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Nuisance algae characterization and management
SePRO Corporation SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891 252-801-1623 (mobile); [email protected] (email)
West M. Bishop Algae and Aquatic Research Scientist
Outline
1. Identification/ Classification/ Description
2. Negative Impacts
3. Ecology and Proactive Management
4. Reactive Management
• Chlorophyta – Green algae
• Cyanophyta – Blue-green algae
• Charophyta – Plant like, erect
• Euglenophyta – Flagellated, eye spot (some red)
Introduction to Algae Phyla
Introduction to Algae Phyla
• Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellates, transverse
flagellum
• Bacillariophyta – Diatoms, silica wall
• Chrysophyta – Yellow-green
• Haptophyta – Golden algae
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Lyngbya Cyanophyta filamentous, toxin/taste and odor producer, mucilaginous, mat-former
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Prymnesium parvum “golden alga”
Haptophyta Unicellular, toxin producer, planktonic, flagellated
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Microcystis, Anabaena Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, etc.
Cyanophyta Colonial, filamentous, toxin producer, mucilaginous, planktonic, scum-former
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Euglena Euglenophyta Unicellular, potential toxin-producer, planktonic, scum-former, flagellated
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Spirogyra “silk algae”
Chlorophyta Filamentous, mucilaginous, mat-former
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Pithophora
“Cotton algae, Horsehair algae”
Chlorophyta Filamentous, mat-former, branched, Akinetes
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Nostoc Cyanophyta Colonial, softer gel balls
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Chara “Muskgrass”
Charophyta Plant-like, smelly, rough
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Nitellopsis/ Nitella Charophyta Plant-like, smoother
The Algae • Diverse Classification (many kingdoms)
• Elaborate Characteristics
• No true roots, stems or leaves • Over 30,000 species • Identification
– Important in determining management
Dispersion
• Humans
• Wildlife
– Birds, Fish
• Air
• Movement
The good?
The bad
Problematic Algae
Algal impacts
Toxins /taste & odor compounds
Economic
Ecological
Water characteristics
Disrupt habitat/ Outcompete
Drinking/irrigation
Tourism
Property values
(Speziale et al. 1991; Falconer 1996; WHO 2003)
Algae Impacts
• Secondary Compounds
– Toxins
• Hepatotoxins “liver”
• Neurotoxins “brain”
• LPS “stomach”
• Aplysiatoxins “skin”
– Taste and odor
• Geosmin “dirty”
• MIB “fishy”
Harr et al. 2008
Hepatotoxins Microcystins, Nodularin, Cylindrospermopsin
Microcystins LR (Also nephrotoxin; affects kidneys)
Neurotoxins Anatoxins, Saxitoxin, Neosaxitoxin, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine)
Elk deaths
Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM) Parkinsons Dementia
Complex (PDC) and Alzheimer’s
Taste and Odor Compounds
Geosmin 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)
cyc b-cyclocitral Hep heptadec-cis-ene Hex cis-3-hexane-1-ol Htd hepta-trans, cis 2,4,dienal Merc isopropyl mercaptan Nonenal 2-trans-nonenol Ott Octa-trans, cis 1,3,5-triene tri-meth trimethylamine
We can detect ~10 ppt in water
Watson, 2003
How are we exposed?
Who is impacted?
• Dogs – Mahmood et al. 1988, Gunn et al. 1992, Edwards et al. 1992,
Wood et al. 2007, Puschner et al. 2008
• Cows – Kerr 1987; Mez et al. 1997; Loda et al. 1999
• Pigs, ducks – Cook et al. 1989
• Sheep – Carbis et al. 1995
Exposure Analysis Toxin Group Toxin Name Exposure Signs & Symptoms
Hepatotoxins (liver/kidney)
Numbness of lips, tingling in fingers/toes, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, jaundice, shock, abdominal pain/distention, weakness, nausea/vomiting, severe thirst, rapid/weak pulse, acute pneumonia
Microcystins
Nodularins
Cylindrospermopsin
Neurotoxins (brain)
Tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, paralysis, weakness, staggering, convulsions, difficulty in breathing, vomiting, muscle twitching, gasping, backward arching of neck in birds, and death
Anatoxins
Saxitoxins
β-Methylamino-L-alanine
Dermatitis/Gastrointestinal (skin/digestive)
Rash, redness, burning, skin irritation, acute dermatitis, hives, blisters, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea
Aplysiatoxins
Lipopolysaccharides
Lyngbyatoxin
modified Codd et al. 1999; WHO 1999; Graham 2007, Jewet et al. 2008
Ecological drivers and proactive
management
2007 EPA National Lakes Assessment
• 46% of waters are eutrophic/hyper-eutrophic
• Nutrient levels are second biggest issue threatening waters
• Regulations
– NPDES
Statistical assessment of health of ponds, lakes, reservoirs Carpenter, S.R. 2008. Phosphorus control is
critical to mitigating eutrophication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:11039–11040.
Natural Man Made
Sources of Nutrients
• Fertilizer
• Pet waste
• Wildlife
• Livestock/agriculture
• Municipal wastewater
• Industrial effluent
• Atmospheric deposition
• Internal cycling
NPDES Section 2.2.2 b. Pest Management Options
Intensity of Management
• Biomass correlation
– Liebig’s law of the minimum
– Critical burden
• Mass/mass relationship
• Rate calculation
Schindler, D.W., Hecky, R. E., Findlay, D. L., Stainton, M. P., Parker, B. R., Paterson, M., Beaty, K. G., Lyng, M. & Kasian, S. E. M. 2008 Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37 year whole ecosystem experiment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11 254–11 258.
