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Nuclear Science in Africa(What is New or Planned)
1. Nuclear Science and Facilities in Africa
2. Algeria and Reunion
3. New Developments in South Africa
- AMS- New 3 MV Tandetron for Materials
Research- Low Energy RIB- Accelerated RIB
Kobus Lawrie – iThemba LABS
Countries Participating in the IAEA AFRA programme(African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and
Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology)
AFRA enjoys a membership of 34 countries in Africa
Programmes• Human health• Food and agriculture• Water resources• Sustainable energy
development• Industrial applications• Radiation and waste safety
South Afri
caEg
ypt
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
Nigeria
Libya
Ghana
Ethiopia
Sudan
Camero
onKen
ya0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
5 Year Publication Output in selected Nuclear Physics Journals
South African Small Accelerator Facilities Workshop in November 2014 agreed to expand to rest of Africa
Reunion
GIP CYROI at the University of ReunionSmall cyclotron for 18F production
- applications in Medical and Biological sciences- microPET (for Preclinical Imaging)
iThemba LABS collaboration on the usage of a 68Ge/68Ga generator for the development and evaluation of
various 68Ga-labelled DOTA-conjugated somatostatin derivatives (peptides)
Algeria50 year old 3.75 MV Van de Graaff – p, d and Mainly for Materials Science and Applications
- Stopping Power, Straggling, Sputtering, Radiation Damage- Ion Beam Analysis (RBS, PIXE, ERDA, NRA etc)
Planned:- 6 MV Tandetron at COMENA, Algiers
- with both light ion and heavy ion sources- Materials Science and Applications programmes as above- Some nuclear astrophysics studies
- 3 MV Tandetron at University of Science and Technology, Algiers
Current research collaboration with iThemba LABS-ray production cross sections with protons on light elementsE(p) = 30 – 200 MeV (continuation of work at Orsay)
South Africa
• 6 MV Van de Graaff• 6 MV Tandem • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – high current protons • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – heavy ions• K = 200 Separated Sector Cyclotron
iThemba LABS:
Necsa: 20 MW Research Reactor (remaining life 10 -15 years)
- mainly for isotope production- neutron tomography, small angle scattering, diffraction
RFQ – 4 MeV deuterons for neutron production
Replacement of the 50 years old Van de Graaff accelerator of iThemba LABS
Existing Van de Graaff
3 MV Tandetron
Ion sources for p, and HI Delivery November 2016
Biological Samples: Metal-hyperaccumulating plants and related insects
Berkheya coddii Roessl. (Asteraceae)
Endemic - ultramafic soils South Africa
Nickel hyperaccumulator Up to 7.6 wt.% of Ni in leaves(average 1% of dry mass)
Phytoremediation and phytomining
Ni
Quantitative maps of Ni distributions of Berkheya coddii and Senecio anomalochrous leaf cross-section
Chrysolina pardalinaPotential weed control
South Africa - 5 hyperaccumulating plantsCuba - about 130 hyperaccumulating plants
Proposed layout of the 3 MV Tandetron facility at iThemba LABS
Microprobe
Heavy-ion Implantation
Broad beam PIXE, RBS, Channelling
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system at Gauteng site of iThemba LABS
Livermore designed Ion source – 300 A
Refurbished Tandem fitted with Pelletron chain
Electrostatic and magnetic analysers
• 12C3+ transmission better than 35%.
