Nuclear Reactor BySandip

8/3/2019 Nuclear Reactor BySandip

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT



Objective:NUCLEAR FUEL

NUCLEAR FISSION

NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS

FISSION PROCESS

NUCLEAR REACTOR

CONTROL RODS

STEAM GENERATORS

STEAM TURBINE

COOLANT PUMP

FEED PUMP

CONDENSER

COOLING TOWER

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES



NUCLEAR FUEL

Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive

nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is f issile

elements that can be made to undergo nuclear f ission chain

reactions in a nuclear reactor

Themost common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all

nuclear fuels are used in f ission chain reactions



NUCLEAR FISSION

When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium splits

into two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously.

Fission of heavy elements is an exother mic reaction which can

release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation

and as kinetic energy of the f ragments



NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS

A chain reaction ref ers to a process in which neutrons released

in f ission produce an additional f ission in at least one further

nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the

process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used f or

nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used f or nuclear weapons



Fission Process



Fission Process

U235 + n fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV (Megalectron Volts)

If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the num ber of

f issions dou bles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations

there are 1,024 f issions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23

f issions.



NUCLEAR REACTOR

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions

are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as

opposed to a nuclear bom b, in which the chain reaction occurs

in a f raction of a second and is uncontrolled causing an

exploitation.



NUCLEAR REACTOR



CONTROL RODS

Control rodsmade of a material that

absorbs neutrtons are inserted into the

bundle using a mechanism that can rise or

lower the control rods.

. The control rods essentially contain

neutron absorbers like, boron, cadmium or

indium.



STEAM GENERATORS

Steam generators are heat

exchangers used to convert water

into steam from heat produced in a

nuclear reactor core.

Either ordinary water or heavy water

is used as the coolant.



STEAM TURBINE

A steam turbine is a mechanical

device that extracts ther mal energy

f rom pressurized steam, and

converts it into usefulmechanical

energy

Various high-per f or mance alloys

and su peralloys have been used f or

steam generator tu bing.



COOLANT PUMP

The coolant pum p pressurizes the

coolant to pressures of the orderof

155 bar.

The pressue of the coolant loop is

maintained almost constant with the

help of the pum p and a pressurizer

unit.



FEED PUMP

Steam coming out of the turbine, f lows

through the condenser f or condensation

and recirculated f or the next cycle of

operation.

The f eed pum p circulates the condensed

water in the working f luid loop.



CONDENSER

Condenser is a device or unit which is used

to condense vapor into liquid.

The objective of the condenser are to reduce

the turbine exhaust pressure to increase the

eff iciency and to recover high quality f eed

water in the f or m of condensate& f eed back

it to the steam generator without any further

treatment.



COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transf er

process waste heat to the atmosphere.

Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the

cooling tower f or cooling and reuse



COOLING TOWER



ADVANTAGES

Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon

dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and theref ore the

contribution of nuclear power plants to global war ming is theref ore

relatively little.

This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed f irst.

It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single

plant



DISADVANTAGES

The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.

High risks: It is technically im possible to build a plant with 100% security.

The energy source f or nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce

resource, its su pply is estimated to last only f or the next 30 to 60 years

depending on the actual demand.

Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be pref erred targets f or

terrorist attacks..

During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is

produced,which in turn can be used f or the production of nuclear weapons.



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Nuclear Reactor BySandip