Phosphorus is key
Cyanobacteria and phosphorus
• Fix Nitrogen (dependent on P availability)
– (Paerl 1990, 1991; Stewart and Alexander 1971)
• Low N:P ratio dominate – (Smith 1983; Seale et al. 1987; Ghadouani et al 2003)
• Migrate to sediments to acquire phosphorus – (Perakis et al. 1996; Barbiero and Welch 1992)
• Store phosphorus – (Ganf and Oliver 1982; Kromkamp et al 1989)
• Rapidly uptake – (Jacobson and Halman 1982)
Phosphorus (Evil P) Mitigation
• External Inputs • Fertilizer, stormwater runoff BMP, atmosphere, biota
• Internal accumulation - TN:TP ratio 5:1 cyanobacteria overwhelmingly dominant
artificially induced (Ghadouani et al. 2003) - Low TN:TP cyanobacteria dominate (Lake Michigan) (Seale et al. 1987) - TN:TP ratio 29:1, dominated by green algae (Smith 1983; 12 lakes throughout the world) - Si:P < 25:1 Microcystis dominates, more silica more Asterionella (Holm & Armstrong 1981)
• Carbon, Light, Temperature (>24C), Moving water
Phosphorus Management Options
• In situ management – Lanthanum modified bentonite (Phoslock®, specific, no
buffer, permanent)
– Aluminum sulfate (Alum, non-specific, pH/other impacts)
– Algaecide combined with phosphorus remover (SeClear)
– Polymers (Floc Log, Chitosan)
– Iron (non-specific, release)/ Calcium (high pH only, release)
• Other – Aeration (oxygenate benthic layers)
– Dredging (remove/re-suspension possible)
– Bacteria?
Phosphorus Mitigation Efficacy
• 8.2 surface acres; Lake Lorene, WA
• Avg. depth 5 feet, max. depth 12 feet
• Multi-purpose lake, community focal point
• Cyanobacteria blooms, toxins (mcy >2,000 ppb; atx >100ppt)
August 2011
July 2012
Lake Lorene, WA Summary
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
6/11/2012 7/11/2012 8/11/2012 9/11/2012 10/11/2012
ug/
L
Phosphorus Summary
TP
FRP
Lanthanum/Bentonite (Phoslock®) Application
Discussion/Summary • Phosphorus is a factor in water resource
management
• Phosphorus tied to intensity of management and nuisance algae selection
• In situ mitigation is critical to address cause of negative water quality
– Legacy P
• Phosphorus mitigation integration can have significant impacts
Algae Succession
Turbulent mixing
• Huisman et al. 2005
Aeration
• Take the buoyancy (scum) advantage out of play
• Temperature homogenation
• Carbon addition
• Keep circulated to select for better types of algae.. usually
• Oxygenated benthic zone to decrease internal phosphorus cycling, other sediment gas release
Algae name Phylum Characteristics
Raphidiopsis /Anabaena planctonica
Cyanophyta Unicellular, planktonic, growing in moving water
Pretty good mixing, still toxic cyanos
Light Harvesting Pigments
• Absorb light at different wavelengths
– Reflect different colors
• Different functions
• Diagnostic of different groups
• Carotenoids – Carotenes v. xanthophylls
• Chlorophylls
• Phycobilins
Algal
Pigment
Divisions of algae and pigments they contain
Chlorophyta
(Green
algae)
Cyanophyta
(Cyanobacte
ria)
Bacillariophy
ta
(Diatoms)
Pyrrophyta
(Dinoflagella
tes)
Haptophyta
(Golden
algae)
Chlorophyll
a X X X X X
Chlorophyll
b X
Fucoxanthin X X
Peridinin X X
Phycocyanin X
Dyes
0.0000
0.0020
0.0040
0.0060
0.0080
0.0100
0.0120
0.0140
0.0160
0.0180
0.0200
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Ab
sorb
ance
(O
D)
Light Wavelength
Light Absorbance Spectrum: SePRO Blue
SePRO Blue 64oz/4AF
Reactive Management
• Action Options • Mechanical
• harvesters, sonication
• Physical • dyes, aeration, raking
• Biological • bacteria, grass carp, tilapia
• Chemical
Control Techniques
Biological
• Grass carp preferences
– Hydrilla >> Lyngbya
• Viability of algae
• Other
USEPA Registered Algaecides
• Diquat Dibromide
• Endothall
• Peroxides
• Copper
– Chelated v. free ion
• Adjuvants
How copper works (dose)
• Electron transport chain disruption (Jursinic and
Stemler 1983)
• Combine with glutathione (GSH) prevents cell division (Stauber and Florence 1997)
• Inhibits enzyme catalase and others, free radical susceptibility (Stauber and Florence 1997)
• Interfere with cell permeability and binding of essential elements (Sunda and Huntsman 1983)
Algae factor ABaF = [Cu] absorbed/ ([Cu] adsorbed + [Cu] in water)
Copper formulation comparison
Infusion – Penetrates mucilage, colonies,
filaments, mats, cell walls
– Independent of typical uptake mechanisms
– Not subject to desorption or amelioration factors
Peroxide algaecides
• Oxidize algae and other organic compounds
• Can be selective to some blue-green algae
• Breaks down into oxygen and water
• Relatively safe to desirable non-target species
Drinking Water Reservoir: Algae control
Pre-treatment: 5-21-12 High density filter clogging cyanobacteria
Post-treatment (PAK® 27): 05-31-12 Increased water clarity – significant control
Summary
• Algae are diverse and becoming more problematic in freshwater resources
• Algae can restrict uses of a water resource and pose threats to wildlife and humans
• Both Proactive and Reactive techniques should be considered for efficient algae management
• Algae characteristics, algaecide formulation, and water chemistry can all impact control
