibiotic)

-ipramine (Tricyclic antidepressant)- ricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants were among the earliest antidepressants developed. They're effective, but have generally been replaced by antidepressants that cause fewer side effects. Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, also called cyclic antidepressants, ease depression by affecting chemical brain messengers (neurotransmitters

-sartan (angiotensin receptor blocker)

-sone (glucocorticoid)

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Glucocorticoids

By Brian Douglas Hoyle PhDThe Gale Group Inc., Gale…. Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders, 2005more »

Definition

Glucocorticoids are naturally-produced steroid hormones, or synthetic compounds, that inhibit the process of inflammation

-mycin (anti-infective, aminoglycosides)- Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria. They include amikacin, arbekacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, rhodostreptomycin,[2] streptomycin, tobramycin, and apramycin.[citation needed]

Contents

[hide]

-vir (anti-viral)- family, which is a larger group of drugs that includes antibiotics, antifungal and anti-parasitic medicines. Antiviral drugs are formulated not to destroy pathogens but rather to stop them from developing.

Read more: What Are Antiviral Drugs? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5372663_antiviral-drugs.html#ixzz1NEQwTTAq

-ceph or cef- (cephalosporin)- Cephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.

Pharm Facts

·Don’t give non-selective beta-blockers to patients w/respiratory problems

·Vitamin C can cause false +ive occult blood

·Avoid the ‘G’ herbs (ginsing, ginger, ginko, garlic) when on anti-clotting drugs (coumadin, ASA, Plavix, etc)

·ASA toxicity can cause ringing of the ears

·No narcotics to any head-injury victims

·Mg2+ toxicity is treated with Calcium Gluconate

·Do not give Calcium-Channel Blockers with Grapefruit Juice

·Oxytocin is never administered through the primary IV

·Lithium patients must consume extra sodium to prevent toxicity

·MAOI Patients should avoid tyramine:

oAacados, bananas, beef/chicken liver, caffeine, red wine, beer, cheese (except cottage cheese), raisins, sausages, pepperoni, yogurt, sour cream.

·Don’t give atropine for glaucoma – it increases IOP

·Don’t give ant-acids with food -- b/c it delays gastric emptying.

·Don’t give Stadol to Methadone/Heroin Preggo’s -- cause instant withdrawal symptoms

·Insulin – clear before cloudy

·Don’t give meperidine (Demerol) to pancreatitis patients

·Always verify bowel sounds when giving Kayexelate

·Hypercalcemia = hypophosphatemia (and vice versa)

·Radioactive Dye – urine excretion

·Signs of toxic ammonia levels is asterixis (hands flapping)

·D10W can be substituted for TPN (temporary use)

·Dopamine and Lasix are incompatible

·Hypoglycemic shivers can be stopped by holding the limb, seizures cannot (infants)

·Common symptom of aluminum hydroxide – constipation

·Thiazide diuretics may induce hyperglycemia

·Take iron with Vit C – it enhances absorbtion – Do not take with milk

·B1 - For Alcoholic Patients (to prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy & Korsakoff’s synd)

·B6 - For TB Patients

·B9 - For Pregnant Patients

·B12 - Pernicious anemia, Vegetarians.

·Complications of Coumadin - 3H’s - Hemorrhage, hematuria & hepatitis

·FFP is administered to DIC b/c of the clotting Fx

·Mannitol (osmtic diuretic [Head injury]) crystallizes at room temp – use a filter needle

·Antianxiety medication is pharmacologically similar to alcohol –used for weaning Tx

·Administrate Glucagon when pt is hypoglycemia and unresponsive

·Phenazopyridine ( Pyridium)--Urine will appear orange

·Rifampicin -- Red-urine, tears, sweat)

·Hot and Dry = sugar high (hyperglycemia)

·Cold and clammy = need some candy (hypoglycemia)

·Med of choice for V-tach is lidocaine

·Med of choice for SVT = adenosine or adenocard

·Med of choice for Asystole = atropine

·Med of choice for CHF is Ace inhibitor.

·Med of choice for anaphylactic shock is Epinephrine

·Med of choice for Status Epilepticus is Valium.

·Med of choice for bipolar is lithium.

·Give ACE inhibitors w/food to prevent stomach upset

·Administer diuretics in the morning

·Give Lipitor at 1700 since the enzymes work best during the evenin

·Common Tricyclic Meds - 3 syllabes (pamelor, elavil)

·Common MAOI’s - 2 syllables (nardil, marplan)

·TPN has a dedicated line & cannot be mixed ahead of time

·RHoGAM -- Given at 28 weeks & 72 hrs postpartum

·Do not administer erythromycin to Multiple Sclerosis pt

·Benadryl and Xanax taken together will cause additive effects.

·Can't take Lasix if allergic to Sulfa drugs.

·Acetaminophen can be used for headache when the client is using nitroglycerin.

·Dilantin - can not give with dextrose. Only give with NS.

Addison is skinny ( hypoglycemic, you get weight loss, you got weakness, and you get postural hypotn) Cushing is fat ( hyperglycemic, you get moon face big cheeks, and you retain a lot of Na and fluid)

·Never Give via IVP:

oKCL

oHeparin

oIbuprofen

oInsulin

oDobutamine

oASA

oAlbumin

oAcetaminophen

·Insulin:

oRapid: lispro – onset <15 min. Peak: 1 hr. Duration 3hr

oShort: Regular – onset ½ - 1 hr. Peak: 2-3hr. Duration: 4-6 hr

oInt: NPH or Lente – onset: 2 hr. Peak 6-12 hr. Duration: 16-24hr

oLong: Ultralente – onset 4-6 hr. Peak: 12-16 hr. Duration: >24hr

oV.Long: Lantus – onset 1 hr. Peak: None. Duration: 24 hr continuous

·Anticholergic Side Effects:

oCan’t See

oCan’t Pee

oCan’t Spit

oCan’t Sh*t

·Hypocalcemia – CATS

oConvulsions

oArrythmias

oTetany

oSpasms & Stridor

·Hyper Kalemia Causes: ‘MACHINE’

oMedicationa (ace inhibitors, NSAIDS)

oAcidosis (metabolic & repiratory)

oCellular destruction (burns, traumatic injuy)

oHypoaldosteronism, Hemolysis

oNephrons, renal failure

oExcretion (impaired)

·Signs of increased K ‘ Murder’

oMuscle weaknes

oUrine – olyguria, anuria

oRespiratory distress

oDecreaed cardiac contractility

oECG Changes

oReflexes – hyperreflexia, or flaccid

·Substance Poisoning and Antidotes

oMethanol -- Ethanol

oCO2 -- Oxygen

oDopamine -- Phentolamine

oBenzo’s (Versed) -- Flumazenil

oLead -- Succimer, Calcium Disodium

oIron -- Deferoxamine

oCoumadin -- Vitamin K

oHeparin -- Protamine Sulfate

oThorazine -- Cogentine

oWild Mushrooms - Atropine

oRat Poison - Vit K

·Parkland Formula: 4cc * Kg * BSA Burned = Total Volume Necessary

o1st 8hrs – ½ total volume

o2nd 8hrs – ¼ total volume

o3rd 8 hrs – ¼ total volumes