• Determined 13C3+/12C3+ - in agreement with natural abundance
• Identified 14C peak
• 12C sample prep lab near completion
• 14C dating by end of 2015
High Energy Analysis system from NEC
Isotope Production and Particle Therapy - Monday to Friday
Nuclear Physics - weekends only
Isotope Production
70 MeVCyclotron
ISOL
Experimental area
Phase 0: (Funded $3.3m)- Design Study ($ 0.7m )- Test Ion Source/”Demonstrator” ($2.6m) (Un-accelerated Radioactive Beam Facility)
Phase 1: (~ $ 55m)- 70 MeV Cyclotron and beam lines- Isotope Production Target Stations
Isotope Production moves to new facility SSC exclusively available for physics with stable beams and Unaccelerated Radioactive Beams from “Demonstrator”
Phase 2: (~$ 55m)- ISOL target stations- Laser Ionization, mass seperation, charge breeding- Post-acceleration (existing SPC2 and SSC)- Experimental Facilities
14
Phase 0Test Ion Sources(Demonstrator)
Later to be used for • -decay studies• Testing fundamental
symmetries (lifetimes)• Materials sciences
(Mössbauer, Emission channelling)
• Design of Tape station under investigation
• Use existing Ge detectors
SPES RIB Target
Power in this design limited toP = 70 MeV x 150 µA = 10.5 kW
More than doubles the fission yield (2 x 1013)
Collaboration with INFN LegnaroSPES direct target designed for 40 MeV at 200 A Upgraded to 70 MeV beam
UCx or SiC target discs
Test Ion Source- MoA with Legnaro signed;
Target and Ion source ordered (Delivery 1st half of 2016)
- design of beam lines completed
- Started purchasing beam line components (mainly vacuum)
- Discussions on licencing underway
- First beam late 2016/201750 A at 66 MeV 6 x 1012 fissions/s
A competitive low energy RIB facility
•Diameter < 4m •Weight > 120t •Magnetic field: 1.55T •Magnetic Gap: 30mm •Extraction Radius: 1.2m •2 exit ports
• Particles: H- / D- / He2+/ HH+
• Energy : 15 MeV 70 MeV
• Performances: 750μA H- @ 70MeV 35μA He2+ @70MeV
RIB Phase 1: 70 MeV Cyclotron
Radionuclide
Annual production
(mCi)
Annual revenue2015/16
(1000 Rand)Ga-67 4 800 1 000I-123 12 000 2 300Sr-82 166 400 95 696 Ge-68 41 600 73 000Na-22 12 960 12 960
Total Revenue 100% Sold 184 056Total Revenue 80% Sold 147 244
220 A from 2 ports 2 weeks/month
Phase 1: Funding
Research Funding for ½ of cyclotron costCommercialization of Isotope production to fund the remainder
•Present SPC2 inflector unsuitable for heavy-ions•Double-drift buncher in injection line before SPC2
• Puts 80% of beam within phase acceptance•Presently have Variable Frequency Flat-Topping on SPC1
• Introduce the same to SPC2•Variable frequency flat-topping on SSC•Upgrade Vacuum
Overall transmission to reach up to 30%
Upgrade SPC2 and SSC:
Facility BeamEnergy
BeamCurrent
Powerdepositedin target
Fissionsper
second
132Sn beam
intensity(pps)
HRIBF, Oak Ridge, USA 40 MeV 10 µA 0.4 kW 4×1011 2×105
ISOLDE, CERN, Switzerland 1.0–1.4 GeV 2 A 0.4 kW 4×1012 107
TRIUMF, Canada 450 MeV 70 µA 17 kW
HIE ISOLDE upgrade, CERN 4×1012 2×108
SPIRAL II, GANIL, France (initial) 40 MeV (d) 5 mA 200 kW 1014 3 ×108
SPES, INFN-Legnaro, Italy, baseline 40 MeV 200 µA 8 kW 1013 3 ×107
iThemba LABS (Phase 2) 70 MeV 150 µA 10.5 kW 2×1013 3 ×107
iThemba LABS (later upgrade) 70 MeV 500 µA 35 kW 6 ×1013 1 ×108
Beam Intensity Comparison
- Array (aim for 10% efficiency)
Solenoid Spectrometer
- internal target
- reactions on light targets
- external target
- heavy ion transfer with -coincidence
Upgrade of experimental facilities
Upgrade of experimental facilitiesIn-flight production of n-deficient beams Fusion-evaporation; inverse kinematic
Beam A ~ 1201 pµA; 6 MeV/A
A ~ 20
Products A ~ 140~ 4MeV/A 107 pps
Coulex
Summary(developments at iThemba LABS)
1. First AMS facility in Africa (end 2015)2. Modern Electrostatic Accelerator for IBA at
below 1 position resolution (April 2017)3. Low energy RIB (~2018)4. Technical design study for RIB Project completed
early in 2016
5. RIB Phases I and II can contribute to the advances in nuclear physics internationally
6. Contribute to the growth of Nuclear Science in Africa